人教版英语中考总复习第三册下
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中考基础知识(JUNIOR BOOK III UNIT 15-18)加入日期:2004-4-5 点击次数: 30一.知识网络
【重点内容概要】
1.过去完成时
2.购物用语及书信格式
3.能运用so…that和so that引导的状语从句
4.动词不定式作主语
5.定语从句
【句型、词组精讲】
seem
seem意为“似乎”、“好象”,为不及物动词,常用于以下几种结构:
1.后面可接不定式的一般式(seem to do sth.),不定式的进行式(seem to be doing sth.)和不定式的完成式(seem to have done sth.)。如:
She seems to be right. 看来她好像是对的。
Jack seems to be doing his homework. 杰克好像正在做家庭作业。
2.可接从句,构成句型“It seems/ seemed that…”意为“看起来好像……”。如:
It seems that he is right. 看来他好像是对的。
It seems that he has read the book. 看来他好像已读过这本书。3.后接形容词作表语。如:
The teacher seems angry. 老师看起来很生气。
This book seems quite interesting. 这本书看起来很有趣。
4.后接名词、动词ing形式或介词短语。如:
She seems a clever girl. 她看上去是个聪明的女孩。
It seems raining. 天好像要下雨。
He seems at home. 他好像在家里。
5.还可用于there be 句型中,表示“似乎有……”。如:
There seems to be nobody in the classroom. 教室里似乎没有人。
“是否”if & whether
1.if 和whether 在其引导的宾语从句中作“是否”解时,一般情况下,两者可通用。但if常用于口语中,whether比较正式。
2.if 和whether在下列情况下不能通用。
(1)作介词宾语时用whether,而不用if。如:
I’m interested in whether he’ll go out.
(2)whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句之前,if则不能。如:
Whether this is true or not, I’m not sure.
(3)与动词不定式连用时,只能用whether。如:She can’t decide whether to go to Japan.
(4)宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式时,只能用if。如:
I want to know if he won’t come here tomorrow.
表示“也”种种
初中英语教材中出现了六个意思相当于汉语“也”的单词,用法比较广泛,现分述如下:
1. too
用在肯定句中,放在句末,前面可用逗号与句子隔开,也可不用;也可放在句子中间,前后都加逗号。如:
(1)Nice to meet you, too. 见到你我也很高兴。
(2)You, too, may have a try. 你也可以试一试。
2. either
用在否定句中,常放在句末,前面常用逗号与句子隔开。如:
He can’t sing. I can’t sing, either. 他不会唱歌,我也不会。
3. also
放在句子中间,不用逗号隔开。如:
She also likes English. 她也喜欢英语。
4. so
用在肯定句中,常用句式为:so+助动词、系动词或情态动词+主语,表示前面说的情况也适用于后者。如:(1)A:Tom likes dancing. 汤姆喜欢跳舞。B:So do I. 我也喜欢。
(2)Li Lei went to the park yesterday and so did I. 李雷昨天去公园了,我也去了。
(3)I am a teacher and so is she. 我是位教师,她也是。
5. neither
用在否定句中,常用句式为neither+助动词、情态动词或系动词+主语,表示前面说的情况也适用于后者。如:
(1)My brother doesn’t like playing football and neither do I. 我弟弟不喜欢踢足球,我也不喜欢。(2)A: Han Meimei can’t draw. 韩梅梅不会画画。 B: Neither can I. 我也不会。
(3)She isn’t right and neither am I. 她不对,我也不对。
6. nor
用法如同neither。区别为neither用于两者之间;nor用于两者或两者以上。如:
(1)Wei Fang has no story-books. Neither (Nor) do I. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。
(2)Wei Fang has no story-books. Nor do I. Nor do you. 魏芳没有故事书。我也没有。你也没有。
7. 以上有些句式可以相互转换。如:
(1)He can’t sing. I can’t sing, either.
He can’t sing. Neither/ Nor can I.
(2)My sister likes singing and so do I.
My sister likes singing and I like it, too.
(3)She also goes to work by bike.
She goes to work by bike, too.
【语法精讲】
被动语态
主动语态变被动语态必须注意下面几个问题。
谓语动词的人称和数应和主动结构的宾语保持一致。如:
They built the tall building last month. →The tall building was built last month.
与原句时态应保持一致。如:
They will speak English. →English will be spoken.
动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时,by短语可省略。(如没握最好不要省。)如:
We speak English in our school. → English is spoken (by us) in our school.
主动结构中作宾补的不定式可以省去to,但变为被动语态时必须加上to .如:
He made me finish the work at once. → I was made to finish the work at once.
被动句中by短语和with等短语用法不同:强调动作的执行者要用by;表示状态或主动者所用的工具或手段要用with。如:
The work was done by him. The mountain was covered with snow.
当主动语态含有双宾语时可将任何一个宾语变为被动语态的主语,另一个不变,但当直接宾语作主语时,要在间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如:
My sister gave me a pen yesterday. → A pen was given to me by my sister yesterday. / I was given a pen (by my sister) yesterday.
“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”句型变为被动语态时,只能将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而宾补不变。如:
I heard her sing a song in the next room. → She was heard to sing a song in the next room.
I saw him getting on a bus. → He was seen getting on a bus.
当主动语态的动词是短语动词时,变为被动语态时不能将动词后的介词或副词丢掉。如:
He sent for the doctor at once. → The doctor was sent for at once.
当主动语态的谓语或宾语部分含有不定式时,变为被动句时要将不定式变为被动结构。如:
He is going to do his homework. → His homework is going to be done.
下面几种情况主动语态不能改为被动语态。(1)当宾语是myself等反身代词时;(2)当谓语是表示状态的动词如:have, own, hold等时;(3)当宾语是动词的ing形式时;(4)当宾语是相互代词时;(5)当宾语是表示数量,重量、大小或程度等时。
动词不定式
1.动词不定式作定语时,不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间一般有三种关系:
(1)动宾关系:即动词不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。如:She has a lot of work to do. 句中不定式to do与work构成动宾关系。说明:当作定语的不定式为不及物动词时或不定式虽是及物动词,但不能与中心词构成合理搭配时,不定式后要加适当的介词。如:
We have nothing to worry about.
They are looking for a house to eat in.
(2)主谓关系:中心词与不定式所表示的动作之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,即中心词是不定式动作的发出者。如:
She is always the first to come to school. 句中的the first 是come to school的逻辑主语,即这个动作的发出者。
(3)同位关系:作定语的不定式是对中心词内容的解释和说明。如:This is the best way to work out the problem. 句中的way的内容是to work out the problem.
2.“疑问词+不定式”结构,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如:
He didn’t know how to do it.
The question is when to start.
说明:
(1) 当句子谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等时,其后的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”结构,但主句与从句的主语必须一致。如:
I don’t know what I shall do next. →I don’t know what to do next.
(2) 当句子的谓语动词是tell,ask, show, teach等,其后带双宾语,且从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可转换成“疑问句+不定式”结构。如:Please tell me where I can find her. →Please tell me where to find her.