语言学补充习题

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Language and Linguistics

1. The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____.

A. Synchronic and diachronic

B. Langue and parole

C. Signifier and signified

D. Competence and performance

2. According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by

all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. language

3. The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the

approach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at

various historical stages.

A. synchronic

B. diachronic

C. comparative

D. historical comparative

4. Language is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a

word and the object it refers to.

A. systematic

B. symbolic

C. arbitrary

D. ambiguous

5. What function are most imperative sentences associated with?

A. Informative

B. Interrogative

C. Phatic

D. Directive

6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________

A. interrogative

B. directive

C. informative

D. performative

6. Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novel messages; in this sense, our language is ____.

A. productive

B. interchangeable

C. genetically transmitted

D. rule-governed

7. Language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the

speaker. This is what we mean by _____.

A. cultural transmission

B. displacement

C. duality

D. productivity

8. By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ and

the other of ______.

A. surface structure, deep structure

B. phonemes, morphemes

C. sounds, meanings

D. production, reception

9. According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user‟s internalized knowledge of

his language.

A. competence

B. parole

C. performance

D. langue

10. General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.

A. language of a certain individual

B. the German language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

Phonetics and Phonology

11. The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning in

communication is _________.

A. morphology

B. general linguistics

C. phonology

D. phonetics

12. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection

of distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone

B. sound

C. allophone

D. phoneme

13. /m, n / are ________.

A. fricatives

B. dentals

C. glides

D. nasals

14. /w, j / belong to _____.

A. fricatives

B. dentals

C. glides

D. nasals

15. Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?

A. /i:/

B. /u:/

C. /i/

D. /a:/

16. The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.

A. back

B. front

C. unrounded

D. central

MORPHOLOGY

17. _______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between

expression and content.

A. Word

B. Morpheme

C. Allomorph

D. Root

18. _______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined

with other morphemes to form a word.

A. Free morphemes

B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words

D. Words

19. _______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of

speech of the original word

A. Prefixes

B. Suffixes

C. Roots

D. Affixes

20. “-s” in the word books is ____.

A. a derivative affix

B. a stem

C. an inflectional affix

D. a root

Note: root(词根)/ affix(词缀), 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)

1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,

definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to

form a word.(一个不能再分,再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)

词根词素可以分为自由词根词素(free root morpheme, e.g. rain rainy  raincoat

粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)

e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning) geology, psychology, physiology

tele (distant, far) + vision  television, telegraph

transmit, permit, submit ‘

maintain, contain, detain

2. Affix 词缀

1) inflectional(曲折): 语法关系的标志grammatical relations

(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er, 不改变词性

2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词,与词性和意义有关

3. stem 词干

The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is

removed for one time.

e.g. care less ness

21. Which of the following words is a derivational one?

A. Blackboard

B. Teaches

C. Consideration