北京话旁称代词的历时嬗变(1750-1950(下))
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第31卷 第1期 苏州教育学院学报 Vol.31 No.1 2014年2月 Journal of Suzhou College of Education Feb., 2014
北京话旁称代词的历时嬗变(1750—1950)(下)
曹 炜a,b(苏州大学 a.汉语及汉语应用研究中心;b.文学院,江苏 苏州 215006)
摘 要: 自18世纪中叶到20世纪中叶,北京话旁称代词系统在句法、语义上呈现出了比较明显的发展变化,这种发展变化在三个时期的三部典型的北京话文献《红楼梦》 《儿女英雄传》 《正红旗下》中得到了充分的反映。就旁称代词系统而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是:由18世纪中叶的“别人、人家、别人家、他人、旁人”阵容切换到了19世纪中叶的“人家、别人、他人、旁人”阵容,并最终切换到了20纪中叶的“别人、人家”阵容,期间的此消彼长、删汰整合昭然。就旁称代词个体而言,历时嬗变的发生轨迹是:1.“别人”由18世纪的炙热到19世纪的没落,再到20世纪的重新走强;2.“人家”由18世纪的初露锋芒到19世纪的首度大大超越“别人”而一枝独秀,再到20世纪与“别人”的平分天下;3.“他人”这个曾经在相当长的时段内的旁称代词家族的宠儿由18世纪的颓势已现到19世纪的英雄末路,直至20世纪的难觅踪影;4.不温不火一路走来的“旁人”由18世纪的衰落到19世纪的走向没落,直至20世纪的淡出我们的视线;5.产生于元代的“别人家”由18世纪的衰弱到19世纪的没落,直至20世纪的只留存在部分方言中而在北京话中彻底消亡。关键词: 北京话;旁称代词;句法;语义;演变中图分类号: H14 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1008-7931(2014)01-0026-05
收稿日期:2013-06-22基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目(08BYY049)作者简介: 曹 炜(1963—),男,江苏昆山人,教授,博士生导师,苏州大学汉语及汉语应用研究中心主任,研究方向:现代汉语词汇、近代汉语语法。The Historical Evolution of Referral Pronouns in Beijing Dialect (1750—1950)(Ⅱ)
CAO Wei a,b(a. Research Center of Chinese and Chinese Application; b. School of Humanity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China)Abstract: From mid-18th century to mid-20th century, the referral pronoun system of Beijing dialect underwent noticeable changes in terms of syntax and semantics, which was fully embodied by three novels written in typical Beijing dialect of three different periods, namely Dream of Red Mansions, Legend of Heroes, and Running on Empty. The referral pronoun system evolved in history as follows: the pronouns of “bieren, renjia, bierenjia, taren, and pangren” used in the mid-18th century first were changed into the pronouns of “renjia, bieren, taren, and pangren” used in the mid-19th century, and ultimately became the pronouns of “bieren and renjia” used in the 20th century, which demonstrated an obvious process of shifting, selection and integration. In terms of the particular referral pronouns, the historical evolution took place as follows: the hot pronoun of “bieren” in the 18th century became obsolete in the 19th century but regained its popularity in the 20th century; 2. “renjia” became popular in the 18th century and was the single popular referral pronoun by overwhelming the use of “bieren” in the 19th century, but the 20th century witnessed the equally wide use of both “renjia” and “bieren”. 