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1. Introduction The Artificial Librarian A Database Dialogue System

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The Artificial LibrarianA Database Dialogue SystemMattias Johansson and Jonas HåkanssonDepartment of Computer ScienceLund Institute of TechnologyLund University, SwedenJanuary 17, 20031. IntroductionThis project is the second part of the course “An Introduction to Language Processing and Computational Linguistics” at the Department of Computer Science. It was defined by us together with our teacher Pierre Nugues. The Artificial Librarian is a dialogue system which is connected to a database. It parses the user input and searches the database for the information. The user can for example ask for a book by a specific author, who has written a specific book or where in the library the book is located. The librarian can sometimes ask for additional information, for example to narrow down the search. The application is web based and can be found at http://www.efd.lth.se/~e98mj/librarian/. It may not always be up and running though. There is a screenshot in appendix B to give an idea on how the system looks.2. Technology overviewThe application was decided to be connected to a public book database to make the query constraints as few as possible. Since the application was to be connected to the database through internet it felt natural to make an internet interface for the whole application. Our teacher suggested JSP, Java Server Pages. We had never used this technique, but most of our programming courses are based on Java, so it seemed like a good idea.3. Language processingThe language processing consists of two parts; one that interprets the user input and one that generates the response from the librarian. The main technique we use for the user input interpretation is decision trees, which simplified works like this: classify the first word, and then take the next word and check if it fits with some of the parts-of-speech that are allowed after the first one. This way, word by word in the sentence is traversed. The dialogue processor, that generates the response from the librarian, is explained in chapter 3.3.3.1 Parts-of-speechWhen a word is to be classified it is compared to the list of words in the part-of-speech table. Examples of the words are shown in the table below.Part-of-speech ExamplesAuxiliary do, can, hasInterjection yes, no, ok, okayNoun shelf, booksPreposition by, onPronoun you, I, anything, something, anyProper noun any proper noun, e.g. Stephen KingVerb have, find, written, wroteWh-word what, where, who, which3.2 Possible decision treesThe tree consists of part-of-speech phrases. These phrases consist of words of the same part-of-speech. Which phrases or words that are allowed as the next, are shown in the table below. Every sentence begins with the sentence phrase. The first word of a sentence is compared to the list in the second column in the table. If it fits, the next word is checked in the same way. Not all parts-of-speech are allowed as a last word in a sentence. The rules are shown in the third column. Since the phrases not are words, there is no information on those rows. As given from that column the only two parts-of-speech that are allowed as last word are proper nouns and interjections. There is a special case when the last word not is a proper noun or an interjection. When the librarian has asked for something and the user answers with “yes, [phrase]”, the phrase part is interpreted, but if the phrase part doesn’t fit any of the possible types of sentences, the phrase part is neglected and the sentence is interpreted as only “yes”. This means that all words are allowed as a last word if it is a phrase that follows a “yes” or “no” and the phrase couldn’t be interpreted.Root or current leaf Possible subsequent leafs Allowed as last word- Sentence (phrase) wh-word, preposition phrase, interjection,proper noun phrase, auxiliaryNoun phrase pronoun, noun - Preposition phrase preposition -Proper noun phrase proper noun -Verb phrase verb - Auxiliary noun phrase, verb phrase no Interjection proper noun phrase, preposition phrase,yeswh-wordNoun auxiliary, preposition phrase no Preposition proper noun phrase, wh-word no Pronoun verb phrase, preposition phrase, noun phrase noProper noun proper noun phrase, preposition phrase yesVerb preposition phrase, proper noun phrase,nonoun phraseWh-word auxiliary, noun phrase, verb phrase no3.3 Dialogue processorThe user input is searched for special words so that the system knows what the user wants. For example if the user begins the sentence with “who”, the system knows that the user is looking for authors. When a successful interpretation of the user input is done, the query is sent to the database. Otherwise, if it could not be interpreted, the librarian has to ask the user to type something else. When the answer is received from the database, and the result is extracted, the system can decide what the answer should be. The system now checks how many results the database returned and builds different answers based on that information. On some occasions the systems gives more information then the user asked for, e.g. on what shelf the books are located. All possible dialogues are listed in a tree structure in appendix A.4. Information extraction from web databaseThe