哈爾濱工業大學
Harbin Institute of Technology
General English Admission Test
For Non-English Major Ph.D. program
（HIT 032006）
Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)
Directions: Each of the following passages is followed by some questions. For each question four choices are given. READ the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions ,Then put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage 1
Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.
In Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.
A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.
It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.
But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.
So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.
No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.
Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed the proceeds into his spanking new premises.
Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo.
At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.
You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because
he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.
Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.
Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.
For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.
She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.
Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.
1. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."
A. a good place for tourists
B. a land of many barbershops
C. a prosperous economic power
D. a famous resort
2. In Japanese barbershops, barbers
A. rush customers out
B. never talk about politics
C. talk with customers and work leisurely
D. are rather impatient with customers
3. Relaxation and sensual pleasure are
A. admitted goals of customers
B. not possible in the busy atmosphere
C. not appreciated by hurried customers
D. not available to customers
4. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,
A. reservations are required
B. people wait in line
C. he is opening another new store
D. he becomes famous for that
5. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is also
A. skilled at conversation
B. an expert in shaving techniques
C. a local politician
D. a psychologist
Passage 2
Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.
Mincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.
Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领）of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maiden among the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.
6. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as unwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implying
that
A. Jupiter is usually heavy-handed
B. any decision is bound to offend someone
C. Jupiter to overly sensitive.
D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.
7. The word disposition (line 22) is used to mean
A. inclination
B. nature
C. integrity
D. value
8. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to show
A. Ulysses's attempt to be found insane
B. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soil
C. how the tears of the gods created the sea
D. the god's punishment of those who disobey them
9. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explain
A. why she married Peleus
B. why she dislikes the idea of war
C. the effect of the apple of Discord
D. her ability to predict the future
10. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently are
A. Juno, Venus, and Minerva
B. Paris and Lycomedes
C. Ulysses, Achilles, and Menelaus
D. Eris and Thetis
Passage 3
Questions11-----15 are based on the following passage.
On the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.
The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter. Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for any later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.
A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs
of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.
The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions
flight-operations manager.
Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.
How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.
11. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, we
need ___.
A. to treat Mars with more respect than ever
B. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red Planet
C. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound it
D. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples
12. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.
B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.
C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unable
to land on Mars.
D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,
snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.
13. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.
A. stress the importance of exploring Mars
B. outline the general features of Mars
C. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar Lander
D. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.
14. We learn from the passage that ___.
A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on the
surface of Mars
B. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains water
C. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/h
D. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth
15. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.
sending
B.
out
in
A.
abundant
taking
D.
up
C.
reacting
Passage 4
Questions 16----20 are based on the following passage.
An outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It https://www.doczj.com/doc/f96961087.html,mon," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."
Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...
The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on the great-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to resuscitation through renovation and commercial development , as preservationists have managed elsewhere.
The Power of Place has identified nine places on which to concentrate in the first phase of its work: development of a walking tour of little-known Los Angeles sites, for which The Power of Place brochure serves as a guide.
The Power of Place brochure concludes its summary of what is known about each stop on the walking tour with a postscript called Placemaking, which describes the site's current status and suggests ways to make it more smelling of its past. For the vineyard/grove complex, the current situation is not unusual: "Present uses...are commercial and industrial." Then comes word of what seems to be a minor miracle: "One tall slender grapefruit free...has been preserved and relocated in
the courtyard of the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center..." Suggestions for recapturing more of the past proposed by The Power of Place include returning orange trees to the Wolfskill site and installing historical markets on the Vignes site.
16. The author uses the phrase "civic feelings" (line 1 ) to mean the
A. loyalty or faith of a city's residents to their city
B. emotions that breed courtesy and good behavior
C. respect for each other shown by people who think of themselves as civilized
D. defensiveness that city residents sometimes.
17. What is the danger of allowing the development of Los Angeles to "run unchecked"? (line 3 )
A. The roadways will become overrun with traffic.
B. Developers will use up all suitable farming land.
C. Smog will become an even bigger environmental concern.
D. Much of the city's cultural history will be lost to modernization.
18. With which of the following statements about the people memorialized by most existing Los
Angeles monuments would Dolores Hayden be most likely to agree?