3. “taren” remained a favored referral pronoun for a long period of time, but its popularity declined in the 18th century and the word became obsolete in the 19th century and disappeared from the referral pronouns system in the 20th century; 4. “pangren”, a common pronoun, turned unpopular in the 18th century, became obsolete in the 19th century, and faded out of use in the 20th century; 5. “bierenjia” first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, and the popularity of this pronoun declined in the 18th century and the word became obsolete in the 19th century, and the pronoun only exists in several Chinese dialects in the 20th century but has disappeared completely from Beijing dialect. Key words: Beijing dialect; referral pronouns; syntax; semantics; evolution
- 27 -二、旁称代词“人家”句法、语义的历时嬗变旁称代词“人家”由旁称代词“人”带上后缀“家”而形成。“人家”既可用作第一人称代词,指称“我”;也可用作旁称代词,指称“别人”。为什么会这样呢?吕叔湘曾经有过精彩的分析:“人或人家指别人,大率是指你我以外的第三者……但也可以拿‘你’做主体,指你以外的别人,那么‘我’也在内;有时候,意思就指的是‘我’。从前的‘人’字常常这样用,后来有了‘人家’这个词儿,也可以这样用……用‘人家’代‘我’,动机自然也是为了避免说‘我’;以现代口语而论,‘人家’比‘我’要婉转些,也俏皮些。”①作为旁称代词的“人家”出现于魏晋南北朝时期②,宋元明时期得到了长足的发展,用例不断增多,使用也日益频繁,到了清代中期曾一度超越“别人”而成为最为常见的旁称代词。在现代汉语中“人家”和“别人”并驾齐驱成为两个最常见的旁称代词。《红》中旁称代词“人家”共有93例,占其全部旁称代词的31.42%,为《红》中使用频率仅次于“别人”的旁称代词。用法也多样,除了主要作主语和宾语外,也可以作定语和兼语。《红》中的旁称代词“人家”常作主语,共有33例,占《红》中“人家”全部用例的35.48%。如:(1)我们被人欺负了,不敢说别的,守礼来告诉瑞大爷,瑞大爷反倒派我们的不是,听着人家骂我们,还调唆他们打我们茗烟,连秦钟的头也打破。(《红》第9回)(2)人家原来不是混饭吃久惯行医的人。(《红》第10回)(3)人家牵肠挂肚的等着,你且高乐去,也到底打发人来给个信儿。(《红》第26回)(4)人家是醋罐子,他是醋缸醋瓮。(《红》第65回)(5)如今贾母庆寿这样大事,干看着人家逞才卖技办事,呼幺喝六弄手脚,心中早已不自在,指鸡骂狗,闲言闲语的乱闹。(《红》第71回)《红》中的“人家”也常作宾语,共有34例,占《红》中“人家”全部用例的36.56%。其中充当动词宾语的有30例,充当介词宾语的有4例。如:(6)那宝玉是个丈八的灯台—照见人家,照不见自家的。(《红》第19回)(7)平儿委曲的什么似的呢,老太太还骂人家。(《红》第44回)(8)你乃是萍踪浪迹,倘然淹滞不归,岂不误了人家。(《红》第66回)(9)前儿我听见把我做的扇套子拿着和人家比,赌气又铰了。(《红》第32回)(10)病也比人家另一样,原招笑儿,反说起人来。(《红》第58回)(11)如今连他正经婆婆大太太都嫌了他,说他“雀儿拣着旺处飞,黑母鸡一窝儿,自家的事不管,倒替人家去瞎张罗”。(《红》第65回)《红》中的旁称代词“人家”还常作定语,共有20个用例,占《红》中“人家”全部用例的21.51%。作定语的用例大大超过“别人”的12例及6.63%的自身比例。如:(12)人家的孩子都是斯斯文文的惯了,乍见了你这破落户,还被人笑话死了呢。(《红》第7回)(13)宝玉未说话,黛玉便先笑道:“你看着人家赶蚊子分上,也该去走走。”(《红》第36回)(14)姑奶奶骂我,我不敢还言;这二位姑娘并没惹着你,小老婆长小老婆短,人家脸上怎么过得去?(《红》第46回)(15)今娶姐姐二房之大事亦人家大礼,亦不曾对奴说。(《红》第68回)《红》中的“人家”还可作兼语,共6例,占《红》中“人家”全部用例的6.45%。比“别人”的用例多了一倍。如:(16)只知嫌人家脏,这是他的屋子,由着你们糟蹋,越不成体统了。(《红》第19回)(17)此亦系理数应然,你前生淫奔不才,使人家丧伦败行,故有此报。(《红》第69回)我们注意到,《红》中的“人家”全部为单用,不与别的名词连用。在语义上既可指称说话人之外的人,也可指称说话人、听话人以外的人,还可指称第三者以外的人。到了文康时期,旁称代词“人家”的使用频率骤升,第一次超越“别人”而成为当时最常见的旁称代词。《儿》中的“人家”共有292个用例,占其全部旁称代词用例的90.68%。其用法丰富多样,不仅可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语、兼语。而且,每一种用法的