web database we decided to use was . This is an online book store which provides a huge amount of books, so that it will look like there are that many books in the library. The draw back of using a book store is that there are sometimes different editions of a book. If you for example ask “What do you have by Tolkien?”, the answer would be:I found more than 25 titles. The five most popular, I think, are:¤ The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings [BOX SET]¤ The Lord of the Rings [BOX SET]¤ The Lord of the Rings (Leatherette Collector's Edition)¤ The Hobbit (Leatherette Collector's Edition)¤ The SilmarillionIs it any special book you are interested in?This is not the answer you expect when it is a library. It should only answer with the title and not with multiple versions of the same book.4.1 Retrieve result from web page only provides an html based version of the database available to people outside the company. This means that when we send our database queries we get an html page as an answer. Since is one of the largest online book stores, it has a lot of commercial banners and special offers on the site. This made it a little more difficult to extract the significant results from the answer. If doesn’t find any book or it only finds one, the answer page looks completely different, but we managed to find some patterns to recognise the significant results, even in such cases. For example, there was a number on the page that told how many results that was found, but the number only showed if there were two or more results. Another potential problem with getting the result page in html format is that it shows a maximum of only 25 hits per page. As the system is built now that is not a problem, but if we sometime are going to develop it further it might be a limitation. To get the most likely answer when the user asks for an author or a title, we chosen to use ’s feature of sorting the results by best selling. Then, when the system suggests an author or a title it picks the top item of the list.5. DevelopmentTo give an overview of the way our work proceeded, we have put together some milestones. - Selected techniques: Since we have programmed a lot using Java earlier, we chose to use a Java based environment; Apache Tomcat which is a web server supporting JSP (Java Server Pages). As we run the server on our school account, we can not have it up and running when we are not logged on. We looked around for an online book store to use as the database for our project, and found that would be the best choice, even though it sometimes could be a little slow, because of its large number of books and the consistent way it presents the search results.- Extracted search results: In the beginning we had some difficulties to decode the result pages, because of the large amount of commercials and special offers on the result pages, but managed to solve the problems and wrote code for searching by author, title and both. - The Language Processing module: Initially we wrote code that could handle a couple of types of sentences. Before we decided to use decision trees to represent the allowed sentence structures, we tried a couple of other homemade variants. This was probably the part of the project that chewed the most time.- Connected the modules:We developed the Language Processing module and the Web Database module separately to have better control over eventual misbehaviours. As we got them both to work independently, we connected them and for the first time got a working web application.- The dialog history: To be able to get an overview of the dialog (since each turn can take quite a while to process, see selected techniques above), we added the history to returned web pages.- The multi-turn dialogs: To make a more interesting application, we implemented multi-turn dialogs, so that the user would be able to give answers to the librarian’s following-up questions. The recognized answers would be “yes”, “no” and “okay”. The user may also continue a “yes”-answer with a supported sentence that would be used if correct.- Conversation enders:To reset the dialog and its history, we added conversation enders like “goodbye” and “thank you”- Map of library: We added a simple map as a complement to the referred sections of the library. It makes the visualisation of the artificial library easier.- Testing the application:We let people not involved in the project try The Artificial Librarian to get opinions about it, to see what kind of sentences they asked, and to find eventual bugs.6. ExamplesTo give you a picture of how The Artificial Librarian works, we have provided a demonstration with four examples.Example 1:U: Who has written Pippi Långstrump? L: I found over 25 matching titles. Could it perhaps be Astrid Lindgren, Michael Chesworth (Illustrator)? Otherwise, you have to be more specific.U: Yes, that's rightL: Great, I'm glad I could help you!Example 2:U: What books do you have by King?L: I found more than 25 titles. The five most popular, I think, are:¤ From a Buick 8: A Novel¤ Everything's Eventual: 14 Dark Tales¤ On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft¤ Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture¤ The Foster's Market CookbookIs it any special book you are interested in? U: YesL: Which one would that be?U: Everything’s EventualL: It would be to your left