I. They were usually of a higher social class than were the people highlighted by The Power
of Place
II. Their accomplishments are more conspicuous than are those of the people highlighted by The Power of Place.
III. They made greater contributions to the economic development of Los Angeles than did the people highlighted by The Power of Place.
A. I only
B. I, II, and III
C. I and III
D. I and II
19. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Hayden's view on historic
preservation, as those views are described in the passage?
A. Political and economic considerations should have no place in the designation of cultural
and historic landmarks
B. Plants and other natural phenomena make better historic landmarks than do buildings and
other human artistic works.
C. Some parts of history cannot be memorialized in surviving buildings and landmarks, so
new ways must be found to more fully recapture the past.
D. The homes and workplaces of working people should be preserved whenever possible
because the history of working people is more important than that of so-called "great
men."
20. In the author's view, all of the following would most likely be undervalued cultural landmarks
EXCEPT:
A. trees growing naturally in this place
B. endangered species of animal and plant life
C. historic buildings in old and torn areas
D. city hall
Passage 5
Questions 21----25 are based on the following passage.
Compared to animals, plants present unique problems in demographic studies. The idea of counting living individuals becomes difficult given perennials that reproduce vegetatively by sending out runners or rhizomes, by splitting at the stem base, or by producing arching canes that take root where they touch the ground. In these ways some individuals, given sufficient time, can extend out over a vast area.
There are five typical plant life spans, and each has a basic associated life form. Annual plants live for 1 year or less. Their average life span is 1-8 months, depending on the species and on the environment where they are located (the same desert plant may complete its life cycle in 8 months one year, and in 1 month the next, depending on the amount of rain it receives). Annuals with extremely short life cycles are classified as ephemeral plants. An example of an ephemeral is Boerrhaviarepens of the Sahara Desert, which can go from seed to seed in just 10 days. Annuals are herbaceous, which means that they lack a secondary meristem that produces lateral, woody tissue. They complete their life cycle after seed production for several reasons: nutrient depletion, hormone changes, or inability of nonwoody tissue to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions following the growing season. A few species can persist for more than a year in uncommonly favorable conditions.
Biennial plants are also herbaceous, but usually live for 2 years. Their first year is spent in vegetative growth, which generally takes place more below ground than above. Reproduction occurs in the second year, and this is followed by the completion of the life cycle. Under poor growing conditions, or by experimental manipulation, the vegetative stage can be drawn out for more than 1 year.
Herbaceous perennials typically live for 20-30years, although some species have been known to live for 400-800 years. These plants die back to the root system and root crown at the end of each growing season. The root system becomes woody, but the above-ground system is herbaceous. They have a juvenile, vegetative stage for the first 2-8 years, then bloom and reproduce yearly. Sometimes they bloom only once at the conclusion of their life cycle. Because herbaceous perennials have no growth rings, it is difficult to age them. Methods that have been used to age them include counting leaf scars or estimating the rate of spread in tussock (clumped) forms.
Suffrutescent shrubs (hemixyles) fall somewhere between herbaceous perennials and true shrubs. They develop perennial, woody tissue only near the base of their stems; the rest of the shoots system is herbaceous and dies back each year. They are small, and are short-lived compared to true shrubs.
Woody perennials (trees and shrubs) have the longest life spans. Shrubs live on the average 30-50 years. Broadleaf trees (angiosperm) average 200-300 years, and conifer (needles) trees average 500-1000 years. Woody perennials spend approximately the first 10% of their life span in a juvenile, totally vegetative state before they enter a combined reproductive and vegetative state, achieving a peak of reproduction several years before the conclusion of their life cycle.
