三一口语九级讲义
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三一口语九级讲义（全）第一部分：自选话题●听懂考官的谈话内容并切题应答●话语连贯且有条理●就所选话题与考官交替持续开展交流，叙述事实、想法，阐述个人观点及态度●交谈中若考官插话打断，能运用合适的交际策略把谈话引回到原话题●交谈中能突出谈话重点●使考官参与讨论第二部分：互动交流●主动引导交谈●通过提问获取更多信息，依据考官的回答进一步扩展深入●请考官发表评论、阐述观点，使讨论深入进行●灵活运用本级别所列的语言功能第三部分：对话●听懂考官的谈话内容并切题应答●更主动地与考官对话交流●对考官的评论或见解作出反应，使对话深入展开●若交流不畅停顿时，应变换方式或更换词语使对话继续不停顿新增对话题目●梦和梦魇●犯罪和惩罚●技术●习惯和对事物的迷恋●全球环境问题●设计（如：服装、建筑、汽车、家具等）语言功能●表达抽象的思想、观点●表达遗憾、愿望和希望●表达设想、假定●变换词语表达相同的意思●权衡各种选择●假设●评论往事或事情发生的过程新增语法项目●带动名词和/或不定式的动词，如：forget, stop, go on, remember●带情态动词的被动语态● should/must/might/could ＋现在完成时● wish 和hope后正确的动词用法词汇●与自选话题相关的词语●与第三部分对话话题相关的词汇●用于引回到原话题的用语, 如：As I was saying, Anyway …●用于表示犹豫的用语, 如：I mean, you know,●为赢得思考时间继续自己谈话的常用语，如：Well, let me think …语音●词语发音正确●运用升调和降调，表示继续或中止自己的谈话运用重读和节奏，突出强调谈话重点●运用语调、音的高低表明态度GESE-9Format●Candidate-led discussion of a prepared topic(up to5 min)●An interactive task (up to 4 min)●Conversation (up to 5 min)Candidate performance●Understand complex and extended speech●Communicate with spontanity●Initiate, maintain and end the discourse witheffective turn-taking●Use complex expressionsFunctionsGive adviceMaking suggestionsDiscribingGrammatical itemsSecond conditional/third conditionalForgert, stop, go on, rememberMore complex forms of the passiveShould/must/might/could+ present perfectWish/hopeSubject Area 1 Dreams and Nightmares Vocabularynightmare,elaborated, physical, frustration,panic,grief, confusion , proportion, abstract, physiological, psychological, paralysis,be associated with, laboratory, motivation, phenomenon, significant, self-awareness unscientific, speculation,denial, explosion, integrityDefinition●What are dreams?Dreams are a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep. Dreaming activity can vary from very simple thoughts or images, to elaborated stories with ivid colour images and intense physical activity.●What is a nightmare?Any strongly unpleasant dream may be a nightmare. It’s the feeling, not the content that turns a dream into a nightmare. Fear, shame, guilt, frustration, pain, panic, anger, grief, confusion, or any other negative emotion may reach nightmare proportions. My mother had a horrible nightmare: she was in a huge white room with hundreds of plants. Sounded lovely to me – but to her it was (unconsciously) the afterworld, and she wasn’t ready to die. It was a terrifying nightmare!Type of dreams: terrible dreams (nightmares) and sweet ones.Qs related to this aspect: describe your dream( the most impressive or recent dream) and give an example since an abstract subject can usually be illustrated by examples (Think of a dream and describe it)Recurring ThemesThere are many common recurrent dream themes in our culture: earthquakes, tidal waves, fires, being stalked or attacked, trying to lock doors against an intruder, teeth crumbling, lost toilets, test taking, no-pants in public, etc.When do we dream?Two different schools of thought exist as to why we dream: the physiological school and the psychological school.Both, however, agree that we dream during the REM, or rapid eye movement, phase of sleep. During this phase of sleep, our closed eyes dart rapidly about, our brain activity peaks, and our muscles suffer temporary paralysis.In dreams, we can recall things happened decades ago, it may be associated with early memories or state of mind at a certain period.Dream recallMany people do not remember their dreams. However research in the laboratory has demonstrated that almost everybody experiences dreams but, for a number of reasons, many people do not recall their dreams upon awakening. Dream recall can be improved by some simple measures such as changing wake-up times, paying attention to dreams immediately upon awakening and writing them down, or telling them to a partner. Simple interest in dreams and motivation to remember them have also been found to increase dream recall.Are dreams useful?Dreams are a natural phenomenon and there is no harm in recalling them.In fact, the distorted representation that dreams use can beuseful because sometimes they lead to very creative images and associations. Many artists and writers use dream images and stories to inspire them in their work.●However, since most dreams are unpleasant to the dreamer, theycan sometimes have a negative impact on mood at wake-up time.● A number of scientists have made significant insight anddiscoveries following dreams. Because dreams can reflect in one form or another our waking state of mind or our concerns, they are used in psychotherapy.●There are also many techniques that have been developed for theuse of dreams in everyday life. Paying attention to dreams can help improve self-awareness. However, universal dream symbols found in popular books are the result of unscientific speculations. Each individual has their own manner of dream expression.ReasonsWhat causes nightmares?