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Chapter 21 7
Chapter 21
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Naming Esters
• Esters are named as alkyl carboxylates. • Alkyl from the alcohol, carboxylate from the carboxylic acid precursor.
O N H CH3
4-aminopentanoic acid lactam -valerolactam =>
Chapter 21 14
Nitriles
• -CN can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid, so nitriles are acid derivatives. • Nitrogen is sp hybridized, lone pair tightly held, so not very basic. (pKb about 24).
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Chapter 21 26
Interconversion of Acid Derivatives
• Nucleophile adds to the carbonyl to form a tetrahedral intermediate. • Leaving group leaves and C=O regenerates.
O C H N H H O C + H N H H Bond angles around N are close to 120. Chapter 21
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Classes of Amides
• 1 amide has one C-N bond (two N-H). • 2 amide or N-substituted amide has two C-N bonds (one N-H). • 3 amide or N,N-disubstituted amide has three C-N bonds (no N-H).