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TECHNICALPAPERPeristalticmicropumpsystemwithpiezoelectricactuatorsLing-ShengJangÆYung-ChiangYu

Received:15February2007/Accepted:15July2007/Publishedonline:3August2007ÓSpringer-Verlag2007

AbstractThisworkpresentsadrivingsystemforaperistalticmicropumpthatisbasedonpiezoelectricactua-tion.Theeffectsoftheactuationsequenceonpumpper-formancearealsoconsidered.Avalvelessperistalticmicropumpbasedonpiezoelectricactuationisdesignedandfabricatedusingmicroelectromechanicalsystemtechnol-ogy.Thepumphasthreeparts––silicon,PyrexglassandcommerciallyavailablebulkPZT(leadzirconatetitanate)chips.TheperistalticmicropumpactuatedbyPZTchipscomprisesthreechambersthatareinseries.ThedrivingsystemconsistsofanATmega8535microprocessor,ahighvoltagepowersupply,threedifferentialamplifiers,aphasecontroller,anA/Dconverter,a555oscillatorandanLCDmodule.Itissuppliedviaa110Vrms60-HzAClineandisprogrammable.Thesystemcanproducestep-functionsig-nalswithvoltagesofupto100Vppandfrequenciesrangingfrom10Hzto1kHz,astheinputsforthepump.Fluidpumpingwithairissuccessfullydemonstrated.Addition-ally,3-,4-and6-phaseactuationsequencesforthepumparedesignedandusedtostudytheeffectsonpumpper-formance,asrevealedbytheflowrateandthedisplacementofapumpdiaphragm.Theexperimentalresultsshowthattheflowrateandthedisplacementofthediaphragmactu-atedbythe4-phasesequenceexceedthoseactuatedbythe3-and6-phasesequences.Aflowrateof17.6llminÀ1andadisplacementof2.91lm(peak-to-peak)in4-phaseperistalticmotionareachievedat100Hzand100Vpp.Theresultsdemonstratethatthepumpactuatedinthe4-phasesequenceisthemostefficient.Consequently,theactuationsequencescanaffectthepumpperformance.

1IntroductionMicroelectromechanicalsystemtechnology(MEMS),specificallysensorsandactuators,isveryusefulforbio-medicalapplications(Greiherr1997).Astheimportanceofproteomics,genomicsanddrugdiscovery,microfluidicsystemshavebecomethesubjectofextensiveresearch.Microfluidicsystems,suchasmicrototalanalysissystems(lTAS),exploitMEMStechnologytoprovidesuchadvantagesaslowcost,smallsize,rapidresponse,highthroughput,lowpowerconsumption,reductionintheamountofreagentsrequiredandsmalldeadvolume(Tay2002).Micropumps,microvalvesandmicro-flowsensorsarecriticalcomponentsinmanipulatingfluidsonthemicro-scale.Themicropumpshavegreatpotentialinbiologicalapplications(Caoetal.2001;Liaoetal.2005).Inthelastdecade,variousmicropumpshavebeendevel-oped.Variousactuationmethodshavebeenusedinthedesignofmicropumps,includingthosebasedonpiezo-electrics(Anderssonaetal.2001;Jangetal.2007),elec-trostatics(Xieetal.2004;Francaisetal.1998),magnetics(Ahnetal.1995),shapememoryalloys(Shu2002)andthermalactuation(Tsaietal.2002).Piezoelectricactuationispromisingsinceithasrelativelysimplestructure,largeoutputpowerdensityandhighactuationstrength(Nguyenetal.2002).