●Usually it is your own trapped personal power, turned inward.This is very common in our society, because of childhood training and social conventions that require you to hide or deny some parts of yourself – even some positive ones.For instance, women in our culture are never supposed to get angry. Yet anger is a natural emotion that is very useful and appropriate in some circumstances. Anger appears in nightmares in many forms (explosions, wild animals, fires, floods, to name just a few possible images). When you work a nightmare, by speaking as the image, you’ll find out very quickly what it represents to you. And once you hear the message, you are on the road to breaking the denial and recovering the personal power that was locked away.●Another cause of nightmares is imbalance. If you’ve gottenout of alignment with your inner integrity in some way,perhaps even a way that you’re not consciously aware of, your mind may create a nightmare to get your attention. Or if you are developing a physical condition (or there’s something in your environment that’s not right) your dreaming mind may let you know through nightmares.Subject area 2 Crime and punishmentI. Crime types●burglary, damage to a vehicle, fraud and forgery, check andcredit card fraud, drug trafficking, vehicle/driver document fraud, sexual offences, homicide, Murder, Premeditated and unlawful killing of another person, manslaughter, Infanticide, harassment, child abduction, Blackmail, kidnappingII. What are the main reasons of committing a crime?(How do some people decide to commit a crime?)●The desire for material gain (money or expensive belongings)leads to property crimes such as robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and auto thefts.●The desire for control, revenge, or power leads to violentcrimes such as murders, assaults, and rapes. These violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run high. Property crimes are usually planned in advance.●Parental relationsChildren who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. The cycle of abuse, crime, and sociopathy keeps repeating itself.Children who are neglected or abused commit substantially more crimes later in life than others. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes.●Heredity and brain activitySearching for the origins of antisocial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Researchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins who have similar but not identical genes, just like any two siblings.The death penaltyIt’s taken for granted that a person who is convicted of murder should pay with his or her life. However, there exists a world-wide movement for the abolition of the death penalty. The abolitionists argue that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific.●Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated onlyby desire for revenge and retaliation.●Capital punishment does not deter.●There’re numerous miscarriages of justice, especially incapital cases.● A civilised state should uphold, not violate, the sanctityof human life.EducationConforming to Merton's earlier sociological theories, a survey of inmates in state prisons in the late 1990s showed very low education levels. Many could not read or write above elementary school levels, if at all. The most common crimes committed by these inmates were robbery, burglary, automobile theft, drug trafficking, and shoplifting. Because of their poor educational backgrounds, their employment histories consisted of mostly low wage jobs with frequent periods of unemployment.Employment at minimum wage or below living wage does not help deter criminal activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors.●Peer influenceA person's peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become Crack cocaine pipe displayed by police. Drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions, giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminalgangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility.●Drugs and alcoholSome social factors pose an especially strong influence over a person's ability to make choices. Drug and alcohol abuse is one such factor. The urge to commit crime to support a drug habit definitely influences the decision process. Both drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions (socially defined rules of behavior), giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Deterrents such as long prison sentences have little meaning when a person is high or drunk.The idea that drug and alcohol abuse can be a major factor in a person's life is why there are numerous treatment programs for young people addicted to these substances. Treatment focuses on positive support to influence a person's future decision making and to reduce the tendency for antisocial and criminal behavior.●Easy accessAnother factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims.Ⅲ Discouraging the choice of crimeSolutionThere are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes.●Firstly, school education plays an important role to teachtraditional beliefs.●Secondly, the present situation also calls for a control andsupervision on the mass media. Books and programs should be in good quality. There should be more educational books and programs for young children in to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong.●Thirdly, mutual understanding between parents and childrenis also very important. Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self-cultivation in lifetime. The two generations need to smooth away disagreement. Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education.Subject area 3 Habits and obsessionsDefinition of habitHabit: a behavior pattern acquired by 、frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b:an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary.Types of habits: You have two major types of habits. You have habits that revolve around your desires and you have habits that revolve around your fears.The habits that revolve around your desires for health, happiness, financial independence, and success are life-enhancing. They are the habits that have brought you the success you enjoy today.The habits that revolve around your fears, on the other hand, act as brakes on your potential. They hold you back. They interfere with your success. They trip you up on a regular basis. They cause you to sell yourself short and settle for far less than your potential.Definition of ObsessionObsession: a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often unreasonable idea or feeling; A recurrent and persistent idea, thought, or impulse to carry out an act that is ego dystonic, that is experienced as senseless or repugnant, and that the person cannot voluntarily suppress.An obsession is an unwelcome, uncontrollable, and persistent idea, thought, image, or emotion that a person cannot help thinking even though it creates significant distress or anxiety.SymptomsTypical obsessions include fear of contamination as from doorknobs or handshakes, worry about leaving things in their proper order, persistent doubts about one's responsible behavior, scary images involving violent acts, and images of sexual acts. People with obsessions may find themselves acting in compulsive ways in largely futile attempts to relieve the anxiety associated with their persistent, unpleasant thoughts. Others suffering from obsessions may try very hard to control or ignore them. It is important to note that legitimate worries about daily concerns—paying bills, studying for exams, keeping a job, interpersonal relationships—are not obsessions. Although they can occasionally be carried to obsessive lengths, these concerns can change with circumstances and, in most cases be controlled, with planning, effort, and action. Obsessions relate to problems that most people would consider far removed from normal, daily events and concerns.smokingThere’re millions of people who still smoke today. There’re no advertisements for cigarettes on television or in the newspapers in China. Every cigarette packet carries a Government health warning. It says “Smoking can damage your health”. People die every year from the effects of smoking. But many people continue to smoke. The main reason is that their body is addicted to nicotine and that they lack the willpower to stop smoking. What worries us most is that the number of schoolchildren who smoke seems to be increasing. They smoke because they like the image of being a smoker. Some diseases are linked to smoking, such as lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and so on. It’s high time we took some measures to discourage people from smoking.●Smoking should be banned in public places.●The anti-smoking campain should be strengthened.drinkingA person who is unable to stop the habit of drinking too much is an alcoholic. Doctors say that moderate drinking of good ale, good cider, or good natural wine does not injure the health of most people who are leading reasonably active lives. But there’re people who drink too much. They think they can temporarily get rid of their worries by getting themselves drunk. As we all know, the continued and habitual drinking of too much alcohol damages mind and nerve.●We must prohibit the sale of alcohol to people who are alreadydrunk. If such people are served at a bar, the bartender should be held responsible. The bar’s licence should be withdrawn.●Pubs should not be allowed to offer parking space for theircustomers’cars and motorbikes, since this encourages drunken driving.Reasons●Those who have a particular deadline, e.g. a new job, wedding,birth of baby, holiday or educational course. Some wish to make a swift change due to personal eatment plan●Gain greater self-awarenessSubject area 4 TechnologyCell Phones: New DevelopmentsIn the world, mobility is not just a luxury, it is a way of life. And, many people have come to rely on using cell phones to manage their lives, sometimes even canceling their land-lines in favor of their mobile.Thus, poor reception quality and lack of cell phone coverage, is not merely an inconvenience, it is also a matter of publicsafety. Increasingly 911 phone calls are being placed on cell phones.GM foodWhat do you know about GM food?Should it be further developed or should it be suspended?\ What is the potential impact of GM food?The lack of data is due to a number of reasons, including:●It's more difficult to evaluate the safety of crop-derivedfoods than individual chemical, drug, or food additives.Crop foods are more complex and their composition varies according to differences in growth and agronomic conditions.