胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》配套题库【课后习题详解+模拟试题】(1-12章) 【圣才出品】

《跨文化交际学概论》考研胡文仲版考研复习笔记与考研真题第一部分绪论：跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第1章跨文化交际1.1 复习笔记一、跨文化交际1跨文化交际的定义跨文化交际是自古以来就存在的现象，是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程。

2跨文化交际日益引起注意的原因交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家和地区、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往，跨文化交际日盛。

3L.S.Harms关于交际的看法（1）L.S.Harms认为在世界范围内的交际要经历五个阶段：①语言的产生；②文字的使用；③印刷技术的发明；④近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；⑤跨文化交际。

（2）近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的，L.S.Harms认为跨文化交际的重要性与语言的产生可以相提并论。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解1Marshall Singer的观点（1）每个人都隶属于若干群体，而且，没有两个人隶属的群体是完全相同的。

（2）即使在同一群体中，每个人的态度、价值和信念也不会完全一样。

人们属于不同的群体，在每个群体中的看法又有差异，因此，在文化上每个人都应该是独特的，任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。

2Porter和Samovar的观点（1）把各种文化差异放在同一个标尺上，不同国籍与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。

（2）Porter和Samovar的观点在原则上与Singer是一致的，但不像Singer那样过分强调每个人在文化上的独特性。

3Ron和Suzanne Scollon的观点人们属于不同的群体，而不同职业、不同性别、不同年龄的群体都有各自的独特的语篇系统，因此跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在语篇系统方面，研究语篇差异比研究文化差异更有意义。

4对Singer和Scollon观点的评价（1）Singer和Scollon的观点反映了一些学者对于跨文化交际研究中的一些现象的不满。

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第一部分绪论：跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。

近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。

有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。

有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。

有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。

跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。

文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。

作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。

至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。

至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。

在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。

第二章跨文化交际学一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切1.首先在美国兴起。

美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。

2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。

第7章语言、文化、社会1. Define the following terms.·Anthropological Study of Linguistics: aims to look at the relationships between language and culture in a speech community. For this reason, it can alternatively he called anthropological linguistics. More specifically, practitioners of the field want to know more about a given community by examining the correlation between the tradition of the community, beliefs, and social behavior of community members and their language use in different contexts of communication.·Communication: is an information process taking place between at least two parties or persons.·Communicative Competence: is a sociolinguistic rule put forward by Dell Hymes in contrast with the “competence”vs. “performance”dichotomy in theoretic linguistics.·Context of Situation: is a framework put forward by Firth. This theory has the following elements (Firth, 1950: 43—44 [Palmer, 1981: 53—543).A. The relevant features of the participants= persons, personalities:(i) The verbal action of the participants.(ii) The non-verbal action of the participants.B. The relevant objects.C. The effects of the verbal action.·Nida’s Classification of Culture: According to Nida(1964), there are five types of sub-culture we should be fully aware of when engaged in translation: 1) ecological culture; 2) linguistic culture; 3) religious culture: 4)material culture; and 5)social culture.·Ethnography of Communication: is an authoritative research framework of our time in a linguistic study of social and cultural factors (Hymes, 1972). The essential elements Suggested by this framework include 1) speech community, 2) situation, event and act, and 3) mnemonic SPEAKING components. ·FLB: an important concept recently put forward by theoretic linguistics, stands for the faculty of language in the broad sense. It forms a contrast with FLN -- the faculty of language in the narrow sense.·FLN: an important concept recently put forward by theoretic linguistics, stands for the faculty of language in the narrow sense. It forms a contrast with FLB the faculty of language in the broad sense.·Gender Difference: is a term used to refer to the variety of differences observed between men and women’s linguistic behavior. This study covers almost all the levels of linguistic studies, ranging from pronunciation variants to communicative patterns.·Linguistic Determinism: is a theory which believes that our language will influence or decide our way of looking at the world. In a loose sense, linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity, and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can beregarded as synonyms.·Linguistic Relativity: is a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm yon Humboldt”(Crystal, 1985: 262). In a loose sense, this term has the same meaning with linguistic determinism and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.·Linguistic Sexism: is a term used to refer to sex-biased phenomena in language use. More specifically, it aims to reveal and deal with linguistic issues related to male chauvinism.·Six-Person System: is a typological pattern developed to study personal pronouns from the perspective of linguistic universality (Ingram, 1978). The following table summarizes this system explicitly. This typological system provides us with a comparative model to study the pronominal usage across languages.Six-Person System·Speech Community: refers to a group of people who “share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well.”(Hymes, 1972: 52) ·SPEAKING: is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior: S=Situation(场景), P=Participants(参与者), E=Ends(目的), A=Act sequence (相关形式与内容), K=Key (语气), I=Instrumentalities (语式), N—Norms (准则), and G —Genres(体裁).·Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’unique ways of understanding the world. In a loose sense, this term can be interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism.·Sociolinguistics of Language: examines issues related to the subject from a more linguistic perspective and, hence, is complementary with the Sociolinguistics of Society in terms of its coverage and concerns. Alternatively, we may also define the Sociolinguistics of Language as a study of sociolinguistic issues at a micro level of discussion.·Sociolinguistics of Society: examines issues related to the subject from a more societal perspective and, hence, is complementary with the Sociolinguistics of 1.anguage in terms of its coverage and concerns. Alternatively, we may also define the Sociolinguistics of Society as a study of sociolinguistic issues at a macro level of discussion.·Tripartite Model for Successful Communication: is a working framework which is based on Roger’s concept of real communication (1961) and is composed of the following principles: 1) try to look at things from other persons’point of view, 2) try to sense their feeling to a given issue, and 3) try to understand their way of knowing the world.·Variationist Linguistics: is a theoretic framework advanced by William Labor to study how language variation and change take place in different social contexts or geographic districts under the influence of social factors such as economics, education, class, gender, style, and so on. The method it uses is basically quantitative, but qualitative instruments have recently been introduced in this branch of linguistic research for a better description and explanation of the data collected.·Women Register: is a hypothesis which assumes that the following features are prevailing in women’s linguistic behavior:1) Women use more “fancy”color terms such as “mauve”and “beige”.2) Women use less powerful curse words.3) Women use more intensifiers such as “terrible”and “awful”.4) Women use more tag questions.5) Women use more statement questions like “Dinner will be ready at seveno’clock?”(with a rising intonation at the end)6) Women’s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite thanmen’s.2. What are some important contributions that sociolinguistics has made to linguistic studies?Key: A couple of contrastive points can be given to show important contributions of sociolinguistics to linguistics. First, we observe that traditional linguisticsemphasizes a formal analysis of language, whereas sociolinguistics calls for a multi-faceted study of language as well so that a more balanced research framework can be achieved. Second, we notice that traditional linguistics focuses much on the study of structure, whereas sociolinguistics emphasizes the study of function as well so that a holistic study of linguistic issues will be possible. Third, traditional linguistics attempts to look at internalized elements of language, whereas sociolinguistics pays attention to externalized factors in language use as well so that a better understanding of the relationships between language, society, and the speaker can be achieved.3. Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?Key: A consensus has been reached that language not only reflects culture hut also is part of culture. The close relationships between language and culture have widely been acknowledged. When it comes to language teaching and learning, the influence of cultural knowledge on the linguistic performance of language learners has been identified and highlighted. It has repeatedly been found that learners who lack sufficient knowledge about the target culture can hardly become active and appropriate language users in their target language. For these reasons, the information concerning cultural differences has rightly been introduced in language classrooms of different kinds for enhancing learners’cultural consciousness and improving their performance in cross-cultural contexts of communication.。