L.-S.Jang(&)ÁY.-C.YuDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandCenterforMicro/NanoScienceandTechnology,NationalChengKungUniversity,1UniversityRoad,Tainan701,Taiwane-mail:lsjang@ee.ncku.edu.tw

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MicrosystTechnol(2008)14:241–248DOI10.1007/s00542-007-0428-8Peristalticpumpshavemanyadvantagesoverotherpumpswhenusedinbiomedicalmicrosystems.Unlikecheck-valvepumps,peristalticpumpsdonotrequirepas-sivevalvestorectifyflow.Therefore,theparticlesandlivingcellsdonotsticktothevalvesorbecomedamagedbecauseperistalticpumpsdonothavemovingpartsintheirmicrochannels.Theriskofclogginginthechannelsisthusreduced.Thepumpingprincipleisbasedontheperistalticmotionofpumpchambers,whichsqueezesthefluidinthedesireddirection.Theoretically,theperistalticpumpsrequirethreeormorechamberswithreciprocatingmem-branes.Peristalticpumpsofbothairandwaterinmicro-fluidicchannelshavebeensuccessfullydeveloped(Husbandetal.2004;Leeetal.2004;Jan1990).Theseperistalticpumpstoleratebubbles,andcanperformself-primingandbidirectionaltransportation.Theperistalticpumpsbasedonpiezoelectricactuatorsarecommonlyoperatedbelowtheresonantfrequencyat10–100sofHertzusingsuchequipmentasafunctiongeneratorandapoweramplifier.Thedrivingequipmentistypicallybulky,cumbersome,hardtocarryinhandanddifficulttointegratewithothercomponents.Accordingly,anintegrateddrivingsystemformicropumpsisessentialtoportability,automationandintegration.Furthermore,anoptimizedactuationsequenceisrequiredtooperatetheperistalticmicropump.However,fewdatahavebeenpre-sentedonthestudyofthedrivingsystemandtheeffectsoftheactuationsequencesonpumpperformance.Thisworkdevelopsanintegrateddrivingsystemforperistalticmicropumpsthatisbasedonpiezoelectricactuation,andstudiestheinfluenceofactuationsequencesonpumpperformance,intermsofpumpingrateandthedisplacementofthediaphragm.Thisstudypresentsthedesign,fabrication,principlesofactuationsequences,drivingsystem,andpumpperformancewithworkingfluidofairforthe3-,4-and6-phaseactuationsequences.

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新发展研究生英语1翻译+答案

新发展研究生英语1翻译+答案

新发展研究生英语第一册翻译及课后习题Unit 1 Human Reflections婚姻为什么会失败安妮·洛芙安妮·洛芙是美国女权主义作家，因《主妇狂想曲》、《恩慈》等小说而著名。

她的作品探讨了追求家庭生活与追求事业和自主之间的冲突，因此很值得一读。

1如今有太多的婚姻以离婚而告终，我们最神圣的誓言不再鸣发出真理的回响。

“幸福美满”、“至死不渝”这类表达方式似乎越来越不合时宜了。

为什么夫妻之间变得如此难以相处呢？究竟什么地方出了差错？我们怎么了以至于几乎一半的夫妇注定要走向离婚法庭？我们怎么创造了这样一个社会，竟有42%的儿童要生活在单亲家庭中？如果统计学能够衡量孤独、后悔、痛苦、自信心的丧失及对未来的恐惧的话，那么这样的统计数字恐怕将难以计算。

2虽然每个破裂的家庭都有其独特的情况，但我们仍然可以发现其共同的危险：即人们对婚姻感到绝望的共同原因。

每个婚姻都有危机点，每个婚姻都是对耐久力，即对夫妻间亲密及变化的承受能力的考验。

外界的压力如失业、疾病、不孕、孩子的问题、照料年迈的父母以及生活中的其它麻烦都冲击着婚姻，就像飓风猛烈袭击海岸一样。

有些婚姻在这些暴风雨中得以生存，而有些却经不住这些风浪。

但是，婚姻失败不纯粹是因为外界天气的影响，更是因为内部气候变得太冷或太热、太动荡不安或太冷淡麻木。

3当我们着眼于我们如何选择伴侣以及在温柔的爱情初期有何期望的时候，某些婚姻失败的原因就变得相当清晰了。

我们都无意识却又准确地选择一个伴侣，他（她）们会和我们共同创建我们第一个家的感情模式。

威斯康星大学婚姻问题专家及精神病学荣誉教授卡尔·A ·威特克博士解释说：“从童年的早期开始，我们每一个人都会具备婚姻、女性的温柔、男子汉气概、为父之道、为母之道以及家庭其他成员角色的模式。