●Publications on GM food toxicity are scarce. An article inScience magazine said it all: "Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods: Many Opinions but Few Data".1 In fact, no peer-reviewed publications of clinical studies on the human health effects of GM food exist. Even animal studies are few and far between.●Our present data base is woefully inadequate. Moreover, thescientific quality of what has been published is, in most instances not up to expected standards. If, as claimed, our future is dependent on the success of the promise of genetic modification delivering wholesome, plentiful, more nutritious and safe GM foods, the inescapable conclusion of this review is that the present crude method of genetic modification has so far not delivered these benefits and the promise of a superior second generation is still in the future. Although it is argued by some that small differences between GM and non-GM crops have little biological meaning, it is clear that most GM and parental line crops fall short of the definition of "substantial equivalence." In any case, this crude, poorly defined and unscientific concept outlived its possible previous usefulness and we need novel methodsand concepts to probe into the compositional, nutritional/toxicological and metabolic differences between GM and conventional crops and into the safety of the genetic techniques used in developing GM crops if we want to put this technology on a proper scientific foundation and allay the fears of the general public. We need more science, not lessCloningCloning, like any other science is hindered by the general public's fear of the unknown. Whether it is a single cell to a full human, cloning research is a major next step in scientific development. It is easy to understand why people fear the unknown, but it is hard to figure out why they can't take a step back and realize that cloning is basically an extension of current and accepted practices.Technology in generalTechnology, above all else, has changed the nature of the state, not least in terms of making boundaries permeable.Effect of technologies:●Why Do People Feel Isolated from Each Other and SolutionsModern people have a feeling that they are becoming more and more isolated from each other though it is believed that the development of information technology has made the world smaller. There are three reasons for this.●Firstly, modern people have greater tensions so that theyhave less time to communicate with each other. More and more people are living in urban areas, where life is in a quick rhythm. Due to fierce competition, city dwellers have to behardworking in order to keep up with the steps of city life.Everybody is busy all the time. Work pressures deprive them of a casual way of life. Moreover, living in apartments in different blocks, people are isolated from each other. It is not convenient for them to meet each other freely.●Secondly, the wide use of telephone and overwhelmingemergence of the Internet prevent modern people from seeing each other quite often. Nowadays people can simply send an email or make a phone call to send good wishes in a few minutes.However, sitting before the computer screen is not the same thing as meeting, talking and writing. People are loosing the pleasure of writing and talking and hospitality towards each other. In some sense, people are becoming mechanic.●Thirdly, modern people's spare time are occupied by variouskinds of entertainments and activities. In the past, meeting and talking to others is a fundamental way to get information.However, today TV programs are very attractive. People can just stay at home and knows clearly what is happening in the world. Therefore, people have few chances to meet each other and thus a feeing of isolation arises.SolutionsThere are some solutions to the present situation. First of all, people need to be fully aware of the fact that the modern ways of communication cannot take the place of the traditional ones. Sending emails cannot have the same effect as writing or face-to-face talk. Traditional ways should be encouraged and people can write letters as much as possible. Secondly, activities held in one neighborhood can create a warm atmosphere among people. Thirdly, the people need to know how to enjoy life, which is a new and popular idea in modern society.What do you think is the greatest invention in the 20th century?The Internet, a very complex and revolutionary invention of 1965, has changed our world.The Internet can be explained as a network of networks, linking numerous government, university and private computers to one another, while providing many services such as E-mail, hypertext documents, instant messages, and data exchanges. The Internet is the largest network of networks worldwide. The Internet uses many different protocols, the most important being TCP/IP.InternetThere is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronic devices, multimedia and computers are things we have to deal with everyday.Especially the Internet is becoming more and more important for nearly everybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking media and surely “the” medium of the future.Therefore we thought that it would be necessary to think about some good and bad aspects of how this medium influences us, what impacts it has on our social behaviour