in the ‘K’ section. Example 3:U: What do you have by Jan Guillou? L: I found 18 titles. The most popular ones are:¤ Enemy's Enemy¤ Vèagen till Jerusalem¤ Tempelriddaren¤ Irak--det nya Arabien¤ Artister : intervjuer och portrèattIs it any special book you are interested in? U: Yes, on which shelf can I find Tempelriddaren?L: It would be to your left in the 'G' section.Example 4:U: Where can I find books byLångstrump?L: I'm sorry, but it seems like we don't have anything by Långstrump.U: OkayL: What else can I do for you?U: Nothing7. ConclusionsThe problem discussed in chapter 4, that the system answers with different versions of the same book, should be dealed with. If we some day would decide to develop The Artificial Librarian further, we would probably use a library database to make it more realistic. Another solution is that we could change the library to an information desk in a book store. This would be much easier of course, but it could have other features as price information and price limitation in a search.When we started with this project we did not really know what result we could expect because we were all new to computational linguistics. We started with a not very high ambition level, but our teacher encouraged us to make it more and more extensive. Now when we are finished, the most important lesson we have learned is that it doesn’t take a huge program to make an interactive dialogue system which work fairly well, although there are some linguistic tricks that make our system look smarter then it is.Overall we are satisfied with the result of this project. Of course there are things that could be better, but it was only a two university points (two weeks) project.8. ReferencesJ Boye, M Wirén, M Rayner, I Lewin, D Carter and R Becket, July 1999, Language-Processing Strategies and Mixed-Initiative Dialogues, IJCAI-99 Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning in Practical Dialogue SystemsS Abney, M Collins and A Singhal, 2000, Answer Extraction, AT&T Shannon LaboratoryP Nugues, 2002, Lecture notes: Introduction to Language Processing and Computational Linguistics, Department of Computer Science, Lund Institute of TechnologyApache Tomcat of The Apache Jakarta Project, /tomcat/ , /Appendix A. Structure of implemented dialogsThis appendix shows the structure of all implemented types of possible and successful dialogs. A "new" dialog (beginning with one of the three main types below) can be started at any point in the current dialog.Upper case words within brackets indicate information supplied by the user or other dynamic information generated by the program. Below follows a list of descriptions of such words.[TITLE]Title supplied by user or found during search[AUTHOR]Author supplied by user or found during search[SECTION]First letter in author’s last name indicating a section[HITS]Number of hits found during search[DIRECTION]Side of the artificial library (left or right)[LOCATION_SENTENCE]A possible sentence of the third main type of dialog starters below[ANYTHING]Any sentence/text•Asking for a title (e.g. "What do you have by Stephen King?")Search result returns no titles:- I'm sorry, but it seems like we have no books by [AUTHOR].- Okay- What else can I do for you?Search result returns just one title:- I can only find [TITLE] by [AUTHOR]. Is this the one you are looking for?- Yes- You will find it in the '[SECTION]' section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- I'm sorry but it seems like we don't have any other books by[AUTHOR].- Okay- What else can I do for you?Search result returns more than one but fewer than six titles:- I found [HITS] titles:[TITLE] … [TITLE]Is it any special book you are interested in?- Yes- Which one would that be?- [TITLE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]'section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- Yes, [TITLE] or Yes, [LOCATION_SENTENCE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]' section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- Okay, I hope you find them interesting!Search result returns more than five but fewer than twenty six titles:- I found [HITS] titles. The most popular ones are:[TITLE] … [TITLE]Is it any special book you are interested in?- Yes- Which one would that be?- [TITLE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]'section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- Yes, [TITLE] or Yes, [LOCATION_SENTENCE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]' section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- Okay, I hope you find them interesting!Search result returns more than twenty five titles:- I found more than 25 titles. The five most popular, I think, are: [TITLE] … [TITLE]Is it any special book you are interested in?- Yes- Which one would that be?- [TITLE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]'section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- Yes, [TITLE] or Yes, [LOCATION_SENTENCE]- It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]' section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- Okay, I hope you find them interesting!•Asking for an author (e.g. "Who has written The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy?") Search result returns no titles:- I'm sorry, but I don't know who the author is of [TITLE].