Regardless of the life span, annual or perennial, one can identify about eight important age states in an individual plant or population. They are: (1) viable seed, (2) seedling, (3) juvenile, (4)
immature, (5) mature, (6) initial reproductive, (7) maximum vigor (reproductive and vegetative), and (8) senescent. If a population shows all eight states, it is stable and is most likely a part of a climax community. If it shows only the last four states, it may not maintain itself and may be part of a seral community.
21. The author believes that plants present "unique problems in demographic studies" (line 1)
because ________.
A. they cannot be aged accurately
B. it is difficult to define and identify an individual
C. many have very short lifespans
D. there has been little interest in such studies
22. The best definition of ephemeral (line 5 ) might be
A. resilient
B. short-lived
C. awkward
D. uncomplicated
23. Annual and perennial are names of
A. plant life spans
B. plant species
C. woody plants
D. plant age states
24. Paragraph 5 deals mainly with
A. suffrutescent shrubs
B. a form of tree shrub
C. a form of herbaceous perennial
D. a woody biennial
25. Which of the following is a woody perennial?
A. a tulip
B. a fern
C. a strawberry
D. an oak
Passage 6
Questions 26-----30 are based on the following passage.
For much of the world, the death of Richard Nixon was the end of a complex public life. But researchers who study bereavement wondered if it didn’t also signify the end of a private grief. Had the former president merely run his fourscore and one, or had he fallen victim to a pattern that seems to afflict longtime married couples: one spouse quickly following the other to the grave?
Pat, Nixon’s wife of 53, died last June after a long illness. No one knows for sure whether her death contributed to his. After all, he was elderly and had a history of serious heart disease. Researchers have long observed that the death of a spouse particularly a wife is sometimes followed by the untimely death of the grieving survivor. Historian Will Durant died 13 days
after his wife and collaborator, Ariel; Buckminster Fuller and his wife died just 36 hours apart. Is this more than coincidence?
“Part of the story, I suspect, is that we men are so used to ladies feeding us and taking care of us,” says Knul Helsing, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, “that when we lose a wife we go to pieces. We don’t know how to take care of ourselves.” In one of several studies Helsing has conducted on bereavement, he found that widowed men had higher mortality rates than married men in every age group. But, he found that widowers who remarried enjoyed the same lower mortality rate as men who’d never been widowed.
Women’s health and resilience may also suffer after the loss of a spouse. In a 1987 study of widows, researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, and UC, San Diego, found that they had a dramatic decline in levels of important immune-system cells that fight off disease. Earlier studies showed reduced immunity in widowers.
For both men and women, the stress of losing a spouse can have a profound effect. “All sorts of potentially harmful medical problems can be worsened,” says Gerald Davison, professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. People with high blood pressure, for example, may see it rise. In Nixon’s case, Davison speculates, “the stroke, although not caused directly by the stress, was probably hastened by it.” Depression can affect the surviving spouse’s will to live; suicide rates are elevated in the bereaved, along with accidents not involving cars.
Involvement in life helps prolong it. Mortality, says Duke University psychiatrist Daniel Blazer, is higher in older people without a good social-support system, who don’t feel they’re part of a group or a family, that they “fit in” somewhere. And that’s a more common problem for men, who tend not to have as many close friendships as women. The sudden absence of routines can also be a health hazard, says Blazer. “A person who loses a spouse shows deterioration in normal habits like sleeping and eating,” he says. “They don’t have the other person to orient them, like “When do you go to bed, when do you wake up, when do you eat, when do you take your medication, when do you go out to take a walk?”Your pattern is no longer locked into someone else’s pattern, so it deteriorates.”
While earlier studies suggested that the first six months to a year – or even first week – were times of higher mortality for the bereaved, some newer studies find no special vulnerability in this initial period. Most men and women, of course do not as a result of the loss of a spouse. And there are ways to improve the odds. A strong sense of separate identity and lack of over-dependency during the marriage are helpful. Adult sons and daughters, siblings and friends need to pay special attention to a newly widowed parent. They can make sure that he or she is socializing, getting proper nutrition and medical care, expressing emotion and above all, feeling needed and appreciated.
