(整理)加拿大澳大利亚新西兰小结.

Chapter 23 Canada’s geography and historyCanada(the capital: Ottawa;渥太华)1)Canada’s geography features:①lies to the north of the US; the world’s second largest country after Russia.②it has an extremely varied topography:the east part is mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic;The west part, the Pacific border is separated from the rest of the country by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies; the central part is a vast plain.③the climate is unfavorable, much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow.④The highest peak is Mount Logan; The two principal river systems are the Mackenzic River and the St. Lawrence River座落于美国的北部，仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国；2.地形十分复杂：东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸；西部，太平洋沿岸地区被南北走向的山脉分离，其中包括落基山脉；中部是一个大平原；3.气候不甚宜人，大部分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷，积雪深厚；4.最高峰是劳根峰，主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。

2)Geographical regions and their characteristics(P365)①Atlantic Province大西洋沿岸诸省区：the Grand Banks大浅滩；natural harbor that is ice free天然不冻港②St. Lawrence-Great Lakes Provinces圣劳伦斯及五大湖省区:Ottawa, the capital of Canada, in the province of Ontario.③the Canadian Shield加拿大地盾区Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.It’s a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus.几乎半数的地区都被加拿大地盾所覆盖。

地盾为一半圆形的多石高地和高原带。

④Prairie provinces大草原诸省区⑤British Columbia不列顛哥伦比亚区Vancouver is British Columbia’s largest city and the third largest city in Canada.⑥Northern provinces and territories北部诸省及地区3)The European discovery of Canada:①”Kanata”was an Indian Word for “settlement”②the discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot, an Italian sea captain, in 1497;②the opening of Canada by Jaques Cartier, a French navigator, in 1535;③the discovery of the huge Hudson Bay by Henry Hudson, an English explorer,in 1610. ④the establishment the interior of French colony in Quebec by Samuel de Champlain, in 1608.’Kanata’是印第安语‘居住者’；2.纽芬兰是1497年意大船长约翰.卡波特发现的；2.1535年法国的航海家开放了加拿大内地；3.哈的逊大草原是1610年英国探险家亨利.哈的逊发现；4.1608年法国探险家塞谬尔.德.尚普在今天的魁北克建立了法国4)The rivalry between the British and the French: ①the settlement of New Franch(the estern coastal area东海岸) and The English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies and Virginia.②French lost Newfoundland,Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia to England in 1713.③the whole of Canada came under the British rule, after the Seven Year’s war betwenn England and Franch from 1756-1763英法竞争：法国殖民地（东海岸地区），英国人在新英格兰和弗吉尼亚建立了更大更好的殖民地2.1713年法国人失去了纽芬兰，哈的逊大草原和新斯科舍，落到英国人手里。

3）在7年的英法战争后1756-1763，整个加拿大属于英国统治，5)Self-government and the foundation of the Confederation:①sir John Macdonald was the first prime minister.During his time, Canada expanded in territory to its present size.②Sir John Wilfrid Laurier was second prime minister, he also founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada’s controlover its foreign relations.③Canada entered WW I, and won the right to sign the Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name, and gained the membership of the League of Nation(国际联邦成员国) 。

④Canada became an independent nation from a former dominion in 1931, by the Statute of Westminster.Since then Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.⑤Newfoundland became Canada’s tenth province in 1949.自治与联邦：第一任总理约翰.麦克唐纳。

在他任职期间，加拿扩张他的领土到现在的面积；2.第二任总理是约翰.威尔弗雷德.洛里埃，他创建了加拿大海军，并努力增强对外的控制权；3.加拿大参加了一战，获得了以本国国名签署的《1919和平条约》的权利，并在国际联盟中获得席位。

4.1931年的《威斯敏斯特条例》正式宣布自治领。

从此，加成为英联一员5.1949年纽芬兰成为加的第十个省。

6)Canada in WW I and WW II: Canada entered WW I, and won the right to sign the Peace Treaty in its own name, and gained the menbership of the League of Nation; During WW II ,Canada fought as an ally of Britain in WW II加拿大参加了一战，获得了以本国国名签署的《1919和平条约》的权利，并在国际联盟中获得席位。

二战作为英国的同盟参与作战。

Chapter27.Australia(capital: Canberra) 堪培拉1)Australia’s geographical features: ①an old continent of 3 billion years;②the flatest and lowest of all the continents with no high mountains.the highest point is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 meters above sea level.地理特征：1.最古老的陆地，有3亿年的历史；2.最平坦、最低的陆地，没有高山。

最高点是科修斯科山，海拔2255米2)Australia’s geographical structure: the country is generally divided into three regions according to the shape of the surface land:the Great Western Plateau; the Eastern Highlands and the Central Eastern Lowlands.地理结构：通常分成3个地形区：西部大高原，东部高地和中东部低地。

3)Factors that affect Australia’s climate:two district features of climate—a hot continent and a dry continent.①39% of Australia lies in the tropics and most of the rest is close to it.②few mountains ③the dry,sunny,the high pressure cells that affect it most of the years also make the continent hot and dry.④most of Australia is far from the ocean.影响气候的因素：既干燥又炎热。