- Okay- What else can I do for you?Search result returns one or more but fewer than twenty six titles:- I found [HITS] matching titles. Could it perhaps be [AUTHOR]?Otherwise, you have to be more specific.- Yes- Great, I'm glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- You have to be more specific.Otherwise, that is the only author I can find on [TITLE].- Okay- What else can I do for you?Search result returns more than twenty five titles:- I found over 25 matching titles. Could it perhaps be [AUTHOR]?Otherwise, you have to be more specific.- Yes- Great, I'm glad I could help you!- No or No, [ANYTHING]- You have to be more specific.Otherwise, that is the only author I can find on [TITLE].- Okay- What else can I do for you?•Asking for a location (e.g. "On which shelf can I find The Testament by John Grisham?") Search result returns no titles:User supplied both the title and the author in the question:- I'm sorry, but it seems like we do not have [TITLE] by [AUTHOR].- Okay- What else can I do for you?User only supplied the title in the question:- I'm sorry, but I can not find any books named [TITLE].- Okay- What else can I do for you?User only supplied the author in the question:- I'm sorry, but it seems like we don't have anything by [AUTHOR].- Okay- What else can I do for you?Search result returns one or more titles:User supplied both the title and the author or just the author in the question: - It would be to your [DIRECTION] in the '[SECTION]' section.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!User only supplied the title in the question:- If you mean [TITLE] by [AUTHOR], it's to your [DIRECTION]in the '[SECTION]' section. Otherwise, you have to be more specific.- Okay- I am glad I could help you!Appendix B. Screenshot。

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Introduction to Artificial Intelli智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年

Introduction to Artificial Intelli智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下哈尔滨工程大学哈尔滨工程大学第一章测试1.All life has intelligence The following statements about intelligence arewrong（）A:All life has intelligence B:Bacteria do not have intelligence C:At present,human intelligence is the highest level of nature D:From the perspective of life, intelligence is the basic ability of life to adapt to the natural world答案:Bacteria do not have intelligence2.Which of the following techniques is unsupervised learning in artificialintelligence?（）A:Neural network B:Support vector machine C:Decision tree D:Clustering答案:Clustering3.To which period can the history of the development of artificial intelligencebe traced back?（）A:1970s B:Late 19th century C:Early 21st century D:1950s答案:Late 19th century4.Which of the following fields does not belong to the scope of artificialintelligence application?（）A:Aviation B:Medical C:Agriculture D:Finance答案:Aviation5.The first artificial neuron model in human history was the MP model,proposed by Hebb.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.Big data will bring considerable value in government public services, medicalservices, retail, manufacturing, and personal location services. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第二章测试1.Which of the following options is not human reason:（）A:Value rationality B:Intellectual rationality C:Methodological rationalityD:Cognitive rationality答案:Intellectual rationality2.When did life begin? （）A:Between 10 billion and 4.5 billion years B:Between 13.8 billion years and10 billion years C:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years D:Before 13.8billion years答案:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years3.Which of the following statements is true regarding the philosophicalthinking about artificial intelligence?（）A:Philosophical thinking has hindered the progress of artificial intelligence.B:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development of artificialintelligence. C:Philosophical thinking is only concerned with the ethicalimplications of artificial intelligence. D:Philosophical thinking has no impact on the development of artificial intelligence.答案:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development ofartificial intelligence.4.What is the rational nature of artificial intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively with humans. B:The ability to feel emotions and express creativity. C:The ability to reason and make logicaldeductions. D:The ability to learn from experience and adapt to newsituations.答案:The ability to reason and make logical deductions.5.Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational nature ofartificial intelligence?（）A:The rational nature of artificial intelligence includes emotional intelligence.B:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logical reasoning.C:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is not important for itsdevelopment. D:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is only concerned with mathematical calculations.答案:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logicalreasoning.6.Connectionism believes that the basic element of human thinking is symbol,not neuron; Human's cognitive process is a self-organization process ofsymbol operation rather than weight. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第三章测试1.The brain of all organisms can be divided into three primitive parts:forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Specifically, the human brain is composed of brainstem, cerebellum and brain (forebrain). （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.The neural connections in the brain are chaotic. （）A:对 B:错答案:错3.The following statement about the left and right half of the brain and itsfunction is wrong （）.A:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logical thinking,and the right brain is responsible for language description. B:The left brain is like a scientist, good at abstract thinking and complex calculation, but lacking rich emotion. C:The right brain is like an artist, creative in music, art andother artistic activities, and rich in emotion D:The left and right hemispheres of the brain have the same shape, but their functions are quite different. They are generally called the left brain and the right brain respectively.答案:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logicalthinking, and the right brain is responsible for language description.4.What is the basic unit of the nervous system?（）A:Neuron B:Gene C:Atom D:Molecule答案:Neuron5.What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive functions?（）A:It is responsible for sensory processing. B:It is involved in emotionalprocessing. C:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions. D:It isinvolved in motor control.答案:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.6.What is the definition of intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively. B:The ability to perform physicaltasks. C:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. D:The abilityto regulate emotions.答案:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.第四章测试1.The forward propagation neural network is based on the mathematicalmodel of neurons and is composed of neurons connected together by specific connection methods. Different artificial neural networks generally havedifferent structures, but the basis is still the mathematical model of neurons.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.In the perceptron, the weights are adjusted by learning so that the networkcan get the desired output for any input. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Convolution neural network is a feedforward neural network, which hasmany advantages and has excellent performance for large image processing.Among the following options, the advantage of convolution neural network is（）.A:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction B:Weight sharingC:Translation invariance D:Strong robustness答案:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction;Weightsharing;Strong robustness4.In a feedforward neural network, information travels in which direction?（）A:Forward B:Both A and B C:None of the above D:Backward答案:Forward5.What is the main feature of a convolutional neural network?（）A:They are used for speech recognition. B:They are used for natural languageprocessing. C:They are used for reinforcement learning. D:They are used forimage recognition.答案:They are used for image recognition.6.Which of the following is a characteristic of deep neural networks?（）A:They require less training data than shallow neural networks. B:They havefewer hidden layers than shallow neural networks. C:They have loweraccuracy than shallow neural networks. D:They are more computationallyexpensive than shallow neural networks.答案:They are more computationally expensive than shallow neuralnetworks.第五章测试1.Machine learning refers to how the computer simulates or realizes humanlearning behavior to obtain new knowledge or skills, and reorganizes the existing knowledge structure to continuously improve its own performance.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.The best decision sequence of Markov decision process is solved by Bellmanequation, and the value of each state is determined not only by the current state but also by the later state.（）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Alex Net's contributions to this work include: （）.A:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time B:Use the modified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function C:Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool D:Use the Dropouttechnology to selectively ignore the single neuron during training to avoid over-fitting the model答案:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time;Use themodified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function;Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool;Use theDropout technology to selectively ignore the single neuron duringtraining to avoid over-fitting the model4.In supervised learning, what is the role of the labeled data?（）A:To evaluate the model B:To train the model C:None of the above D:To test the model答案:To train the model5.In reinforcement learning, what is the goal of the agent?（）A:To identify patterns in input data B:To minimize the error between thepredicted and actual output C:To maximize the reward obtained from theenvironment D:To classify input data into different categories答案:To maximize the reward obtained from the environment6.Which of the following is a characteristic of transfer learning?（）A:It can only be used for supervised learning tasks B:It requires a largeamount of labeled data C:It involves transferring knowledge from onedomain to another D:It is only applicable to small-scale problems答案:It involves transferring knowledge from one domain to another第六章测试1.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is （）.A:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation by calculating the mean vector of the offset. B:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation,region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete imagesegmentation. C:Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objectsconnected in the image. D:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as themaximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire image答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.2.Camera calibration is a key step when using machine vision to measureobjects. Its calibration accuracy will directly affect the measurementaccuracy. Among them, camera calibration generally involves the mutualconversion of object point coordinates in several coordinate systems. So,what coordinate systems do you mean by "several coordinate systems" here?（）A:Image coordinate system B:Image plane coordinate system C:Cameracoordinate system D:World coordinate system答案:Image coordinate system;Image plane coordinate system;Camera coordinate system;World coordinate systemmonly used digital image filtering methods:（）.A:bilateral filtering B:median filter C:mean filtering D:Gaussian filter答案:bilateral filtering;median filter;mean filtering;Gaussian filter4.Application areas of digital image processing include:（）A:Industrial inspection B:Biomedical Science C:Scenario simulation D:remote sensing答案:Industrial inspection;Biomedical Science5.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is ( ).A:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as the maximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire imageB: Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objects connected in the image. C:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset. D:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation, region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete image segmentation.答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.第七章测试1.Blind search can be applied to many different search problems, but it has notbeen widely used due to its low efficiency.（）A:错 B:对答案:对2.Which of the following search methods uses a FIFO queue （）.A:width-first search B:random search C:depth-first search D:generation-test method答案:width-first search3.What causes the complexity of the semantic network （）.A:There is no recognized formal representation system B:The quantifiernetwork is inadequate C:The means of knowledge representation are diverse D:The relationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive 答案:The means of knowledge representation are diverse;Therelationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive4.In the knowledge graph taking Leonardo da Vinci as an example, the entity ofthe character represents a node, and the relationship between the artist and the character represents an edge. Search is the process of finding the actionsequence of an intelligent system.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Which of the following statements about common methods of path search iswrong（）A:When using the artificial potential field method, when there are someobstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy to cause the path to be unreachable B:The A* algorithm occupies too much memory during the search, the search efficiency is reduced, and the optimal result cannot beguaranteed C:The artificial potential field method can quickly search for acollision-free path with strong flexibility D:A* algorithm can solve theshortest path of state space search答案:When using the artificial potential field method, when there aresome obstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy tocause the path to be unreachable第八章测试1.The language, spoken language, written language, sign language and Pythonlanguage of human communication are all natural languages.（）A:对 B:错答案:错2.The following statement about machine translation is wrong （）.A:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis andpragmatic analysis B:The essence of machine translation is the discovery and application of bilingual translation laws. C:The four stages of machinetranslation are retrieval, analysis, conversion and generation. D:At present,natural language machine translation generally takes sentences as thetranslation unit.答案:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis and pragmatic analysis3.Which of the following fields does machine translation belong to? （）A:Expert system B:Machine learning C:Human sensory simulation D:Natural language system答案:Natural language system4.The following statements about language are wrong: （）。

英语演讲IntroductiontoArtificialIntelligence人工智能导论

英语演讲IntroductiontoArtificialIntelligence人工智能导论


Eye
the most
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3. 机器学习(machine learning)
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She is a woman because She is ashweodmoaensnb’et chaauvsee she has lAodnagmh'asira. pple.
HHee iiss aa mmaann bbeeccaauussee
It is the branch to seize 模式识别(Pattern recognition)
机器学习(machine learning) Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. he has Adam's apple. Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
What is AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.
Investigation for AI in Computer Science
Nose The only aim of artificial intelligence is to make our lives more convenient and happy.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence What is AI? Massive Data → Knowledge Is he / she a man or woman? Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. he has short hair. She is a woman because He is a man because 机器学习(machine learning) he has Adam's apple.
确定考题ENG

确定考题ENG

The effort is necessitated by the potential complexity of those systems,which may contain millions of lines of code.对于可能包含数百万行代码的系统所具有的潜在的复杂性来说这一努力是有必要的。

The discipline of software engineering includes konwledge,tools,and methods for software requirements,software design,software construction,software testing,and software maintenance tasks.软件工程学科包括关于软件需求、软件设计、软件架构、软件测试和软件维护任务得知识、工具和方法。

A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards.2003年的一个研究发现，一些伪劣的计算机损毁和常规可靠性的问题，从屏幕图像失真到输入/输出读写错误，并不是由于软件或外围硬件引起的，而是由于PC机主板上老化的电容器造成的。

阅读：Unit6_F_1. A distributed database is a database stored in multiple computers located in the same physical location._T_ 2. Users access the distributed database through local applications and global applications._T_ 3. A distributed database is composed of a collection of logically interrelated but physically dispersed databases._F_ 4. Each partition/fragment of a distributed database stores different data non-repeatedly._T_ 5. So far, distributed database is a young field without much readily available experience on proper practice.【A】1. Which of the following is WRONG about the meaning of the word “transparent” in the article?(A) Users interact with the distributed database as if it were one logical system(B) Users implement transactions in the distributed database as if they were in one logical system.(C) Users may access data in the distributed database with no need to know where the data is located physically.(D) Users work on the distributed database as if it did not exist.【B】2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article about the distributed database design technologies?(A) Replication and fragmentation(B) Local autonomy(C) Synchronous and asynchronous(D) Fault-tolerant【C】3. Which of the following is NOT the drawback of distributed database compared to the traditional centralized database?(A) Experience on proper practice(B) Performance(C) Design complexity(D) Integrity maintenance_F_ 1. Visual Studio has six built-in languages including C/C++, Visual C++, , Visual Basic .NET, C# and Visual C#._F_ 2. The integrated debugger is a plug-in for Visual Studio to enhance the debugging function at source-level and machine-level._T_ 3. Visual Studio 2008 is used to develop Windows Vista and 2007 Office system._F_ 4. The feature set of Visual Studio 10 has been made public._T_5. Language-specific versions of Visual Studio provide four individual packages (Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++) as language services.【A】1. Which statement is RIGHT about Visual Studio 2008?(A) Visual Studio MFC 9.0 can add support for the visual styles and UI controls introduced with Windows Vista.(B) Compiled assemblies configured by Visual Studio 2008 needs to run on .NET Framework 3.5.(C) The source code for the Visual Studio 2008 IDE is available to students as downloads free of charge via Microsoft’s DreamSpark program.(D) STL/CLR is a specific version of the C++ STL containers and algorithms that work on C++/CLI managed objects.【A】2. What is the mai n idea of the last paragraph in the section “Visual Studio 2008”?(A) The Visual Studio debugger includes features targeting easier debugging of multi-threaded applications.(B) The Visual Studio debugger can operate synchronously in both the threads window and the code window in debugging mode.(C) The Visual Studio debugger can list all threads, display the stack trace of a hovered thread, and indicate the location of the currently executing instructions in the current thread and other threads synchronously.(D) The Visual Studio debugger supports integrated debugging of the .NET Framework 3.5 BCL. 【D】 3. Which of the following code name does NOT belong to the same product series as other three ones?(A) Whidbey (B) Orcas (C) Hawaii (D) Rosario。

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A introduction to Database Management SystemRaghu RamakrishnanWiley［U.S.］A database(sometimes spelled data base)is also called an electronic datab ase,referring to any collection of data,or information,that is specially orga nized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer.Databases are structured to facilitate the storage,retrieval,modification,and deletion of data in conjuncti on with various data-processing operations.Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape,optica l disk,or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files.The information in these fi les may be broken down into records,each of which consists of one or more fields.Fields are the basic units of data storage,and each field typically con tains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described b y the ing keywords and various sorting commands,users can rapi dly search,rearrange,group,and select the fields in many records to retriev e or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simp lest databases.The system software package that handles the difficult tasks ass ociated with creating,accessing,and maintaining database records is called a d atabase management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establis h an interface between the database itself and the users of the database..(Thes e users may be applications programmers,managers and others with informatio n needs,and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize,process,and present selected data elements form the database.This capability enables decision makers to search,probe,and que ry database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports.These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined,but people can“browse”through the datab ase until they have the needed information.In short,the DBMS will“manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common databa se in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system(DBMS)is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files;(2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the d ata and to add,delete,maintain,and update the data;(3)and an interface betw een the DBMS and its users.Several major trends are emerging that enhance t he value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers:who require more up-to-data information to make effective decision Customers:who demand increasingl y sophisticated information services and more current information about the stat us of their orders,invoices,and ers:who find that they can devel op custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations:that discover information has a strategic value;they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database.The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represe nted(such as tree,tables,and so on).The manipulative part of the model speci fies the operation with which to add,delete,display,maintain,print,search,se lect,sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure.Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records.The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first,then records one level below the root,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships ar e commonly found in business applications.As you have known,an organizati on char often describes a hierarchical relationship:top management is at the hi ghest level,middle management at lower levels,and operational employees at t he lowest levels.Note that within a strict hierarchy,each level of management may have manyemployees or levels of employees beneath it,but each employ ee has only one manager.Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach,each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created.Each record in a hierarchical database can contai n only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fie lds.This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in1970when E.F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management ca lled relational model,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure.Data is organized into related tables.Each table is made up of rows called and colu mns called fields.Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example,in a table containing information on employees,a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name,first name,and street add ress.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data i n a relational database.It is nonprocedural or declarative,in which the user ne ed only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combin ation of records.A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure t o perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one pare nt record.This approach combines records with links,which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record.With the net work approach,a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records.T he network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other dat abase models.Today,such performance characteristics are only important in h igh-volume,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airlin e reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific.If a new application is developed,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult.For example,suppose a new pension applicat ion is developed.The data are the same,but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model,in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application.This can create problems because there is no simple,uniform query language such as SQL.The object model is relatively new,and only a few examples of ob ject-oriented database exist.It has attracted attention because developers who choos e an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model.Distributed DatabaseSimilarly,a distributed database is one in which different parts of the da tabase reside on physically separated computers.One goal of distributed databases is the access of information without regard to where the data might be s tored.Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated,the communication and networking concepts come into play.Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger co mputer.This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers a nd resolves the problems of incompatible data formats.Ideally,it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information,with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on w hat is called a mainframe-entire model,in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave.There are some advantages to this approach.With databases under centralized control,many of the pro blems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved.But today’s pers onal computers,departmental computers,and distributed processing require com puters and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis.In a database,the client/server model provides the framework for di stributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running databa se applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are in dependent of one anther.A client is an end user or computer program that req uests resources across a network.A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network.When the resources are data in a da tabase,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network.A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server.This is useful,for example,if the files are large and require fast access.In such c ases,a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server.A distribut ed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve file s on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer.A major disadvantage,however,is that individual read/write requests are bei ng moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files.Sup pose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user re quests the same record and changes it too.The solution to this problems calle d record locking,which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied.Other users may be able to read the recor d,but they will not be able to change it.A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network.For example,suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer.If the application is designed with the client/server mod el in mind,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified w hen the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world.Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example,is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data sho uld exist at the location where they are being used.Departmental computers within a large corporation,for example,should have data reside locally,yet t hose data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data.DBMS software will protect the secur ity and integrity of the database,and the distributed database will appear to it s users as no different from the non-distributed database。