26. It is known from the passage that Richard Nixon died at the age of .
A 73
B 81
C 77
D 65
27. According to researchers who study bereavement, Richard Nixon’s death might be .
A caused by his heart disease
B indirectly linked to his wife’s death
C the inevitable result of old age
D caused by an unexplainable accident
28. In his research on bereavement, Helsing found that .
A remarried men live healthier lives
B unmarried men have the longest life expectancies
C remarried widowers do not have higher mortality rates than those who have never been widowed
D widows were unaffected by their spouses’ death
29. According to the passage a spouse’s death can lead the surviving one to .
A lose his or her friends
B diminish social activities
C be vulnerable to illness
D reject his or her children’s care
30.It is suggested in the passage that widowers or widows suffer from the death of their
spouses because they are .
A unprepared for independence during the marriage
B incapable of taking care of themselves during the marriage
C unwilling to socialize with others during the marriage
D too indulgent during the marriage
Translate the following passages into Chinese
Passage 1
In the eighteenth century the word "revolution" came to have a new meaning. Traditionally it meant only a change in the composition of government and not necessarily a violent one. Observers could speak of a "revolution" occurring at a particular court when one minister replaced another. After 1789 this changed. People came to see that year as the beginning of a new sort of revolution, a real rupture with the past, characterized by violence, by limitless possibilities for fundamental change, social, political and economic, and began to think, too, that this new phenomenon might transcend national boundaries and have something universal and general about it. Even those who disagreed very much about the desirability of such a revolution could none the less agree that this new sort of revolution existed and that it was fundamental to the politics of their age.It would be misleading to seek to group all the political changes of this period under the rubric of "revolution" conceived in such terms as these . But we can usefully speak of an "age of revolution" for two reasons.
Passage 2
The idea that public status comes with a loss of privacy is unpersuasive. Far more persuasive is the thought that a person’s privacy may be breached if the information disclosed serves a proven public interest. A code of press practice specifies the various conditions that could count as involving a genuine public interest in publication, such as detecting or exposing crime, protecting public health, preventing the public from being misled. Showing public officials to be corrupt, grossly inefficient, criminally negligent, or dishonest is certainly in the public’s interest, provided that these failings bear directly on their performance of their public duties. Thus, for example, a revealing that a minister is a highly paid non-executive director of a company which regularly seeks contracts with the government is a matter for public concern. However, the majority of cases where privacy is breached touch on matters of sexual morality and it is much harder to see how the public interest is
served by their disclosure.
Passage 3
Between 1500 and 1800, significant changes took place in the way educated Europeans saw their society. Important scientific discoveries were made and the enlightenment brought a new sense of responsibility and reason. In sprite of such changes, however, in the middle of the eighteenth century most people in the world (and perhaps most Europeans, too) could still believe that history would go on much as it seemed always to have done. The weight of the past was everywhere enormous and often it was immovable: some of the European efforts to shake it off have been touched upon, but nowhere outside Europe was even the possibility of doing so grasped. Though in many parts of the world a few people's lives had begun to be revolutionized by contact with Europeans, most of it was unaffected and much of it was untouched by such contamination of traditional ways.
Passage 4
Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are, and there will be, many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.