”我们每个人都会爱上具有自己父母品质的人，来帮助我们重新发现过去生活中的喜怒哀乐。

我们或许以为我们找到的人并不像父亲，但是之后我们发现他开始酗酒或吸毒，或者一次又一次地失去工作或默默地坐在电视机前，同父亲如出一辙；一个男人可能选择的女人就像他的母亲一样也不喜欢小孩子或者像母亲一样因为赌博把家里的积蓄输得精光。

翻译1

翻译1

1. Life is meant to be lived after all, not just survived. Whether in music or literature, painting or architecture, art is what gives soul to our otherwise routine existence. In fact, art should be around us, not in museums. It should be reflected in our landscape and our buildings. 生活应当活出精彩，而不仅仅是为了生存。

不管是音乐还是文学，绘画或者建筑，艺术给了我们灵魂而不是普通的存在。

事实上，艺术应当融入我们的生活而不是珍藏在博物馆里。

它应当反映在我们的风景和建筑中。

（around us开始译作环绕在我们的周围，后来想想既然在周围不就是在我们的生活中么，因为融入我们生活更好）2. It is far more important for us to let our kids, our future, know that art is neither frivolous（无聊的）nor superfluous（多余的）. We need to show them that art is more than pleasant pictures or soothing（抚慰的，让人宽心的）music.让我们的孩子，也就是我们的未来了解艺术并不是无聊多余的非常非常重要。

我们需要让他们知道，艺术不仅仅是让人愉悦的图画或者抚慰人心的音乐。

3. Art is innovation at its most basic level. Art is conception and inspiration. Most importantly, art is about discovery, not mistakes. In a world where we concentrate on what is right and wrong, what is correct and incorrect, the world of art is a place where judgment is suspended（悬浮的，暂停的）and great discoveries are made because of it.艺术究其本质来说是创新的。

小说翻译1

小说翻译1


1. Periodiglittered hate, as his breathing exploded into the listening air, he crept towards his victim. 2. loose sentence I can resist everything except temptation.
1.“My friend,” she said, “how much do you earn in a month?” 2. Nah then, Treddy: Look wh’y’ go-win,deah. 3.Well , father wouldn’t have coughed and creped about as he does, and wouldn't have got too tipsy to go this journey, and mother wouldn't have been always washing , and never getting finished. 4. I should like to throw a cat at you instead of a cushion.
1.再现人物语言个 性； 2. 再现人物形象； 3. 转存叙事策略
"Hello, Jim, have I been asleep? Why didn't you stir me up?""Goodness gracious, is dat you, Huck? En you ain' dead-you ain' drownded-you's back agin? It's too good for true, honey, it is too good for true. Lemme look at you, chile ,lemme feel o'you…" "I hate the whole house," continued Miss Sharp in a fury."I hope I may never set eyes on it again. I wish it were in the bottom of the Thames, I do; and if Miss Pinkerton were there, I wouldn't pick her out, that I wouldn't. O how I should like to see her floating in the water yonder, turban and all, with her train streaming after her, and her nose like the beak of a wherry.“
汉译英1

汉译英1

汉译英句子翻译：1．他用辛辛苦苦积攒了五年的钱买了一架照相机。

然后，他带着它走遍全国，拍摄了许多祖国名胜古迹的照片。

With the money he had saved hard for five years, he bought a camera, with which he then traveled around the country, taking numerous pictures of the scenic spots and places of historic interest of our motherland. (用非限制性定语从句合并)2．现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。

在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的游客挤得水泄不通。

Now, millions of people journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites besieged by hordes of tourists during busy seasons.(将原文中的第二句译成第一句的伴随状语，即把原文中两个有一定关系的简单句合为一个句子，且句意不变。

这样更简练。

)3．中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。

中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略。

As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state’s development strategy.（原句被翻译成一个长长的英语单句。

原句的第一句被译成一个有as引导的介词短语。

）4．我国人口众多，人均资源有限，资金不足。

发展精加工高附加值的产品出口，是今后扩大出口的一个关键。