精选面试英文自我介绍10篇面试英文自我介绍篇1good afternoon .i am of great hornor to stand here and introduce myself to you .first of all ,my english name is ...and my chinese name is ..if you are going to have a job interview ,you must say much things which can show your willness to this job ,such as ,it is my long cherished dream to be ...and i am eager to get an oppertunity to do...and then give some examples which can give evidence to .then you can say something about your hobbies .and it is best that the hobbies have something do with the job.what is more important is do not forget to communicate with the interviewee,keeping a smile and keeping your talks interesting and funny can contribute to the success.i hope you will give them a wonderfull speech .good luck to you ! 面试英文自我介绍篇2respected Professors：Good afternoon! I'm great honored to meet you here。
英语国家概况模拟卷1—4英语国家概况（1）模拟题一ⅠThere are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)1. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?A in the HighlandsB in the LowlandsC in the UplandsD in the west of Scotland2.Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for:A its most famous landmark, the “Giant?s Causeway”B its rich cultural lifeC its low living standardsD its endless political problems3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A in the southeast of EnglandB in the northeast of EnglandC in the southeast of ScotlandD in the northeast of Scotland4.Which of the following was the most famous Scottish novelist?A D.H LawrenceB Robert L. StevensonC Charles DickensD Walter Scott5. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism?A KeatsB ShelleyC WordsworthD E.M. Foster6 Which of the following has nothing to do with Easter?A rabbitsB eggsC chicksD haggis7 Which of the following is NOT true about the “flats”?A They are not considered as the most desirable home.B They are usually two-storey buildings.C They are often publicly owned.D All of them are of low status and are very cheap.8 Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?A France, China, Germany, Russia and BritainB the United States, France, Britain, Germany and RussiaC China, Russia, France, Britain and the United StatesD China, Britain, France, United States and Japan9 In Britain most advertising is carried _____.A in newspapersB in magazinesC on televisionD on radio10 Which of the following is the world?s oldest national newspaper?A The TimesB The ObserverC The GuardianD The Financial Times11 The Commonwealth of Australia, a federation of the six former colonies as states, came into being on:A Jan.18, 1788B Jan.26, 1788C Jan. 1,1901D April 25,191412 Schooling in Australia between the ages of 6 and 15 is:A freeB expensiveC compulsoryD optional13.____ is the oldest newspaper in Australia.A The Sydney Morning HeraldB The AustralianC The MercuryD The Australian Financial Review14.The first settlers of New Zealand were ____.A voyagers from East PolynesiaB European navigatorsC sealers and whalersD Christian missionaries15. The largest state in terms of area in Australia is:A QueenslandB New South WalesC Western AustraliaD Victoria16. The largest manufacturing sector in Australia is ____.A The ship-building industryB The aerospace industryC The heavy engineering industryD The food-processing industry17. The aim of the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse is:A to ban the use of legal and illegal drugsB to ban the use of illegal drugsC to ban the use of illegal drugs among young peopleD to reduce the harm caused by the misuse of legal and illegal drugs18. Which of the following organizations Australia is NOT a member of?A The European CommunityB The United NationsC The General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeD The Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations trade agreement19. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A the University of CambridgeB the University of OxfordC the University of EdinburghD the University of Buckingham20. Which of the following is NOT one of the major exports of New Zealand?A Dairy productsB FishC WoolD OilⅡThere are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your answer at the correspondingplace on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)* Australia is widely recognized as the (21) ______ in introducing (22)_____ .*23 ____ is generally regarded as Geoffrey Chaucer's masterpiece.*A low rate of (24)_____ coupled with a very high rate of (25)____ is a characteristic of the UK economy.The general direction of Britain?s foreign policy is decided by 26_______ and 27_______. Australia, as the world?s 28________ continent and 29________ island, has a pop ulation which is 30_________ in relation to its size.Ⅲ Answer the following questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)31.Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?32.Who is the author of the Heart of Darkness?33 What are the official languages in Australia?34 When did the first European settlement begin in Australia?35. Which is the largest city in Scotland?36. How long a government in the UK can be in power normally?37. How long have the Aboriginal people been living in Australia?38. How many countries do you know there are in Northern Ireland?39. What does the British parliament consist of?40. What are the official languages in New Zealand?ⅣExplain each of the following 6 out of 8 in no more than five sentences. Write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)41. London42. The UK?s manufacturing industry43. Oxbridge44. The Constitution45. King Arthur46. William Shakespeare47. NATO48. New South Wales英语国家概况（1）模拟题二I. Directions:There are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A,B,C, and D. Choose the correct to each of the question and write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%, 2 points for each)1.The T ower of London was constructed by _______________.A. King HaroldB. Robin HoodC. Oliver CromwellD. William the Conqueror2.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Sinn Fein is the legal political party in Northern Ireland.B. Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called Loyalists.C. Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain are called Unionists.D. Social Democratic and Labor Party is a very important political party in Britain.3. Which of the following about the Queen is NOT true?A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.C. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.D.The Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state.4.Which of the following descriptions about the Conservative Party is NOT true?A. It?s known as a party of high taxation levels.B. It prefers policies t hat protect individual?s rights.C. It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.D. It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.5. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?A.James IB. James IIC. Charles ID.Charles II6. Which of the following about the housing system in the UK is NOT true?A.There is no public housing system in the UK.B.Most British people would like to buy their own home.C.About 65% of the homes are owned by the people who live in them.D.Banks finance people to buy the houses through loans and mortgage.7. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the situation of the ethnic minorities in the UK?A.They are threatened by some racist groups.B.They are treated unfairly by the justice system.C.They are well-represented in the British parliament.D.They are economically poorer than the white population.8. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in UK?A. beef battleB. dairy cattleC. chickenD. sheep9. Which of the following universities is privately funded in Britain?A. the university of OxfordB. the university of CambridgeC. the university of BuckinghamD. the university of Edinburgh10.Which of the following is not true about class system in UK?A. Class-division is only decided by people?s income.B. The way people speak identifies themselves to particular class.C. Though social advancement in possible, class affects person?s life-changes.D. People of different classes tend to read different kind of newspaper.11. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism?A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. E.M. FosterD. Wordsworth12. Which company in Britain became an important aero-engine manufacturer after W.W.II?A. BoeingB. Rolls RoyceC. Hawker-SiddeleyD. McDonnel-Douglas13. Which period of time in British history was described as “private affluence and public squalor”?A.The 1940sB. The 1970sC. The 1980sD. The 1990s14. Who is the leader of the Labor party at present?A. John MajorB. Tony BlairC. Harold WilsonD. Margaret Thatcher15. The Maori word “Marae” means _______.A.Maori cultureB.non-Maori or EuropeanC.protocolD.meeting house16. Which of the following phrases cannot be used to describe the continent of Australia?A.the smallest continentB. the largest islandC the highest continent D. the driest continent17. The Head of State of New Zealand is ________________.A.the Prime MinisterB.the Governor-GeneralC.the British monarchD.the Ombudsman18. Public servants are officials working in government departments _______________.A.Who are members of the party in power.B.whose appointments are independent of political processC.Who will lose their positions when the government changesD.whose appointments are determined by government ministers.19. The Australia national day is set on January 26 to commemorate ___________________.A.the founding of the Commonwealth of AustraliaB.the discov ery of the great southern …unknown land?.C.the first European settlement of the continent.D.Captain James Cook?s first voyage around Australia.20. The largest state in terms of areas in Australia is _______.A QueenslandB New South WalesC Western AustraliaD VictoriaII. Directions:There are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your answers on the answer sheet.(10%, 1 point for each)Britain includes 21________ nations; They are 22 ____, Scotland, 23______ and 24_______. Normally, a government in Britain can be in power for 25_______ years, and then it has to resign and hold a general election.The most important function of the Parliament is to 26_______.Australia, as the world?s 27_____ of wool, exports most of its wool production. The high quality wool mainly comes from the 28______breed of sheepThere are two main types of school in each state and territory system. They are 29________ 30_________.III. Directions:There are 10 questions in this part. Answer each of the questions in one full sentence and write you answer on the answer sheet. (20%, 2 points for each)31. What kind of livestock has the biggest number in the UK?32.How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least on order to win the election?33.Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights was passed?34. What kind of secondary schools do the great majority of children in Britain go to?35.When did Britain decide to colonize Australia?36. What is the largest state in terms of area in Australia?37. Which city is the capital of Australia?38. When is Halloween celebrated in Scotland?39. Who were the first settlers in New Zealand over 1000 years ago?40. What does the ABC in Australia stand for?IV. Directions:Explain each of the following 6 out 8 in no more than 5 sentences. Write your answer on the answer sheet. (30%, 5 points for each)41. The Vikings42. The House of Commons43. Boxing Day44. Virginia Woolf45. Horse racing46. The Open Polytechnic47. the House of Commons48. Henry Lawson英语国家概况（1）模拟题三I. Directions:There are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A,B,C, and D. Choose the correct to each of the question and write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%, 2 points for each)1．Which of the following is NOT true of Elizabeth IA．Her religious reform was a compromise of views.B．Her religious reform was welcomed by both the Puritans and ardent Catholics.C．She desire d “that there should be outward conformity to the Established religion”.D．She broke Mary?s ties with Rome and restored her father?s independent Church of England. 2．The Restoration in English history took place in _______.A．1042 B．1066C．1606 D．16603．Historically, _______ were ferocious people, but they laid the foundations of the English state. A．the Celts B．the Vikings C．the Anglo-Saxons D．the Normans4．William, Duke of Normandy, is now known as _________.A．William Rufus B．William the ConfessorC．William the Great D．William the Conqueror5．In Britain, the T ories were the forerunners of _______ which still bears the nickname today. A．the Social and Democratic Liberal PartyB．the Liberal PartyC．the Labor PartyD．the Conservative Party6．The person who was responsible for the religious Reformation of England in the 16th century was _________.A．Edward VIII B．Henry VIIIC．Elizabeth I D．Edward VI7．Queen Mary Tudor has been known as “Bloody Mary ”because under her reign ________.A．a series of bloody wars were foughtB．many Protestants were persecuted and burnt as heretics C．many rebel peasants were put to deathD．many protesters against her rule were killed8．The _______ developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as Parliament.A．Witan B．Privy CouncilC．Public Records Office D．Great Council9．In Britain,________ is the symbol of the whole nation.A．the Queen B．the Prime MinisterC．the Prince D．the Parliament10．Easter is the chief Christian festival, which celebrates________.A．the birth of Jesus Christ B．the Resurrection of Jesus ChristC．the coming of spring D．the revival of Christianity11．The English king, who gave up his crown for the sake of a marriage with Wallis Simpson, was _______.A. Henry ⅧB．Edward ⅧC．George ⅥD．James Ⅵ12．Those who tried to destroy the hated machines during the English Industrial Revolution were called ______.A．Destroyers B．Breakers C．Unionists D．Luddites13．The great King of Wessex who fought against the invasion of the Danes in the 9th century was known as _______.A．Hengist B．Alfred the Great C．the Pilgrim D．King of Picts14．The Seven Year?s War (1756—1763) was foughtbetween Britain and _______ for the colonization in North America.A．Spain B．RussiaC．Holland D．France15．In Britain, the national newspapers can be divided into two groups: _______.A．daily papers and weekly papersB．daily papers and Sunday papersC．weekly papers and monthly papersD．weekly papers and quarterly papers16．The People?s Char ter was drawn up by _______ as their demands.A．the London Working Men?s AssociationB．the British Steel CorporationC．the activists in the Chartist MovementD．the Trade Union17．Mrs. Margaret Thatcher, a Conservative Party leader in the 1980s, believed in the following EXCEPT _______.A．self-reliance B．privatizationC．the strengthening of the trade unions D．the keeping of law and order18．The two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales are ______.A．counties and districts B．cities and townsC．cities and villages D．cities and shires19．In Britain, official public holidays are also called ______.A．religious holidays B．saints? holidaysC．memorial holidays D．bank holidays20．The English Channel separates the island of Great Britain from ______.A．Denmark B．BelgiumC．the Netherlands D．FranceII. There are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your answers on the answer sheet.(10%, 1 point for each)The capital of Britain is 21________ which has great influence on the UK in all fields including 22________, 23_________ and 24___________.Normally, aλ government in Britain can be in power for 25_______ years, and then it has to resign and hold a general election.One distinctive features about theλclass system in Britain is that it still remains a 26___________________.λ Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced 27_____ decline rather than 28________ decline. The general direction of Britain?s foreign policy isλ decided by 29_______ and 30_______.ⅢGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (20 points, 2 points for each)31. What is the official name of Great Britain32. What does “Oxbridge” refe r to in Great Britain33. What are the responsibilities of British government education departments34. What does SAT stand for35. What are the two most important acts passed in the 1960s that helped to improve the political equality of the black people36. What is known as the “winner-take-all” system37. What does ACT stand for in Australian political division38. Why does New Zealand remain green all the year round ?39. What are the three main groups of settlers living north of55 degree north latitude in Canada40. What is the most significant feature of Irish landscape, which covers all the mountains and large areas of lowlands ⅣExplain each of the following 6 out 8 in no more than 5 sentences. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet (30 points)41. the Industrial Revolution42. the Commonwealth43. checks and balances44. Electoral College45.the divine right of kings46.Margaret Thatcher47 William Shakespeare48 cricket英语国家概况（1）模拟题四I. Directions:There are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A,B,C, and D. Choose the correct to each of the question and write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET. (40%, 2 points for each)1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. the Anglo-SaxonsB. the NormansC. the VikingsD. the Romans2. Which is the largest city in Scotland?A. CardiffB. EdinburghC. GlasgowD. Manchester3. When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments?A. in 1688B. in 1707C. in 1715D. in 17454. In the early 1970s, the IRA _______________________.A. killed many Protestants and Catholics.B. burned down the houses of Catholics.C. murdered individuals at random.D. carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their main target.5. Why did the British government decide to replace the Power-Sharing policy with "direct-rule" from London?A. The Power-Sharing policy was not accepted by the majority of Protestants.B. The Northern Irish Parliament could not govern the province effectively.C. The Power-Sharing policy couldn't be carried out.D. All the above.6. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win the election?A. 651B. 326C. 626D. 3517. Which company in Britain became an important aero-engine manufacturer after W.W.II?A. BoeingB. Rolls RoyceC. Hawker-SiddeleyD. McDonnel-Douglas8. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in UK?A. beef battleB. dairy cattleC. chickenD. sheep9. Which of the following was the most famous Scottish novelist?A. D.H. LawrenceB. Robert L. StevensonC. Charles DickensD. Walter Scott10. Several gifted women played a part in 19th-century literature. Which of the following is an exception?A. Virginia WoolfB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Charlotte Bronte11. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the situation of the ethnic minorities in the UK?A. They are threatened by some racist groups.B. They are treated unfairly by the justice system.C. They are well-represented in the British parliament.D. They are economically poorer than the white population.12. Which of the following is true about the Gunpowder Plot?A. It was planned to kill the Protestant king and replace him with a Catholic king.B. It was planned to kill the Catholic king and replace him with a Protestant king.C. It was planned to kill King Billy and replace him with King James II.D. It was planned to kill King James II and replace him with King Billy.13. In the examination called "the 11 plus", students with academic potential go to__________________.A. comprehensive schoolsB. grammar schools.C. public schools.D. technical schools.14. Who is the leader of the Labor party at present?A. John MajorB. Tony BlairC. Harold WilsonD. Margaret Thatcher15. The present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by the following factors except________________.A. its imperial historyB. its geopolitical traitsC. Its schizophrenic attitude to EuropeD. Its special relationship with the United States16. Which of the following phrases cannot be used to describe the continent of Australia?A. the smallest continentB. the largest islandC. the highest continentD. the driest continent17. The Head of State of New Zealand is ________________.A. the Prime MinisterB. the Governor-GeneralC. the British monarchD. the Ombudsman18. Public servants are officials working in government departments _______________.A. Who are members of the party in power.B. whose appointments are independent of political processC. Who will lose their positions when the government changesD. whose appointments are determined by government ministers.19. The Australia national day is set on January 26 to commemorate ___________________.A. the founding of the Commonwealth of AustraliaB. the discovery of the great southern …unknown land?.C. the first European settlement of the continent.D. Captain James C ook?s first voyage around Australia.20. The largest state in terms of areas in Australia is _______.A. QueenslandB. New South WalesC. Western AustraliaD. VictoriaII. There are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your answers on the answer sheet. (10%, 1 point for each)In 21_________, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of 22 _______in 1583.After the Seven Years? War between Britain and France, 23______ was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of 24 ____.The origin of Guy Fawkes Day lies in the 25_________.The School of Eton belongs to 26 _________.In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is 27_________.28 _______ has the lightest rainfall in Ireland.29 _____ is Australia?s largest trading partner.30 _____ is the oldest newspaper in Australia.ⅢGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (20 points, 2 points for each)31.In 1940, who replaced Chamberlain as the British Prime Minister and finally led Britain to victory?32.Which holiday is part of Scottish “Hogmanay” festival?33.What is the most typical British sports.34. What is the s ignificance of the Hundred Years? War?35. What is the relationship between Elizabeth I and the Parliament like?36. What does British Parliament consist of?37. Which government department is particularly in charge of education in the U.K.?38. What does BBC stand for?39. Which city is the capital of Australia?40. Who are the first inhabitants of the Australian continent?ⅣExplain each of the following 6 out 8 in no more than 5 sentences. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet (30 points)41. the housing system in the UK42. The British empire43. the BBC44. the Aboriginal People45.New South Wales46.BHP47 the kiwi48 TAFE。
Chapter One General Idea of Language Testing: the Past, the Present, and the Future.1.1 the Four Approaches to Language Testing1. The essay-translation approach 写作-翻译法2. The structuralist-psychometric approach 结构主义/心理测量法3. The integrative approach 综合法4. The communicative approach 交际法The relationship between testing and teachingA large number of examinations in the past have encouraged a tendency to separate testing from teaching. Both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it is virtually impossible to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other.Tests may be constructed primarily as devices to reinforce learning and to motivate the student or primarily as a means of assessing the student’s pe rformance in the language. In the former case, the test is geared to the teaching that has taken place, whereas in the latter case the teaching is often geared largely to the test.Standardized tests and public examinations, in fact, may exert such a considerable influence on the average teacher that they are often instrumental in determining the kind of teaching that takes place before the test.A language test which seeks to find out what candidates can do with language provides a focus for purposeful, everyday communication activities. Such a test will have a more useful effect on the learning of a particular language than a mechanical test of structure. Such a test will have a more useful effect on the learning of a particular language than a mechanical test of structure.In the past even good tests of grammar, translation or language manipulation had a negative and even harmful effect on teaching. A good communicative test of language, however, should have a much more positive effect on learning and teaching and should generally result in improved learning habits.1.2 A short history of language testingEssentially, the general picture that emerges is as follows. In China, during the Han Dynasty (201BCE to 8 CE), examinations on classical Confucian doctrine replaced the patronage, a method of selecting civil servants.To avoid corruption, all essays were marked anonymously, and the Emperor personally supervised the final paper. In Europe, examinations flourished first in the universities: from the seventeenth century the debates that had been required for degrees were first supplemented and later replaced by written examinations.In Prussia, examinations were first used for selection of civil servants in the eighteenth country. In Britain, written examinations in emulation of the major university examinations were first used in the middle of the nineteenth century as a means of selecting candidates for the upper grades in the Indian Civil Service,and later adopted for admission to the Home Civil Service and other professions. In France, Napoleon introduced oral examinations at the end of secondary school. In England, similar examinations were established some fifty years later under the control of various universities.By the end of the nineteenth century public examinations were firmly established in Western Europe as methods of controlling education and selecting civil servants. By the 1890s, the element of uncertainty and chance still involved in written examinations had been recognized, and minimalefforts were being made to overcome them.At that period of time, tests were mainly subjective and unscientific. The objective modern language test derived its appeal from the belief that the methods of mental testing could be satisfactorily applied to specific cognitive abilities as well as to general intelligence,and the associated belief that objective new-type tests were fairer than the older traditional examinations.The first new- type language tests appeared in the United States at the beginning of the 1920s, and received a strong stimulus from their utilization in a major U.S. study of language teaching at the end of the decade.During the 1930s, the growth of the psychometrics industry encouraged the use of objective testing techniques. By 1954, objective testing seemed to be successful on one side of the Atlantic at least. Then the changed goals of language teaching required the developments of techniques for testingApproaches to language testingLanguage tests can be roughly classified according to four main approaches to testing (i) the essay-translation approach; (ii) the structuralist approach; (iii) the integrative approach; and (iv) the communicative approach.Although these approaches are listed here in chronological order, they should not be regarded as being strictly confined to certain periods in the development of language testing. Nor are the four approaches always mutually exclusive.A useful test will generally incorporate features of several of these approaches. Indeed, a test may have certain inherent weaknesses simply because it is limited to one approach, however attractive that approach may appear.1 The essay –translation approachThis approach is commonly referred to as the Pre-scientific stage of language testing. No special skill or expertise in testing is required; the subjective judgment of the teacher is considered to be of paramount importance.Tests usually consist of essay writing, translation, and grammatical analysis (often in the form of comment about the language being learnt). The tests also have a heavy literary and cultural bias. Public examinations (e.g. secondary school leaving examinations)resulting from the essay-translation approach sometimes have an aural/oral component at the upper intermediate and advanced levels-though this has sometimes been regarded in the past as something additional and in no way an integral part of the syllabus or examination.Tests usually consist of essay writing, translation, and grammatical analysis (often in the form of comment about the language being learnt). The tests also have a heavy literary and cultural bias. Public examinations (e.g. secondary school leaving examinations)resulting from the essay-translation approach sometimes have an aural/oral component at the upper intermediate and advanced levels-though this has sometimes been regarded in the past as something additional and in no way an integral part of the syllabus or examination.2. The structuralist approachThis approach is characterized by the view that language learning is chiefly concerned with the systematic acquisition of a set of habits. It draws on the work of structural linguistics, in particular the importance of contrastive analysisand the need to identify and measure the learner’s m astery of the separate elements of the targetlanguage: phonology, vocabulary and grammar. Such mastery is tested using words and sentences completely divorced from any context on the test in a comparatively short time.The skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing are also separated from one another as much as possible because it is considered essential to test one thing at a timeThe skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing are also separated from one another as much as possiblebecause it is considered essential to test one thing at a timeSuch features of the structuralist approach are, of course, still valid for certain types of test and for certain purposes.For example, the desire to concentrate on the testees’ abilit y to write by attempting to separate a composition test from reading is commendable in certain respects.Indeed, there are several features of this approach which merit consideration when constructing any good test.3. The integrative approachthe y are often designed to assess the learner’s ability to use two or more skills simultaneously. Thus, integrative tests are concerned with a global view of proficiency-an underlying language competence or ‘grammar of expectancy’,which it is argued every learner possesses regardless of the purpose for which the language is being learnt. Integrative testing involves ‘functional language’ but not the use of functional language. Integrative tests are best characterized by the use of cloze testing and of dictation.Oral interviews, translation and essay writing are also included in many integrative tests- a point frequently overlooked by those who take too narrow a view of integrative testing.The principle of cloze testing is based on the Gestalt theory of ‘closure’ (closing gaps in patterns subconsciously). Thus, cloze tests measure the reader’s ability to decode ‘interrupted’ or ‘mutilated’ messages by making the most acceptable substitutions from all the contextual clues available.Every nth word is deleted in a text (usually every fifth, sixth or seventh word), and students have to complete each gap in the text, using the most appropriate word.4. The communicative approachThe communicative approach to language testing is sometimes linked to the integrative approach. However, although both approaches emphasize the importance of the meaning of utterances rather than their form and structure,there are nevertheless fundamental differences between the two approaches. Communicative tests are concerned primarily (if not totally) with how language is used in communication. Consequently, most aim to incorporate tasks, which approximate as closely as possible to those facing the students in real life.Success is judged in terms of the effectiveness of the communication, which takes place rather than formal linguistic accuracy. Language ‘use’ is often emphasized to the exclusion of language usage. ‘Use’ is concerned with how people actually use language for a multitude of different purposeswhile ‘usage’ co ncerns the formal patterns of language (described in prescriptive grammars and lexicons). In practice, however, some tests of a communicative nature include the testing of usage and also assess ability to handle the formal patterns of the target language.Indeed, few supporters of the communicative approach would argue that communicativecompetence can ever be achieved without a considerable mastery of the grammar of a language. 1.3 What are the current large-scale tests at home and abroad?PETS 1-5 (Public English Test System)CET4, CET6 (College English Tests)TEM4, TEM8 (Test for English Majors)TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)IELTS (International English Language Testing System)References1. Bachman, L. F. & Adrian S. Palmer. Language Testing in Practice. London: Oxford University Press, 1996.2. Heaton, J. B. Writing English Language Tests. London and New York: Longman Group UK Limited, 1988.。
公务员英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
Civil servants are the backbone of any government, responsible for implementing policies and providing essential services to the public. In order to be effective in their roles, civil servants must possess a high level of professionalism and ethical conduct. This includes adhering to the principles of integrity, impartiality, objectivity, accountability, and transparency.Body Paragraph 1: Integrity。
Integrity is the cornerstone of public service. Civil servants must be honest and trustworthy, and they must always act in the best interests of the public. This means avoiding conflicts of interest, disclosing any potential biases, and reporting any wrongdoing that they witness.Body Paragraph 2: Impartiality。
Civil servants must be impartial in their dealings with the public. This means treating everyone fairly and equitably, regardless of their race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or political affiliation. Civil servants must also avoid making decisions based on personal biases or prejudices.Body Paragraph 3: Objectivity。