Section Two Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)
Passage 1
当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。真正的解决办法要从重新设计以及最终弥合文明与地球的关系中去寻找。要完成这一点需重新仔细估量导致这种关系在较近时期内发生剧烈变化的所有各种因素。改变我们与地球关系的途径当然涉及到新技术的发明和应用，但关键的变化将与这种关系本身的新思路有关。
Passage 2
当今，人们心中存在的末日感并不是出于对科学的恐惧，而是对战争的恐怕。科学并不是引发战争的原因，科学并未制造过战争，但它却使战争变得面目全非。科学扩大了战争的机制，并扭曲了战争的形态。它从两个方面改变了战争。首先，科学显然成倍地增强了战争制造者的威力。现代武器与过去相比，杀伤力更强，手段更残忍。其次，科学为国家之间发生纷争提供了新的起因。科学创造了剩余财富(surplus)，而战争正是靠这种剩余财富扩大
升级（escalate) 。剩余财富不仅是某些国家孜孜以求的目标，而且也使他们能抽出时间进行军事训练，并向他们提供财力为战争进行装备。
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三 Passage 1 The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated. Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop. Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach id advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million-dollar outcome. As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however, as abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell. 1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation ____ A.Are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuit B.Suffer injures from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensation C.Will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will move toward a more moderate position D.Bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit-seeking groups 2.Manufacturers in the text tend to ____ A.Invariable produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safety B.Hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safety C.Be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets them D.Be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing their products 3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that ____ A.Such laws curb producers' ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profit B.The laws need to be modified to better serve the needs both consumers and producers
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
作为XXX同学硕士期间的副导师，应其请求，本人推荐该生参加贵校组织的2013年“申请-考核”方式攻读博士研究生入学考试。 XX同学本科就读于电子信息工程专业，硕士期间就读于信息与通信工程学科。通过系统的理论学习，完整掌握了本学科的专业基础理论知识，本硕期间的理论考核成绩优良，系统学习了微波技术与天线、雷达原理、天线理论与设计等和信息与通信工程学科密切相关的核心课程，为自己的科研工作打下了扎实基础，具备进一步攻读相关学科的知识储备。 该生学习刻苦，成绩优秀，具有坚实的基础理论知识和广博的专业知识。英语水平突出：六级达到国家优秀水平，并获得口语证书，硕士入学考试成绩达到82分，具备较强的听、说、读、写、译能力，能够熟练检索、阅读和撰写相关领域的英文文献，具备良好的英语语言应用能力。 在参与的某型研项目中，该生工作认真、治学严谨，吃苦耐劳，具有较强的自学能力，具备良好的探索精神，对所从事的科研方向具有浓厚的兴趣，并在本学科高水平国际会议和期刊上发表了英文学术论文，表现出了较强的科研能力。 鉴于该同学具有较大的发展潜力和培养前途，且本人有进一步深造的强烈要求，加之该同学对贵单位的研究方向有浓厚的兴趣，故特推荐XXX同学报考贵校博士生，建议贵单位给予考核和培养的机会，继续博士阶段的学习。衷心希望XXX 同学能够在贵单位得到更大的发展！ 作为XXX同学硕士期间的主导师，应其请求，本人推荐该生参加贵校组织的2013年“申请-考核”方式攻读博士研究生入学考试。 XXX同学本科就读于电子信息工程专业，硕士期间攻读信息与通信工程学科。通过系统的理论学习，该生完整掌握了本学科的专业基础理论知识，并出于自身兴趣，在本硕期间根据研究方向的要求，有针对性的学习了微波技术与天线、雷达原理、天线理论与设计等核心课程，进一步深化了专业方面的理论知识学习，具备了较为完善的知识结构和理论水平，为自己的科研工作打下了扎实基础，具备了攻读信息与通信工程学科的知识储备。本硕期间的理论考核成绩优良。 该生学习刻苦，成绩优秀，具有坚实的基础理论知识和广博的专业知识。英语水平突出：六级达到国家优秀水平，并获得口语证书，硕士入学考试成绩达到82分，具备较强的听、说、读、写、译能力，能够熟练检索、阅读和撰写相关领域的英文文献，具备良好的英语语言应用能力。 在所参与的某型科研项目中，该生工作认真、治学严谨，吃苦耐劳，具有较强的自学能力，具备良好的探索精神，对所从事的科研方向具有浓厚的兴趣，并在本学科权威国际会议和期刊上发表了英文学术论文，表现出了较强的科研创新能力。 鉴于该同学具有较大的发展潜力和培养前途，且本人有进一步深造的强烈要求，加之该同学对贵单位的研究方向有浓厚的兴趣，故特推荐XXX同学报考贵校博士生，建议贵单位给予考核和培养的机会，并望贵校招收。