and what the future will look like.The Internet changed our life enormously, there is no doubt about that. There are many advantages of the Internet that show you the importance of this new medium. What I want to say is that Internet changed our life in a positive way.First we have to make a differentiation concerning the usage. You can use the Internet at home for personal or you at work for professional usage. Let’s come to the first. To spend a part of our day on the Internet is for many people quite normal. They use this kind of medium to get information about all kinds topics. Maybe some of them are interested in chatting, probably they are members of a community. Whatever you are looking for, you will find it. Even if you want to have very specific information, you will find it in a short time. Normally, youoften have to send a letter, than you have to wait for the reception of the reply, or you have to make some telephone calls and so on. In any case, the traditional way is the longer one. To put your own information on the Internet is also possible. Create your own homepage, tell other users about your interests, what you want, that’s no problem at all.Advanced "Disruptive" TechnologiesThere are several opportunities for true breakthroughs to occur in technologies that would directly benefit mobile and wireless systems. One of these is happening right now with the introduction of UWB (ultra-wide band), which will enable wireless PANs to go from 720Kbps to more than 100Mbps in a few short years of development. A number of companies are developing UWB technologies that should result in consumer products on the market by 2005 or 2006. You can see the effect that a disruptive technology like UWB has on the forecast process in Figure 2. Some of the areas ripe for experiencing disruptive technologies are:●Nanotechnology — Making really small computer systems●Software defined radio — Generates the radio signal in realtime●Voice processing — Dialoging with a handheld computer viavoice●Location-based services — Providing services based on yourlocation●Intelligent systems — Software robots that are intelligentand serve our needs●Autonomic computing — Auto-detect and repair of hardwareand software systemsIf we're lucky, in 2050 our lives will be more productive, more interactive, and more balanced than today.Subject area 5 Global EnvironmentThere are many issues relating to global environment, for example, green house gas, climate change, biodiversity, clean energy, and so on.Green house gasWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, followed by carbon dioxide and other trace gases.What is the concern of green house effect?So, the concern is not with the fact that we have a greenhouse effect, but whether human activities are leading to an enhancement of the greenhouse effect.It is very likely (over 90%) that human activities are causing global warmingProbable temperature rise by the end of the century will be between 1.8C and 4CPossible temperature rise by the end of the century ranges between 1.1 and 4.5 deg CSea levels are likely to rise by 28-43cmArctic summer sea ice is likely to disappear in second half of centuryIt is very likely that parts of the world will see an increase in the number of heatwavesClimate change is likely to lead to increased intensity of tropical stormsAre greenhouse gases increasing?Human activity has been increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (mostly carbon dioxide from combustion of coal, oil, and gas; plus a few other trace gases). There is no scientific debate on this point. Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution) were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and current levels are about 370 ppmv. The concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere today, has not been exceeded in the last 420,000 years, and likely not in the last 20 million years. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), by the end of the 21st century, we could expect to see carbon dioxide concentrations of anywhere from 490 to 1260 ppm (75-350% above the pre-industrial concentration).Climate ChangeThe climate is changing. The earth is warming up, and there is now overwhelming scientific consensus that it is happening, and human-induced. With global warming on the increase and species and their habitats on the decrease, chances for ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing. Many are agreed that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Recent years show increasing temperatures in various regions, and/or increasing extremities in weather patterns.Global DimmingResearch has shown that air pollutants from fossil fuel use make clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back into space. This leads to an effect known as global dimming whereby less heat and energy reaches the earth. At first, it sounds like an ironic savior to climate change problems. However, it is believed that global dimming caused the droughts in Ethiopia in the 1970s and 80s where millions died, because the northern hemisphere oceans were not warm enough to allow rain formation. Global dimming is also hiding the true power of global warming. By cleaning。