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二 Passage 1 We have come a long way since 1896, and the clock cannot be turned back. Indeed, not only are women increasingly taking their rightful place on the Olympics athletics track, but there are also growing signs that the myth of their inevitable sporting inferiority may be about to be shattered for good. Women certainly are catching up fast. But although all the evidence points to a relentless closing of the gap between the athletics performances of men and women, there is still one last obstacle the women have to overcome: blind male prejudice. “Women can out-perform men in endurance events, and at extremes of heat and cold,” says Dr Graig Sharp, of Birmingham University’s Department of Physical Education. “But in speed events, for a number of physiological reasons, the gender gap will level out at about 10 percent.” Other experts, however, see no reason why women won’t continue to narrow the gap even beyond that margin. “We cannot rely on physiology to assert that sex differences are fixed and inevitable. Women have always had fewer chances to train or participate to the same extent in most sports,” says Dr Kenneth Dyer of Adelaide University. In Britain sportswomen still face discrimination, even after the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act outlawed most forms of discrimination on
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered
博士生招生“申请-考核”制探析——以哈尔滨工业大学为例 李玮 【摘要】近年来国内部分高校试行的博士生招生“申请-考核”制是深化我国博士生招生制度改革，完善博士生招生选拔机制的一项重大举措。文章在简要回顾博士生“申请-考核”招生制度产生背景的基础上，以哈尔滨工业大学为例，从报考资格、外语水平、材料审核、学科考核等四个方面，详细介绍了该项制度的实施流程，并通过分析2013年-2015年的录取数据，总结了我校“申请-考核”制度的实施效果。最后在借鉴国外院校博士生招生成功经验的基础上，对进一步推进和完善该项制度提出了建议措施，以期为有关高校建立符合自身特色的“申请-考核”制度提供有益的参考和借鉴。 【关键词】“申请-考核”制；博士生招生；招生改革 一、“申请-考核”制的产生背景 博士学位作为高等教育体系中的最高学历层次，担负着为国家培养高层次拔尖创新人才的重任，对于提高国家竞争力、建设创新型国家、实施科教兴国战略和人才强国战略具有重要意义。2013年，我国博士研究生招生人数已达万人，培养规模跃居全球第一。作为选拔优秀博士研究生的“滤波器”，招生工作在整个博士研究生的培养过程中占据着举足轻重的地位。然而，长期以来统一考试仍然是各高校招收选拔博士研究生的主要方式。这种方式通常要求考生参加一门外国语和两至三门专业课的传统考试形式，通过划定单科和总分的最低分数线，确定进入复试的学生名单，再根据复试成绩进行加权求和，结合导师年度招生指标和学生总分，由高到低进行录取。 这种招生方式表面上看是一种严格的选拔性考试，在一定程度上保证了公平、公正、公开，然而随着时代的日新月异和社会对高层次人才的多样化要求，这种制度逐渐暴露出诸如初试制度僵化死板、复试流于形式、缺乏吸引优秀生源的机制等诸多弊端，尤其是外国语成绩实行的“一票否决”权，俨然已经将外国语的重要性置于专业能力之上。这种一刀切的方式，在很大程度上埋没了那些有着深厚科研能力的申请者，限制了高校对优秀学生的遴选与识别工作。由此可见，传统的统一考试制度已经不能对拔尖创新人才进行有效的选拔，并且在很大程度上背离了博士生教育的培养目标，因而积极探索一套适应当代社会对高素质拔尖创新人才选拔机制的博士生招考方式已经迫在眉睫。 近年来，以北京大学、清华大学、哈尔滨工业大学、上海交通大学、南京大学等为代表的国内一流高校开始试行的一种全新的招生选拔方式——“申请-考核”制的出现，为我国博士研究生招生选拔制度注入了全新的活力，提供了有益的经验。教育部、国家发改委和财政部联合下发的《关于深化研究生教育改革的意见》（教研[2013]1号）明确提出：建立博士研究生选拔‘申请-考核’机制，发挥专家组审核作用，强化对科研创新能力和专业学术潜质的考察[1]，进一步从
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong