2015年秋季英国社会与文化期末复习提纲

Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1.女王的职责？/女王的作用？○1To represent Britain at home and abroad.○2To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2.女王的角色？○1Legally head of the executive(行政部门)○2An integral part of the legislature○3Head of the judiciary(司法部)○4Commander in chief of the armed forces○5“Supreme governor” of the Church of England○6Confidante to the Prime Minister3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？○1Pass laws○2Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation○3Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure○4Debate the major issues of the day5.上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peersDifference: ○1sources ○2term ○3salaryUnit4 Politics, Class and Race1.选举的时间？Every 5 years2.选举的过程？(1) Delivering voting card(2) The electoral campaigns(3)“Opinion polls”(4) Election day: voting and counting3.什么时候可以提前？○1The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the H ouse ofCommons ○2The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4.什么人有资格参加选举？○1Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit○2Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as theircandidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance towin.5.选举中什么过程对候选人关键？6.政党主张？(1) The Labour party: ○1a socialist party○2believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms○3government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth fromricher to poorer○4government should provide a range of public services available to all,such as health, education and public transport(2) The Conservative party: ○1a party of individual○2protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth an d to spendit how they choose○3Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate○4The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, notabsolute.(3) The Liberal party: ○1a party of the “middle”○2Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance ofthe individual and the social○3Emphas ize the need for change in Britain’s constitutionalarrangements to make government more democraticand accountable7.阶级有什么？判定标准？(1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers)(2) middle-class: office workers (white workers)○1Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paidmanual workers○2upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high statusprofessions (lawyer/doctor)8.移民问题对英国的影响？Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British cultureE.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、musicNegative: ○1Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view thenew comers as a threat to their way of living.○2Despite much official action to minimize racism, bothsubtle and overt oppression remains○3The situation of the immigrant population isunpleasant:They face problems of unemployment，under-representation in politics and unfair treatmentby police and justice system.Unit 5 The UK Economy1.英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？○1Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to financethe war ○2As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people○3Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas location○4As Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing duri ng the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products2.… … 生产的情况？□1Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing(3) Mining: ○1Oil and gas ○2Coal○3New renewable energy sources□2Secondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、Chemicals、high-technology engineeringindustry、Aerospace、Food and drink(2) Electronics industry□3Tertiary industriesUnit 7 British Education System1.英国教育？公立，私立？(1) State sector: ○1They are founded by local and centralgovernment ○2They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: ○1They receive the money through the privatesector、tuition rates with some government assistance2.教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling(2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools（3）Secondary school: ○111-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) andgrammar schools（文法学校）○2Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondaryschools in Britain today; admit children withoutreference to their academic abilities; provide ageneral education○3Grammar schools: select children through“the11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academicsubjectsUnit 4 The political System in the United States1.制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, PresidentFranklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve theDepression. Provided paid employment for people building dams androads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans placemore emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats ofmaking the government too expensive and of creating too many laws thatharm individual initiativeUnit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America ag ricultural produce’s output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.Unit 8 Education in the United States(1)Gradu ate schools in America award master’s and doctor’s degrees(2)An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive adegree at the end of four years of college(3)About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religiousorganizations.(4)Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5)Flourishing reason: ○1They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research○2Access to “mainframe” c omputer and to modern labs attracts leading scientists○3Students enroll to study with the expertsUnit 9 Social problems in the United States1.当前美国移民？(1)Housing(2)Busing and other programs(3)education(4) family income2.贫困问题？Lots of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line. Their incomesaren’t insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing and shelter. The unequal distribution of wealth and income.3.吸毒带来的影响？（1）crime (2) automobile accidents (3) effects on individuals(4) economic losses4. 犯罪的原因？Young people:(1) less skillful than older adults in avoiding being arrested(2) They tend to commit crimes, they are highly visible to the policeBlack population:(3) most of them are poor or unemployed(4) racial discrimination。

英美社会文化复习资料第一部分英国概况The United KingdomLand and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.。

2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.II. Geographical Features1.Geographical position of Britain:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and theNorth Sea in the east.Britain does not share land border with any other countries except the Republic of Ireland.III. Rivers and LakesSevern River is the longest river in Britain (338km).Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km)IV. Climate1. Britain's favorable climateBritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.V. The PeopleThe ancestors of the British people are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh, Irish and Celts.British HistoryI. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.2. Roman’s influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany,established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to theEnglish people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2. The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.3. The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the British state. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorialsystem. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.III. The Norman Conquest (1066)1. Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2. The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)II. Contents and the significance of the Magna Carter (Great Charter) Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses.Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be madewithout the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was thelimitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.III. The origins of the English ParliamentThe Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.Henry VIII’s reform stresse d the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pop e’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism.I.Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policyElizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendlyrelationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain.The English Civil War:is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1.The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2.Britain was the first country to industrialize.(6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.3. Aggression against ChinaIn 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.5. Mrs. ThatcherThatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, andan emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.Chapter Four. Government and AdministrationThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.I. The Monarchy1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth theSecond, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.2. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, the head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.3. Th e monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.III. Parliament1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons.2. The main functions of Parliament are:(1) to pass laws;(2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government;(3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and(4) to debate the major issues of the day.3. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.4. The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some otherEnglish-speaking countries, originally a school teaching classical languages but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school.第二部分：美国概况The United States美国概况Chapter One. Geography and Climate1. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. Itis the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.5. The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.6．The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been cal led “father of waters” or “old man river”.7. On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in thesouth and the Columbia , which rises in Canada.8. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.9. The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan, the only entirely in the U.S., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.Cities14. New England is made up of six states of the Northeast. Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New England is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universitiesand colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.15. New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.16. The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.17. The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and thenation’s leading center of heavy industry.18. Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area19. Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United States.20. Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West. 21. Colorado has been called the steel city of the west, Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.22. The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.23. Mmauna Loa, the world’s largest volcano, is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time, Suger cane and pineapples are Haiwaii’s main crops. Tourism is Haiwaii’s most important industry.24. Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.Chapter Two ：Population, Race and Ethnic Groups1. The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrantsfrom independence until 1960s. Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.3. Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992. Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.4. Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.5. The first immigrants in the American history came from England and Netherlands.6. The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals.8. Traditionally, the mainstream American were called WASPs, that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.Chapter Three: American HistoryAmerican history (1)1. The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colonyin the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.2. In 1620,201 Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built thePlymouth colony.3. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.4. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were representative from of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.5. In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.6. The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.8. In September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, Britain recognized the independence of the USA9. The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of theconstitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.10. The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals’ rights.11. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes. A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Islandwere represented at the Consititutional Convention.12. The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.13. During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river. Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.14. In the Civil war, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation. 15. OnNovember 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: “That government of the people, by the people, for the pe ople, shall not perish from the earth.”American History(2)（1900-1945)1．In 1880, the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.2．Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.3．In 1903, the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 191, Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.4．At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S. was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursued a policy of pro-Allypartiality. 5．The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.6．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economicdepression in the late 1920S and 1930S.7．The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures wa s to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。

英国社会与文化期末试卷及答案(广东外语外贸大学) Multiple Choice Questions （Please mark the best choice for each of the statement or question）30 minutes1.What is the most densely populated area of Britain？A. Wales.B. Scotland.C. England.D. N. Ireland.2. The suffragette movement in the early part of the 20th century agitated forA. women’s right to get a divorce.B. women’s political right to vote.C. women’s right to receive for mal education.D. women’s right to be selected as parliamentary candidates.3.What is the most common family form to be found in Britain？A. Lone parent with dependent children.B. Married couple only.C. Married couple with dependents.D. Married couple with non-dependents.4. What are the characteristics of youth subculture in UK？A. Wanting more independence and spending time away from their home.B. Sharing similar clothes，attitudes and social life with their parents.C. Having a lot of money to spend on music and dress styles of the current cult.D. Having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.5. What kind of household has increased significantly？A. No family households.B. All married couples with dependent.C. Married couple with 1-2 dependent children.D. Married couple with 3 + dependent children.6. Which of the following are often organized by voluntary organizations and churches？ .A. Old People’s ClubsB. Day Centres.C. Retirement HomesD. Sheltered Houses.7. What is the aim of the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984？A. To provide longer maternity leave for working women.B. To offer more financial help to pensioners.C. To make divorce easier for British citizensD. To help families to narrow the ‘generation gap’.8. Most of the money raised from VAT goes to the central government but a percentage is contributed to _____________.A. The General Unions budgetB. The Welsh Assembly budget .C. The European Union budgetD. The Scottish Parliament budget9. Joint-stock companies are owned by ________.A. workers or consumers of products.B. shareholders.C. more than one owner.D. one owner.10. Why did the Labour government of 1945-1951 carry out an extensive policy ofnationalisation？A. Because public utilities could develop in the public interest rather than simply for private profit.B. Because many private companies were economically inefficient.C. Because the Labour government was against a free-market economy.D. Because government officials wanted to be appointed as managing directors.11. In Britain compulsory education ends at ______________.A. 14B. 16C. 17D. 1812. The Education reform Act of 1988 provided the following except______________A. the introduction of City Technology Colleges （CTCs）B. the establishment of a National Curriculum for 5 to 16 year-olds and regular examinations.C. more freedom to the pupils in terms of school disciplines.D. more power for schools to run their own affairs within the framework of the national curriculum.13.To find a job in Britain，one tries the following ways except ____________ .A. using the government run ‘job centers’B. looking for advertisements in local and national newspapersC. selling oneself through TV advertising.D. personal contacts.14. In Britain ___________ _______ have been employed in recent years.A. more men than womenB. more women than menC. more young people than middle-aged people.D. more people from ethnic minority groups than the white group15. The Equal Pay Act 1970 makes it unlawful to discriminate between ___________in pay and other terms and conditions of employment.A. manual and non-manual workersB. people from different ethnic backgroundsC. educated and uneducated peopleD. men and women16. Now full-time employees are entitled to ___________ ____annually.A. a three-week holiday with travel expensesB. a minimum of two weeks paid leaveC. four to five weeks paid holidayD. a two- month holiday with full pay17. Which of the following is NOT a reason given about being married to a particular person？A to create a strong bond with him/herB to obtain a suitable father/mother of one’s childrenC to benefit financially or status-wise through him/herD to carry on the ancestral line of descent18. Which of the following is NOT one of the 6 major British sporting events？A. FA Cup FinalB. Wimbledon Tennis TournamentC. Scottish Highland GamesD. Open Golf Championship19. People like to go camping because __________________.A. it is cheaper and offers freedom and flexibilityB. it is much more convenient than staying at bed & breakfastC. most camp- site owners offer free tentsD. it is safer with other tents around them20. Which of the following is NOT included in a package holiday？A. The transport to the holiday destinationB. The accommodation throughout the holidayC. Food and drinkD. The transfer from the airport or ferry to the accommodation21. Which of the following is NOT true of the National Trust？A. It is a non-governmental organization founded for preservation of landscapeand heritage.B. It accepts property from owners who cannot afford the inheritance tax and derives benefits from the legacies.C. It has recently received direct funding from the British government.D. Its founding was inspired by writings of William Wordsworth，Samuel Taylor Coleridge and other poets like them.22. Which of the following is NOT a resource for the British welfare system？A. National InsuranceB. VATC. Income TaxD. Donation from big companies23. Who was the most radical critic of the post-war universal welfare provision？A. William BeveridgeB. Margaret ThatcherC. Tony BlairD. John Major24. Which of the following is NOT the source of British Law？A. Common LawB. European Union LawC. Statute LawD. UN Charter25. There is no jury in ________________.A. the Magistrate CourtsB. the Crown CourtsC. the High CourtsD. the Old Bailey26. Which of the following runs counter to the Rule of Law？A. Everybody is subject to the law.B. Laws must not be arbitrary.C. A person is innocent until proven guilty.D.A person is guilty until proved innocent.27. Which of the following may NOT be the cause of crime？A. Too lenient sentencingB. Inadequate support from the Criminal Injuries Compensation AuthorityC. Lack of disciplines by parentsD. Alcohol28. Since its founding in the 19th century the Metropolitan Police Force has grown to over 50 regional police forces，each of which is led by the ________________.A. Chief ConstableB. CommissionerC. Chief InspectorD. Superintendent29. Except for serious offences such as murder or kidnapping，a suspect cannot be arrested without a __________________.A. letter from the local councilB. notification from the local police stationC. warrant from the local magistrateD. document from the judge in the crown court30. Which of the following is NOT the source of revenue for BBC1？A. license feeB. sales of publications connected with its programmeC. hires and sales of educational films based on its programmeD. political advertising31. Which of the BBC services is advertiser funded？A. BBC1B. BBC WorldC. BBC2D. BBC Network Radio32. Which one of the following features is NOT related to quality newspapers？A. providing gossips about film stars，politicians，etc.B. long informative articlesC. wide range of topicsD. objective presentation，less sensational language33. The press differs from broadcasting in that _______________________A. it is a self-regulating industry with no government regulation.B. there is little regulation of content，within certain legal constraintsC. there is no obligation to give a balanced account.D. all the above34. Which of the following is NOT the function of the Press Complaints Commission？A. It deals with complaints from the public.B. It presents a code of practice agreed by editorsC. It exercises control over the space bought by advertisers.D. It tries to guarantee accuracy and fairness of reporting35. Which of the following is NOT presently a function of the British monarch？A. Presiding over the state opening of ParliamentB. Holding weekly meetings with the Prime MinisterC. Approving the appointment of government ministersD. Giving the royal assent of agreement to any new law passed by Parliament36.General elections for the House of Commons must be held at least once every years.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five37. To join the upper ranks of the civil service，candidates must usually __________.A. get a recommendation from an MPB. pass a rigorous examC. possess a certain level of incomeD. be over 40 years old38.The Conservative Party is likely to support all of the following except _________.A. lower taxesB. more government control over educationC. an increased number of policeD. the development and expansion of private health care facilities39. The Labour Party is most likely to favour ______________.A. generous welfare benefits for the poor and unemployedB. diminished cooperation with the European UnionC. tougher sentencing for criminalsD. a smaller NHS40. British private broadcasting companies the Independent Companies （ITV）are now regulated by theA. Office of Communications （Ofcom）.B. Broadcasting Standards Commission （BSC）.C. Independent Television Commision （ITC）.D. Office of Telecommunications （Oftel）.I. Fill up the blanks in the following sentences that reflect the facts related to British culture and society.1. The full name of the British state is ______________________.2.The most important factors in determining class are ______________，education，and family background.3. The first youth cult that emerged in the 1950s in Britain was ________________.4. ______________________ have increased steadily over past 20 years and now about one family in five is headed by a single parent，over 90% of whom are women.5. Britain has a ___________________ i.e. an economy in which there is some public ownership as well as privately owned businesses.6. Britain’s principal natural resources at the present time are ________________ and gas beneath the sea bed on the coast of _________________________ .7. The Labour government of 1945 – 1951 carried out a policy of nationalization of key industries. However，in the 1980s one of Mrs. Thatcher’s government’s main economic policies was _________________________________.8. Admission into universities is by selection based on ______________________，_______________________ and an interview.9. The examination all students in England and Wales should take at the end of their compulsory education is ___________________________.10.Which type of industry has developed most rapidly over the last 2 decades in Britain？It is the ________________________ Industry.11. Gambling is legal in UK. The most popular forms include ________________ and __________________.12. In most cases local government uses state funds for the provision of___________________ activities outside the home，for example，sporting facilities and local ____________________.13. The national lottery raises money for _____________________and a committee decides how the money is distributed among different organizations.14. The __________________ Tunnel between Britain and ___________________ has made it easier for Britons to travel to the mainland of Europe.15. The three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are _______________，________________________ and ___________________________.16. Despite the changes made in the management of the NHS，the principle of free medical treatment for all，based upon__________________________rather than_________________________________ remained intact.17. The post-war universal welfare provision was based on a famous document，the ___________________________.18. The Constitutional Reform Act in 2005 established a new，independent___________________________，separated from the House of Lords and scheduled to be open to business in October，2009.19. The most severe punishment given to a person guilty of murder is__________________________.20.The barrister in England or Wales is the____________________ in Scotland.21. The police may be seen as having two roles in the British society：_______________________________and_______________________________.22. The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Force is still at _______________，London.23. About 90% of the crimes in Britain are _______________________________. A large number of these crimes involve _________________.24. All the TV channels in the UK excepting Channel 4 are obliged by law to be____________________ in dealing with social and political affairs.25. At least 86% of all programmes in the peaking viewing period on ITV and Channel 4 must come from ___________________________.26. A is the name given to each of the 659 areas that the UK is divided into for administrative purposes and each of which is represented by an MP.27. The British system of government is known as _________________________.28. A small cross-section of the community that gives a verdict in a criminal case is called the __________________.29. The British electoral system is based on the relative majority method sometimesc alled ‘____________________________’ （FPTP）principle which means the candidate with more ______________ than others is elected.III.Choose one（1）of the following topics. Compose a 100-150-word answer to the question on answer sheet III.1. China is one country，with two systems；one of those systems exhibits decidedly British elements. For example，Hong Kong residents drive on the left side of the road，and buses are “double-deckers”. Of course，such cultural anomalies are trivial，at best，but in such areas as，say，housing provided by welfare authorities，consumer protection regulations，the legislative council，or the judicial system，similarities with the UK are apparent and significant. Choose one （1）such aspect of Hong Kong and explain how it resembles its British model.（DO focus on the details of the British model，NOT the details of the HK variant.）2. Currently an estimated 15% of young people aged 15 to 24 – who are NOT enrolled full-time in education – are unemployed. How does that affect British society？Choose one （1）aspect and explain the repercussions.3. An estimated 10% of pensioners in the UK may not be able to heat their homes this winter. What does that tell us about British society，either in terms of life for the elderly，the welfare system，or even housing？Choose one （1）aspect and explain.4. What do you think are the main political values held by the British public？5. You have no doubt watched numerous films，BBC documentaries，and perhaps even episodes of Little Britain or Coronation Street.How does any one （1）of the programs you have seen portray British society EITHER accurately OR distortedly？（Choose one，not both！）6. How do you distinguish between the different terms related to YING GUO：the British Isles；Great Britain；the Isle of Man and the Channel Island；UK；The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland？7. What do you think are the consequences of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 on both the positive side？Key to Paper A （January，2007）I.Multiple Choice Questions （Please mark the best choice for each of the statement or question）1. C2. B3. B4. D5. A6. B7. C8. C9. B10. A11. B.12. C13. C14.B15. D16. C17. D18. C19. A20. C21. C22. D23. B24. D25. A26. D27. B28. A29. C30. D31. B32. A33. D34. C35. C36. D37. B38. B39. A40. A II. Gap Filling1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.occupation3.Teddy Boys4.One-parent （lone-parent；single-parent）families5.mixed economy6.oil，Scotland7.privatization（or to return these industries back to private ownership；to sell these industries back to private sectors）8.GCE A level，school references9.GCSE10.services11.Either 2 of the following：football pools，national lottery，bingo，horse-racing.12.leisure，either one of the following：theatres；museums；libraries13.good causes，Channel14.health，housing，social security15.need，ability to pay16.Beveridge Report17.supreme court18.life-imprisonment19.advocate20.maintenance of order，law enforcement21.Scotland Yard22.crimes against property，cars23.impartial and neutral（or simply “impartial”）24.British or European sources25.constituency26.parliamentary democracy （representative democracy acceptable）27.jury29. first past the post；votes。

英国社会与文化期末总结Introduction:The United Kingdom, commonly known as Britain, is a country rich in history, diversity, and cultural heritage. Its society and culture have been shaped by centuries of influences, from ancient traditions to the modern-day globalized world. In this essay, we will explore various aspects of British society and culture, including history, politics, education, cuisine, sports, and the arts.1. Historical Background:The history of Britain is extensive, spanning over several centuries. From the Roman conquest in 43 AD to the Norman invasion in 1066, the country has witnessed numerous significant events, including the Magna Carta, the Industrial Revolution, and the decline of the British Empire. These historical milestones have played a vital role in shaping the British society and culture we know today.2. Political System:The British political system is known for its constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The monarchy, headed by the reigning monarch, remains a symbolic position with limited political power. The Parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, hold the legislative authority. Political parties, such as the Conservatives, Labour, and Liberal Democrats, participate in general elections and shape the political landscape.3. Education System:The British education system is highly regarded worldwide and is known for its excellence. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 18. The system consists of primary schools, secondary schools, and further education colleges. Prestigious universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, attract students from all around the world. The focus on academia, critical thinking, and research has contributed to the country's intellectual and scientific advancements.4. Cuisine and Dining Culture:British cuisine has evolved over the years, incorporating influences from other cultures due to British colonization and migration. Traditional dishes like fish and chips, roast beef, and shepherd's pie are still popular. However, multicultural societies have led to a diverse culinary landscape, with Indian curries, Chinese stir-fries, and Italian pasta becoming common choices. The British also have a rich tea-drinking culture, with afternoon tea being an iconic tradition.5. Sports and Recreation:Sports play a significant role in British culture. Football is the most popular sport, and the English Premier League attracts global attention. Cricket, rugby, tennis, and golf are also widely enjoyed. The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece, have a strong following, and Britain has successfully hosted the games multiple times. Traditional games, such as darts, snooker, and horse racing, also contribute to the country's sporting heritage.6. Arts and Literature:Britain has a long-standing tradition in the arts and literature. From William Shakespeare's plays to the works of famous authors like Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, British literature has made significant contributions to world literature. The country is also known for its thriving theater scene, with famous theaters like the Globe Theatre and West End attracting both local and international audiences. Britain hosts world-renowned art museums, including the British Museum and the Tate Modern, housing prestigious collections.Conclusion:British society and culture are a culmination of its history, politics, education, cuisine, sports, and the arts. The country's rich heritage and diverse population have contributed to a unique cultural identity. Whether it is through its literature, sporting achievements, or culinary delights, Britain's influence can be seen worldwide. Understanding and appreciating British society and culture allows for greater cross-cultural awareness and enriches our understanding of the world.。

英国社会与文化Ⅰ
British society and culture Ⅰ
1
1. What does British Parliament consist of？ • The sovereign， the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Monarch has the prerogative to summon prorogue, and dissolve parliament.
2
2. What are the components of British social welfare?
• Yet today, the problem of housing in Britain is still a major one and a focus of public concern. The house price of London is among the highest in the world.
4
4.What is Thatcherism?
Thatcherism describes the conviction politics, economic and social policy, and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used by some to describe the ideology and wider political culture of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister between May 1979 and November 1990. Thatcherism claims to promote low inflation, the small state and free markets through tight control of the money supply, privatization and constraints on the Labor movement. It is often compared with Reaganomics in the United States. Conviction politics： 理想政治（和实干政治对应） conservative 保守的 Reaganomics 里根经济政策（等于Reagan Economics）

2015-2016学年第一学期《英语国家社会与文化》期末考试题型与出题范围考试时间：第17周，具体时间待定考试地点：待定考试形式：闭卷试卷卷面满分：100分考试题型及参考范围：1. 选择题（Multiple Choice）40% [共20题，每题2分]* [《学习手册》中英国、美国、加拿大三个国家的每个单元的选择题：其中不包括美国部分的Unit 5 Economy，也不包括各个单元选择题中选项是数字题的题目。

]2. 判断题（True or False）20%[共10题，每题2分]* [《学习手册》中英国、美国、加拿大三个国家的每个单元的判断题：其中不包括美国部分的Unit 5 Economy。

]3. 填空题（Gap-filling）15%[共10题，每题1.5分]* [一部分题目选自课本，一部分题目是从《学习手册》中英国、美国、加拿大三个国家的每个单元的选择题和判断题中选取改成填空题：其中不包括美国部分的Unit 5 Economy，也不包括各个单元选择题中选项是数字题的题目。

]4. 简答题（Simple Questions）15% [共3题，每题5分]5. 论述题（Essay Question）10% [共1题，每题10分]* [简答题和论述题：学习手册中英国、美国、加拿大三部分的Simple Questions 和Essay Questions 部分。

具体范围见本文档后的附录。

此外论述题是为综述题，不完全是学习手册原题，需要考生作综合论述和更深入分析]附录：简答题和论述题考试范围（《学习手册》）第4页第3题第6页第2题第12页第8、2题第18页第2题第21页第10题第27页第2题第34页第2题第42页第5题第47页第4题第48页第2题第53页第2题第55页第2题第59页第4题第60页第5题第67页第1题第75页第3题第76页第2题第83页第2题第84页第6题第90页第2题第91页第1题第110页第3题第111页第1题第122页第5题第123页第7题第128页第5题第130页第2题第134页第4题第135页第1题第144页第3题第167页第1题第168页第7题第169页第4题。

Book oneUnit 1Terms: 1、The Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊人：they were two groups of Germanic people who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors the English and the founders of England.（P8）2、King Arthur亚瑟王：The ruler of England in the sixth century, the leader of the knights of the round table.Questions:Please illustrate three important invasions in British history and their influence:1;Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people a powerful culture originating in Central Europe.2;Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire,and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.3;Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English:from the late 8th century on,raiders from Scandinavia,the ferocious rikings,threatened Britain's shores.Unit 2T: 1;The Easter rising(复活节）：in order to gain independence,different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. one such activity was the Easter Rising whichtook place in 1916.The rebels occupied Dublin's Post office and forced the British to take it back by military force.2;The Home Rule Bill(自制法案）：Introduced in the house of Commons in 1912, the homestead act met with fierce opposition from Northern Ireland's unionists and conservatives. It was not signed into law by king George v until 1914.Q: What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?：The political problem is really complicate. You and me can not solve the problem by one word. The government is looking for the right solution at the same time. A political negotiation based on common interests and truce certainly would be the best and most pragmatic solution.Unit 3Terms:1; Magna Carta(大宪章）:In 1215, the great feudal lords of England and the church opposed some of king John's policies, forcing him to sign documents guaranteeing partial civil and political rights, limiting the king's powers. The magna carta is regarded as an important document to protect civil rights from the infringement of the crown.2；The Bill of Rights of 1689（权利法案）：A constitutional document passed by the British parliament that limited the powers of the king and established the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom.3；House of Lords（上议院）：The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper chamber of the two houses in the Parliament of the United Kingdom (UK). The House of Commons makes up the other half of Parliament. While the House of Commons is filled with elected officials, called Members of Parliament (MPs), the House of Lords is comprised of appointed or internally elected members. There are three types of members in the House of Lords: Life Peers, bishops, and hereditary Peers.Q:1; What are some of the characteristics of British constitutional monarchy?the monarchy (君主）is not the rule;Parliamentary (议会）control of state power;power separation and balance.2;What do you know about the cause of the English Revolution in 17th century?The civil War was in essence a capitalist rerocution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.3;What functions does Parliament have?Fisrt,it passes laws. Second,it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third,it srutinises government policy,administration and Eolpenditure. Fourth,it devotes the major issues of the day.Unit 6T:1; Elizabethan Drama(伊丽莎白戏剧）：The Elizabethan drama is one of the most popular assignments among students' documents. If you are stuck with writing or missing ideas, scroll down and find inspiration in the best samples. Elizabethan drama is quite a rare and popular topic for writing an essay, but it certainly is in our database.2；The Bronte sisters（勃朗特姐妹）：Charlotte, Emily and Anne were born in poverty and had to spend their childhood at a charity school. Charlotte's representative Jane eyre is an autobiographical novel, which frankly and passionately shapes the image of women whose natural desires conflict with society. Emily's wuthering heights, which depicts intense feelings of love and hate, has been hailed by some literary critics as the first social revolutionary novel.Q: 1、What are some features of Romantic literature?Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. The power of reason,which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly word about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge. A:closeness to nature B:a love of folks culture,notable songs C:love a law into itself.2、What is Modernism and what is Postmodernism? Illustrate specific writers or their book as examples?Modernism:It refers to a form of literature machly written beforeWw2. It can be seen as reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism.Post modernism:after Ww2 can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Example of modernism:Joseph Conrad,The Heart of DarknessExample of Postmodernism:John FowlesBook twoUnit 3T: 1;Puritanism(清教主义）：Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. 2、The Declaration of Independence(独立宣言）：The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in the history of the United States. It was an official act taken by all 13 American colonies in declaring independence from British rule.People in the colonies were unhappy that they did not have a say in theirgovernment and still had to pay taxes. The Stamp Act of 1765 collected taxes on paper goods like legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards. In one act of protest, men dumped the cargo of a ship full of British tea into Boston Harbor in 1773; this is now called the Boston Tea Party. In 1775, the colonists went to war with Great Britain.Q: What were some of the causes of the American Revolution?1;potential source of conflict:increasing differences2;economic:British mercantilist policies vs the growth of American economy3;Fuse:in 1773,a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the Boston Tea Party.Unit 4T: 1、A federal system(联邦制度）：A federal system of government is characterized by the constitutionally-mandated division of political authority between the national government and sub-national territories, such as states or provinces. While being under one central government, each sub-unit maintains a certain level of political autonomy to better serve its population.2、The making of the Constitution（美国宪法的制定）：The Constitution Of The United States, published during one of the most politicallydivisive years in memory, stands as a stark reminder that the United States has, since the beginning, been a deeply divided country politically, with strong opposing arguments on most political topics. The Constitution, in the years since its creation, has come to be recognized as one of history’s most significant political documents. As the supreme law of the United States, it delineates the national frame of government. What’s more, it’s a important part of the culture of America. It helps us better understand the young country with a history of only about two hundred years.3、The Bill of Rights（人权法案）：The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights .The 1st Amendment guarantees 4 basic rights or freedoms: The 2nd Amendment guarantees citizens the right to(1)freedom of religion keep weapons .(2) Freedom of speech and the press(3) Right to assembly(4) Right to appeal to the government for actionThe 3rd Amendment guarantees that soldiers won’t be quartered in private homes unless Congress approves it .The 4th Amendment guarantees the privacy of homes from illegal searches by government officials .The 9th Amendment permits the people to retain any rights not defined inthe Constitution .The 10th Amendment gives the states any powers not delegated to the federal government .Q: 1、Why did Articles of Confederation fail?Because the states didn't cooperate with the Congress or with each other.2、What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of U.S. government?Legislative branch (立法机构）：it's the only branch that can make federal laws.Executive（行政机构）：The chief executive is the president.1). often proposes legislation to Congress2). vote any bill passed by Congress3). influence public opinion regarding issues and legislation that he deems vitals.3、What are the two political parties in the United Stated?1).One is the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800. The symbol of the partly is the donkey.2). The other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,by people in the states of the North and west. Such as Abraham Lincoln.Unit7T: 1、Transcendentalists（先验论者）：Transcendentalism is a philosophythat says that our knowledge of reality comes from an analysis of our own thought processes, rather than from scientific evidence. According to the transcendentalist, if God exists, He can be found through human intuition. Transcendentalism is most commonly associated with a philosophical/religious view developed in the mid-1800s by a group of mainly Unitarian and agnostic intellectuals in New England, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.2、The naturalists（自然学派）：They were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reading and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were Stephen Grane,Theodore Dreiser,and Jack London.3、The Waste Land（荒原）：The Waste Land, long poem by T.S. Eliot, published in 1922, first in London in The Criterion (October), next in New York City in The Dial (November), and finally in book form, with footnotes by Eliot. The 433-line, five-part poem was dedicated to fellow poet Ezra Pound, who helped condense the original manuscript to nearly half its size. It was one of the most influential works of the 20th century. Q: 1、What is the main theme in American literature?The question of the American people has indeed been a drama of many parts. In one way or another,however,it has always been a" pursuit of happiness". American Literature is the continuous narrative of thatpursuit.2、Why is Walt Whitman considered one of the most important poets in America?1). Ventured beyond tradition froms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit.2). as a prototype of the American3). celebrated a sweeping panorama of the American landscape and sang almost mystically of the rhythms of life uniting all citizens of the democracy.3、What are some of the major themes in novels written by the “Lost Generation”？The "Lost Generation"is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They shared the same sense of dislocation,rootlessness and disillusionment.Unit 8T: 1、The Service’s Readjustment Act（军人调整法案）：The American Legion designed the main features of what became the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act and pushed it through Congress. The bill unanimously passed both chambers of Congress in the spring of 1944. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it into law on June 22, 1944, just days after the D-day invasion of Normandy.American Legion publicist Jack Cejnarcalled it "the GI Bill of Rights,”as it offered Federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education. This act provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies, equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college.2、Affirmative Action Programs（赞助性行动计划）：Employee hiring and promotion policy that takes a proactive approach to removing prejudices against recruiting and promoting minorities, and other under-represented groups of the society.Q: 1;What is the goal of education in United States?Students can according to their own interests,choose to learn art history,natural science and son,this way of this education not only give students more free spare to learn different subjects but also give students enough time and freedom to think and experience some things such as help students evaluate and select individual strengths,interests,hobbies and future occupation.2; Discuss the similarities and differences in Britain, the United States concerning the goals of education.1).Similarities:both is to develop the student's abilities not jut Olylet students learn professional knowledge. It is an issue of common concern that students should learn how to learn and acquire the abilities of autonomous learning.2). Differences:in Britain is more rigorous (严格的）,their goal is to make university students can more strictly in their free time.in America,I think it can be described with only one word which is free the goal of the universities is making the students thoug Theht and research way more free.China:The goal pay more attention to the system on the basis of freedom.。

Attachment 1 -Items that’ll be included in the Final Exam* * *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True (T) or False (F):(1% for each item; total: 20%)...II. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question in each case: (1% for each item; total: 20%)...III. Fill in the blanks: (1% for each blank; total: 30%)...IV. Write a mini-paragraph telling what you know about each of the 3 terms assigned to you: (10% for each para.; total: 30%)1. the Declaration of Independence2. the Bill of Rights3. corporation4. the Three Faiths in the US5. Mark Twain6. higher education in the US7. the civil rights movement8. poverty as a social problem9. the NBA10. jazzAttachment 2 -A Word from the Teacher* * *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True (T) or False (F):ALL OF THE STATEMENTS HERE ARE QUOTED FROM THEREADINGS WE’VE TALKED ABOUT DURING THE SEMESTER.* * *II. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question in each case: (1% for each item; total: 20%)ALL OF THE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS HERE ARE BASEDON THOSE READINGS.* * *III. Fill in the blanks: (1% for each blank; total: 30%)THE EXCERCISES HERE ARE MUCH EASIER THAN THOSEBLANK-FILLING EXERCISES IN OUR TEXTBOOK. SOME OF THEM ARE OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE USA.* * *IV. Write a mini-paragraph telling what you know about each of the 3 terms assigned to you: (10% for each para.; total: 30%)WE WOULD PREFER YOU TO WRITE YOUR PARAGRAPHS IN YOUR OWN WORDS, WORDS THAT ARE SIMPLE BUT VERY WELL USED.* * *Attachment 3 -YEARS/MONTHS/DATES OF IMPORTANCE* * *500 AD - 1500 AD1492151716071619/07/301620the early 1760s1773177417751776/07/041775 - 17811783178717911800 (before 1800)the 1850s (in the 1850s)1776 - 1860 (changes to American industry):1793 (the introduction of the factory system)1793 (the making of textiles by machine)1793 (invention by Eli Whitney: the cotton gin)1800 (the American system of mass production)1913 (Henry Ford introduced the moving assembling line)early 1930s2007。

《英语国家社会与文化》复习题I. Explain the following terms:1. Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States ofAmerica. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the US Constitution.2. King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 15th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legendsII. Choose the best answer.1. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons2. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District3. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. England B . Scotland C. Wales D. Northem Ireland4. The Tories were the forerunners of _______ , which still bears the nickname today.A. the Labour PartyB. the Liberal PartyC. the Social Democratic PartyD. the Conservative Party5. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman, became a national leader of the_______ Movement.A. BoycottB. Civil RightsC. SegregationD. Integration6. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _____.A. James MadisonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Alexander HamiltonD. George Washingto7. The Renaissance began in ______ in the early _______ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 158. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which oweda great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all9. With regard to its size, the USA is the _____ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest10. On July 4, 1776, _____ adopted the Declaration of Independence.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Third Continental CongressD. the Constitutional Convention11. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.12. In the aerospace industry, which of the following countries is ahead of Britain ?A. Germany.B. The U.S.C. Russia.D. France.13. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description ofthe miserable life of the _____.A. early settlersB. PuritansC. native IndiansD. black slaves15. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?A. Boeing.B. Rolls Royce.C. McDonnel-Douglas.D. Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.16. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthybenefactors. Which is the exception ?A. Harvard UniversityB. the State University of New YorkC. Yale UniversityD. Princeton University17. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources of incomeexcept ___________.A. investmentB. student tuitionC. endowmentsD. government funding18. Which of the following countries is the last to come out of recession?A. Germany.B. Japan.C. Britain.D. France.19. Which of the following book is written by Geoffrey Chaucer?A. The Canterbury TalesB. BeowulfC. King LearD.Morte D’ Arthur20. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism ?A. Keats.B. Shelley.C. Wordsworth.D. Defoe.21. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare ?A. Doctor Faustus.B. Macbeth.C. Frankenstein.D. The Tempest.22. The following were the main Reformation leader except___________.A. Martin LutherB. Martin Luther KingC. John CalvinD. The English King Henry VIII23. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to____________A. private school.B. independent schools.C, state school. D. public school.24. Which of the following is privately funded university in Britain ?A. The University of Cambridge.B. The University of Oxford.C. The University of Edinburgh.D. The University of Buckingham.25. In the examination called “ the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to________A. grammar schoolB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools26. In Britain most advertising is carried ___________A. in newspaper.B. in magazines.C. on televisionD. on radio.27. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper ?A. The TelegraphB. The news of the World.C. The Guardian.D. The Times.28. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism ?A. Catholics.B. Puritains.C. Quakers.D. Church of England.29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Open University ?A. It’s open to everyone.B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV,radio,correspondence,etc.30.Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the AmericanRevolution ?A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indiana.C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.D. The American had the mixed blood of English and their descendants only.31. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5032. The expenditure in American public school is guided or decidedby_______.A. teachers.B. the students.C. headmasters.D. boards of education.33. In the United States school system, which of the following division is true ?A. Elementary school, grammar schoolB. Elementary school, junior high school .C. Elementary school, secondary schoolD. Junior high school, senior high school.34. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?A. He invented the first jet plane.B. He developed the first jet engine.C. He made the first powered flight.D. He made the trans-Atlantic flight.35. All the following universities and colleges are located in New England, except _____.A. YaleB. HarvardC. OxfordD. Massachusetts Institute of Technology36. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords37. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be thefirst settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth38. President Jeffers on bought _____ from France and doubled the country’s territory.A. New MexicoB. the Louisiana TerritoryC. KansasD. Ohio39. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher_____.A. Paul RevereB. John LockeC. CornwallisD. Frederick Douglass40. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution41. According to American historians and specialists in demography, there are _____great population movement in the history of the United States.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fiveII. Decide the following statements true or false. (以下内容全是正确的,考试时将从中选10个, 做成true or false的形式。

chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcity NationalEmblemEngland London roseScotland Edinburgh Thistle蓟花Wales Cardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIreland Belfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlake inBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountain inBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarch oftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppo siteendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2nd SaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope ---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope .totheeastbytheNorthSea .tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean 7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britain multiracial societyand1in20peopleareof non-European ethnicity 8、Climate :a Favorable MaritimeClimate （海洋性气候） Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather .mild （温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable （稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer) AndFactor 影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters Q:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift （北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth Officialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland) -----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerly Eire) -----Numerous smallerislandsernment1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy 君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy 议会民主制 2、Monarch 君主:QueenElizabeth Ⅱ Born:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952 Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215 Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave? -Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers: .anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches .thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown .”supremegove rn or”oftheChurchofEnglan d4、Parliament :Legislativebody Locatedin WestminsterQ:Parliamentconsistsof theSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons Parliament （aFrenchwordforatalking-place) .Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918 BritishIslesUnitedKingdomIreland RepublicNorthern OfIrelandIreland GreatBritainScotlandWalesEngland WalesEngland.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLord chancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsa majority oftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleader asPrimeMi nster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18orover havetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21orover withthedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’s First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010The ConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseat sshort.Thisresultedina hungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11M ay,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.Thiswas acceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMiniste r2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19th centuryand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’s NationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentChapter4Economy Introduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’s economicdecline afterthewars.(2)Britain’s slowgrowth ofproductivity,soaringinflation,and largeunemployment3.a majordeveloped capitalistcountry4.6th largesteconomyin20125.3periodsofBritain economicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominant intheworld,*onethirdof thewo rld’smanufacturedgoods*half itscoalandiron*half itscotton.By1900,overtakenby USandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrent PrimaryIndustriesUKeconomy SecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(decline since1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rd largestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4th largestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestin EuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,asw ellasaspecific poetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)teMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)✓TheCanterburyTales．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories) Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldby pilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17th century)Staredin ItalyTheRenaissance-a Frenchword whichmeans rebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)✓Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白✓HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ✓Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)✓Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根✓Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特✓Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福✓RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父✓TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic) *RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯✓ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud✓“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦✓DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈✓OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克✓SongsofInnocence天真之歌✓SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)✓Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-class✓SenseandSensibility理智与情感✓PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见✓Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯✓OliverTwist雾都孤儿✓ATaleofTwoCities双城记✓GreatExpectations远大前程TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronte✓JaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronte✓WutheringHeights呼啸山庄*AnneBronte✓AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷✓VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代✓TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德✓TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集✓TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰7.TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧✓SaintJoan圣女贞德✓Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admit bothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidays atChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followthe NationalCurriculumguide-lines setdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythe government andfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtothe parents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalled NurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSE Examination2)16-18years A-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthe centralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedon itssize,thenu mberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisof Alevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.The oldestuniversity intheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.2)TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest (1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.a federation ofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonly independent university5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityfor part-time higherChinese&BritishEducationSystemChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissuffering IntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation1.---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits 地缘政治特点 2.HowForeignPolicyismade? ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet →Governmentdepartments3.Whenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.4.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKorea 5.WhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce? ---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower. YearChina Age Britain Year5PrimarySchool1 1 Elementary School6 2 27 3 38 4 49 5 5 106 6 11 SecondarySchool7 7 JuniorMiddle School12 8 8 139 9 14 GCSECourseGCSEExaminations10 10 SeniorMiddleSchoo l15 11 11 16 A-LevelCourse A-LevelExaminations12 1217 136.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,France7.MemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince19738.MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefense9.TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地10.TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×11.Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Common wealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMedia1.Whatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.providepeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues.provideweatherreports.carryadvertising.usedforeducationalpurposes.provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitor2.Newspaper(types)(1)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严肃类大版面报纸(2)Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸3.SomequalitynewspaperinUK(1)Times《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaper(2)TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右(3)TheGuardian《卫报》(4)TheObserver《观察家报》oldestSundaynewspaper4.SometabloidsinUK(1).TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党(2)DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党(3)TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9Sports1.Football1)FootballAssociation(FA)2)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.2.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿3.GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯4.HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会5.Equestrianism马术Chapter10Festival1.Religionsholiday:Christmas/Easter2.Nationalholiday:Queen'sbirthday3.Regionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Scotland:Hogmanay除夕12.31Wales:Eisteddfod诗歌音乐比赛会Chapter4.2作家作品时代作者作品OldEnglishPeriod Beowulf《贝奥武夫》LateMedieval(中世)EnglishLiterature( 1066-14thcentury)RobinHood《罗宾汉》GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》EnglishRenaissancePer iod(15thcentury-early 17thcentury) WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:RomeoandJulietHamletOthelloKingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlaysRichard3,Richard2Henry4,Henry5Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNightTheTempestTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗抑扬格五步格诗ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia乌托邦JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost失乐园FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》TheNeoclassical新古典主义Period(1660-1798) AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论，人性本恶SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguageLondonJonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰AuldLongSyne往昔时光WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集IWanderedLonelyasaCloudSamuelTaylorColeridgeTheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan唐.璜JohnKeats约翰.济慈OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂PersyByssheShelley雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott斯科特爵士Ivanhoe艾凡赫JaneAusten简.奥斯丁SenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma艾玛TheVictorianPeriod(18 37-1901) CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前程CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱EmilyBronte WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)。

社会学社会工作专业英语期末考试2015年秋季题库名词解释Glossary（5题，10分，每题2分）Nuclear family 核心家庭Extended family 大家庭Polygamous family 多配偶制家庭Single-parent family 单亲家庭Step family 继家族（携子再婚形成的家族）Adoptive family 收养家庭Foster family 寄养家庭;Dysfunctional family 机能不全家庭;Matrilineal society 母系社会Patrilineal society 父系社会Socialization 社会主义化Social stratification 社会阶层化Social mobility 社会流动性Conflict Theory 冲突理论Case Work 个案工作Role Theory 角色理论简答题Short Answer Questions（4 题，20分，每题5分）What are guidelines on how social workers operate? (Key Points)社会工作者如何运作的指导方针是什么？（关键点）Specify the ethics of a social worker. (Key Points)明确社会工作者的道德规范。

（关键点）What is the difference between an adoptive child and a foster child?收养孩子和收养孩子的区别是什么？How many kinds of child abuse do you know? What are they?你知道多少种虐待儿童？他们是什么？Make a list of possible solutions to child abuse.使儿童虐待的可能的解决方案列表。

Key points:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I and constituents1.Full name2.ConstituentsII.Effects of its imperial past1.Establishment of the commonwealth2. A multiracial nationIII.Differences in society1.Race difference2.Class difference3.Region differenceIV.Introduction to England1.Physical features2.History of invasionsV.Introduction to Scotland1.Physical features2.History3.Retaining strong Scottish identityVI.Introduction to Wales1.Physical features2. A history features campaighs for independence of UK Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom III.Features of Northern Ireland1.Population2.Geographical features3.Capital4.Often Called “Ulster”5.Social order6.EconomyII.Pursuits of Irish independence1.Background2.Home Rule Bill3.The Easter Rising of 19164.Important Figures5.ResultIII.Conflicts within Northern Ireland1.Reasons2.The troubles3.Attempts to dissolve conflictsUnit 3 The Government of the United KingdomI.Monarchy in history1.Origin2.Divine right of the King3.One short ousted period4.Magna CartaII.The history of Parliament1.Origin2.History3.Acquisition of powerIII.The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1.Birth of Cabinet2.Birth of Prime MinisterIV.The British government and Constitutionernment system2.The ConstitutionV.Parliament Today1.Functions2.Status3.InstitutionsUnit 4 Politics, Class and RaceI.General elections1.Why are they important?2.When do elections occur?3.Who can stand for election as an MP?4.What happens in an election?5.Formation of governmentII.The political Parties1.The Labour party2.The Conservative Party3.The Liberal DemocratsIII.Class1.Class-divisions2.Cultural differences3. A distinctive features of British class-system IV.Race1. A multiracial nation2.Influences of immigrationUnit 5 The UK EconomyI.Events in History1.Dominant in the 1880s2.Overtaken in 19003.Declince since 19454.Privatization in the 1980sII.The current UK economy1.Primary industry2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industriesIII.Case study: the aerospace industry1.Status2.Major achievements3.Recent changesUnit 6 British LiteratureI.Early Writing1.Theme2.Beowulf3.Canterbury Tales4.The legend of King ArthurII.The 15th and 16th centuries1.Elizabethan Drama2.Christopher Marlowe3.William ShakespeareIII.The 17th century1.King James Bible2.Francis Bacon3.John MiltonIV.The 18th century1.Features2.Johnathan Swift3.Robert Burns4.Daniel DefoeV.The 19th century1.Romanticism2.Poetry3.NovelVI.The 20th century1.Modernism2.Postmodernism3.Joseph Conrad4.Virginia Woolf5. D.H. Lawrence6. E.M.FosterUnit 7 English Education SystemI.Purpose of Education1.To teach “the three R’s”2.To socialize childrenII.The relationship between education and social class1.Inequality in British education2.Good Education Guarantees a careerIII.The influence of the Church on schooling1.In the past2.At present3.ChangesIV.Major changes to British education system1.Involvement of government2.The 1994 Education Act3.Introduction of comprehensive schools4.“The Great Education Debate”5.National Curriculum in 1989V.The present education systemcation in the UK is compulsory2.State sector and private sector schools3.Schooling stages and examsVI.Higher education1.Fund2.Founding Time3.Open university4.Degree titlesUnit 8 British Foreign RelationsI.Britain then and now1.The end of British Empire2.Britain todayII.The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy1.Imperial history2.Geoplitical traitsIII.How foreign policy is made?1.The Prime Minister and Cabinet2.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)3.The Ministry of Defense4.The Department of Trade and Industry5.The treasury6.Electorate7.Foreign relationsIV.Britain and international institutions1.A member of UN Security Council (UNSE)2. A member of European Union (EU)3. A member of CommonwealthV.Britain and the United States1.Special Relationship2.Ups and downsVI.Britain security and defense1.Britain’s defense power2.Britain’s defense policyUnit 9 The British MediaI.Popularity2.Newspapers3.RadioII.FunctionsIII.Newspapers1.Long history2.The role of newspapers3.Freedom of press4.National papersIV.The broadcast media (TV and Radio)1.Why is TV popular?2.British IV culture3.The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in BritainI.Sports1.Football2.Tennis3.Cricket4.Golf5.Horsy sportsII.Religious holidays1.Christmas2.Easter3.RamadanIII.National holidays1.The Queen’s birthdayIV.Holidays in England1.Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night)V.Holidays in Northern Ireland1.The Orange March2.St Patrick’s DayVI.Holidays in Scotland1.Hogmanay2.The Burns Night3.HalloweenVII.Holidays in WalesVIII. 1.EistenddfodIrelandUnit 11 Land, People and HistoryI. The island of Ireland1.Location2.ConstituentsII. Geographynd2.Climate3.EnvironmentIII. Population1.Features2.The Great Famine3.EmigrationsIV. History1.The Celts2.The coming of Christianity3.Viking invasion4.English invasion5.Irish independenceUnit 12 Politics and EconomyI. Political system1.A representative democracy2.A RepublicII. Structure of Irish government1.President2.The Government3.ParliamentIII.The electoral system1.V oting in elections and referenda2.Electorate3.Proportional representationIV. The Civil service1.Neutrality2.Structure3.SelectionV. The Irish legal system1.The hierarchy of the Irish legal system2. Judges3. Check and balanceVI. Transformation of Irish economy1.In the past2.At present3.ReasonsVII.Ireland’s accession to the EU1.Economic benefits2.Social changesVIII.Ireland today1.Home-ownership2.Transportation3.Living standardsUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowI.Rapid social change1.Abolition of primogeniture2.Change of women’s lifestyle3.Dislocations of social wealthII.Differnces between Ireland and English1.Religionnguage3.Economy4.OpennessIII.Attitudes towards English1.Ambivalence2.Stereotypes from the EnglishIV.The Roman Catholic Church1.The Roman Catholic values2.The power of Roman Catholic Church3.Lose of power4.The difference between Catholics and Protestants V.The Family1.Changes in family life2.Reason for the changes3.Objectives of women’s movementVI.Pub culture1.What is a “pub”?2.Negative EffectVII.Work culture1.Work practices2.Trade Unionscation1.First-level schools2.Second-level schools3.V ocational schools4.Third-level educationUnit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Artsnguage1.Irish under political unrests2.Hiberno-EnglishII.Oral culture1.Features2.Origin3.Positive effectsIII.Literature1.The first Irish poem2.Nobel Prize winners for Literature3.Other important figuresIV.Music and Dance1.The Irish pipe2.Riverdance3.Irish harpV.Sports culture1.Soccer (football)2.Rugby football3.Cricket and tennis4.Hurling5.Golf6.Horse-racingVI.Science and Technology1.Distinguished figures2.Important societiesVII.The Irish identity in the world1.The Irish diaspora2.Attitudes towards other countriesAustraliaUnit 15 The Land and the People of the DreamingI.Natural of Features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresII.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersIII.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is “Dreamtime”?2.What is “the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra Nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of AssimilationUnit 16 Australia Culture LifeI.Protestantism1.Status2.Values3.Protestantism and CapitalismII.Anglicanism1.Status2.DeclineIII.Catholicism1.Status2.Reasons for its dominance3.Social rolesIV.Religion and rapid social change1. A consumerist society2. Fundamentalism3. SecularismV. Non-Christian religions1. Buddhism2. Islam3. Hinduism4.JudaismVI. Sport-an Australia religion1.Variants2.Sport figuresUnit 17 Work and Family LifeI.Australia as a penal colony1.Establishment of colonies2.Convict colonies3.“Free” coloniesII.Forms of families1.Formation of new families2.Convict partnerships3.Currency children4.“Free” familiesIII.Work in the penal colony1.Convict labour2.Emancipists3.Important figuresIV.From Convict Transportation to “Free” Migration1.Suspension of convict transportation2.“Free” Migrationernment-assisted migrationUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic SocietyI.Central value of the countryII.Political system1.The Washminster form of polity2.Three- tier system of government3.Two houses of the federal parliament4.The Governor-General5.The Prime Minister6.The pluralist form of governmentIII.Economy and politics1.What is Australia’s economy like?ernment involovement3.Dismantling of government involvementIV.Three political economic programmes1.Concept of the programmes2.Shift of focus in AustraliaUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayUnit 20 From Racism to MulticulturalismI.Immigration in history1.The 19th century2.White Australia Policy 19013.Post World War II period4.Multiculturalism from 19735.Migration TodayII.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of 19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The 1946 Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurimdji people in the 1960s6.Freedom Rides in the 1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality todayIII. The history wars1.The rejection of the “dark side”2.Criticisms on this rejectionNew ZealandUnit 1 Land, People and HistoryI.Geography, land and enviroment1.Geography2.Weather3.Wildlife---- unique flora and faura4.Enviromental responsibilityII.The New Zealanders1.Populationnguage3.Human rights4.Standard of livingIII.Maoritanga1.Definition2.Legends about Maui3.Maori society4.Race relations5.Maori languageIV.History1.First settlers of the Islands2.European Navigators3.Maori and Pakeha4.The Post-war YearsUnit 2 Political System, Education and Economyernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentcation1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsIII.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeThe United States of AmericaUnit 3 American BeginningsI.What is an American?1. A new race2.Current situationII.Two Immigration Movements1.From Asia2.From Europe and AfricaIII.The Forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe1.The growth of capitalism2.The Renaissance3.The Religious ReformationIV.The Colonial Patterns1.The Settlement in Virginia2.Puritanism3.Catholic Maryland4.Quaker PennsylvaniaV.The American Revolution ( The War of Independence)1.The Causes2.The Eve3.The Process4.The Major Leaders (The Founding Fathers)5.The SignificanceUnit 4 The Political System in the United StatesI.The Articles of Confederation1.The background2.The reasons for its failureII.The making of the US Constitution1.The Constitutional Convention2.The ConstitutionIII.The three branches of the federal government1.Legislative brance2.Executive branch3.Judicial branchIV.Checks and balances1.The origin2.The purposeV.The Bill of Rights1.The components2.The purpose3.The contentsVI.Political parties1.The Democratic Party2.The Reppublican Party3.The electionUnit 5 American EconomyI.Industrial Revolution in America1.The backgournd2.The development3.Service industriesII.Free enterprise1.The significance2.Capital3.StockIII.The roots of affluence1.The land and the population2.Other factorsIV.American Agriculture1.The siginificance2.Agribusiness3.Migrant workers4.The success and problemsUnit 6 Religion in the United StatesI.American history and religious liberty1.American history2.Religious libertyII.The Three Faiths1.Protestants and different Protestant groups2.Catholics3.Judaism4.The relationsIII.Religious diversity1.Various religious groups2.The conflictsIV.Characteristics of American religious beliefs1.Three main characteristics2.The significance of religious beliefs.Unit 7 American LiteratureI.Post-Revolutionary period1.Washington Irving2.James Fenimore CooperII.Transcendentalishts1.Ralph Waldo Emerson2.Henry David ThoreanIII.Power of Imagination1.Edgar Allan Poe2.Nathaniel Hawthorne3.Herman MelvilleIV.New Vision of America1.Walt Whitman2.Leaves of GrassV.Reform and Liberation1.Harriet Beecher Stowe2.Uncle Tom’s CabinVI.Regionalism1.Mark Twain2.Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1.The naturalists2.Other writersVIII.Sympathetic views of women writers1.Kate Chopin2.Willa CatherIX.Rebellious Spirit1.The writers2.The similarityX.The Modernists1.Ezra Pound2.T.S. EliotXI.The “Lost Generation”1.The background2.The writersXII.Harlem Renaissance1.The development2.The poetsXIII.New Drama1.Eugene O’Neil2.The major playsXIV.Depression Realism and Escapism1.John Steinbeck2.Margaret MitchellXV.Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1.African American writers2.American Jews3.In the theater4.The “Beat Generation”XVI.New American V oices1.Black wmen writers2.Chinese-American writersUnit 8 Education in the United Statescation in America today1.The goal2.Public schools and private schoolsII.Different education laws for different states 1.The similarities2.The differencesIII.Several levels of schooling1.Elementary school2.Secondary schoolcation in a new nation1.The influence of the Puritans2.The state and educationV.New development1.Equal education opportunities2.Strong demand for higher educationVI.Higher Education1.The requirements2.The complex system3.Varieties of colleges and universities4.Trends in degree programscation for all1.The Servicemen’s Reajustment Act2.Affirmative Action Programs3.Non-traditional studentsUnit 9 Social Movements of the 1960sI.The beginning1.Greensboro “Sit-in”2.Three kinds of social movementsII.About the social movements1.The causes2.The members3.What is a social movement ?III.The Civil Rights Movement1.The processanizations3.Direct Action Tactics4.ChangesIV.The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1.Free Speech Movement2.“Counterculture”3.The Anti-War MovementV.Women’s Liberation Movement1.The beginning2.NOWUnit 10 Social Problems in the United StatesI.Racial problems1. A nation of immigrants2.Inequality in American society3.Discrimination against blacks4.The black “underclass”II.Poverty1.Current situation2.The consequencesIII.Drug Abuse1.Current situation2.Social costsIV.Crime1.The profile of a typical criminal2.Racial prejudice in the high rate of arrests3.White-collar crimesV.The abuse of power1.The abuse of power by government2.The abuse of power by corporationsUnit 11 American Way of Life: A Search for Credible Generalizations Unit 12 The Women’s Liberation Movement in AmericaUnit 13 Technology in AmericaI.DefinitionII.Early 19th Century1.Eli Whitney2.John H. Hall3.Cyrus H. McCormick4.The Stevens and transportation5.Samuel F. B. Morse6.Alexander Garden Bellte 19th Century1.Thomas Alva Edison2.Taylorism and FordismIV.Early 20th Century1.Reginald Fessenden2.Lee De Forest3.Further development of the radioV.Mid-20th century1.Radio shows2.Household technologieste 20th Century1.The Age of Visual Informationitary research and development used in peacetimeUnit 14 Post-WWII American Foreign PolicyI.The beginning of the Cold War1.Basic situation2.The Cold WarII.Arms race and the containment policy1.Arms race2.The containment policyIII.Engagement and expansion1.Basic situation2.The background3.The policyIV.Unilateralism and faith in military strength1.Unilateralism2.Sept.11 terrorist attack3.The strategy of preemption4.War on IraqUnit 15 Sports and Scenic Spots in AmericaI.Sports1.The American Football2.Baseball3.Baseketball4.Other sports activitiesII.Scenic spots1.The Grand Canyon2.The Southwest3.The Northwest4.The Rocky Mountains5.The Pacific Coast6.The Middle West7.Florida8.The Southeast9.The Northeast10.New York State11.Urban scenesUnit 16 American Popular Culture: Movies and MusicI.Jazz music1.The reasons for its popularity2.CharacteristicsII.Early New Orleans jazz1.Early jazz music2.BluesIII.Jazz in Chicago and New York in the 1920s1.Two styles2.The musiciansIV.The piano1.The history2.Ragtime music3.“Stride” pianoV.Boogie Woogie1.The development2.CharacteristicsCanadaUnit 17 The Country and Its PeopleI.Canada and the Canadian identity1.Canada2.The Canadian identityII.The regions of Canada1.Basic situation2.The north3.The west4.The prairies5.Central Canada6.The Altantic regionIII.History1.The First Nations2.European settlement3.The ConfederationIV.The origin of the word “Canada” and place names.1.The word “Canada”2.Place namesUnit 18 The Government and Politics in CanadaI.Historical background1.Canada’s political system2.Canadian system and American system3.Tolerance of different values and customsII.Structures of government1.Canada’s system of government2.The House of Commons and the SenateIII.The federal political scene1.National parties2.Regional partiesIV.Canadian prime ministers1.Pierre Trudeau2.Brian Mulroney3.Jean Chretien4.Similarities of the three leadersUnit 19 The Canadian MosaicI.Mosaic and multiculturalism1.Mosaic2.MulticulturalismII.The First Canadians1.The First Nations2.The Inuit3.The Metis4.Their situationIII.The settlers1.The base of Canada’s immigration policy2.The development3.ChangesIV.French Canadians1.Population distribution2.The problem3.The SolutionsUnit 20 The Canadian EconomyI.Three factors influencing Canadian economy1.Geography and population2.The United States3.Federal governmentsII.History1.The original patterns2.Changes3.Protectionism and free tradeernment intervenionismIII.The Canadian- US Free Trade Agreement1.The background2.The content3.Problems4.BenefitsIV.Three groups of industry1.Primary industries2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industries4.ProportionV. Canada’s place in the World economyUnit 21 Canadian LiteratureI.The Literature of Survival1.Survival in Nature2.Cultural SurvivalII.Native Canadian MythologyIII.Early Colonial Literature1.Background2.An Era of ReportingIV.The Literature of Nation-Building1.Background2.The Era of Realism in Literature3.Writers and WorksV.Canada in the Ascendant1.The “Montreal Group” of Poets2.Ted Allan3.Literature in the French LanguageVI.Canadian Literature in the Modern World1.Main Features2.Writers and WorksUnit 22 Canada’s International RelationsI.Introduction1.Canada’s role in the world2.Canada as a “junior partner”3.Canada as a “middle power”II.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations3.Canada as a “middle power”III.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations IV.From Junior Partner to Middle Power1.Canada in “the vortex of European militarism”2.Conscription Crisis3.Canada’s golden age of international diplomacy V.Canada’s Military Commitments1.Involuntary Military Guarantees2.Independent foreign policy3.“Free rider”VI.Canadian-American Relations1.Close in relationship2.Defense Policy3.Economic interests4.DifferencesVII.Overseas Development Programs1.Attitude towards the Third World2.Peace and security promotion。

题型模式选择题（ 2 分*15 道=30 分）作家作品匹配（ 1 分*20 道=20 分）名词解释（ 5 分*2 道=10 分）作品分析（三道题，25 分）论述作家区别（15 分）Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期掌握要点：The Renaissance （文艺复兴）Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.The Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.Renaissanee humanists （文艺复兴时期的人文主义者）：Human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection. （question, explore enjoy. ）Knight Literature（骑士文学）Period： The Renaissance period,Themes：“Fierce wars and faithful loves ”Humansim（人文主义）Sonnet 十四行诗Shakespearean Sonnet: comprises three quatrain and final couplet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg Spenserian Sonnet： ababbabccdcdeeChristopher Marlowe 马洛The poineer of English DramaHis creation of Renaissance hero for English drama.Dr. Faustus: It celevrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness. Tamburlaine: Supreme desire for infinite power and authority.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚The spirit of pursuing happiness.Hamlet 哈姆雷特Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白All's Well That Ends 终成眷属Measure for Measure 一报还一报Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶To Be or Not to Be”Francis Bacon 培根The first important English essayist.John DonneMetaphysical Poetry（玄学派）:Highly intellectual poetry marked by bold ingenious, conceits, incongrious, imagery complexity of thought frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness,or rigidtiy of expression.Themes: Love Death and Religion.John Milton Paradise Lost 失乐园Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodNeoclassicism新古典主义）Classical tendency: artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman, put the stress or the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, vestrained emotion, accuracy, good, taste and decorum.Englihtenment （启蒙运动）（18也century）Rationality to thought and activities, called for a reference to order, reason, rules.John Bunyan 班扬（1660-1798）Pilgrim 'Progess 天路历程-The Vantiy Fair 名利场Alexander PopeAn Essay on Criticism 批评论Rape of the Lock 夺发记Daniel Defoe 笛福/ 迪佛Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Jonathan SwiftGulliver ' Travels 格列佛游记分析Daniel Defoe 与Jonathan Swift 作品语言特点：Defoe:1,the spirit of time （时代精神）2,Sometimes short crisp and plain, sometimes long rambliing and leave reader impression of casual narration.Swift:1,exploration into human nature profound （人性探索，社会批判）2,“Proper words in proper places. ”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure.Henry FiedlingComic epic in proseTom Jones汤姆•琼雷Richard Brinsley Sheridan （查理•比•谢利丹）The School of Scandal 造谣学校Rivals 情敌Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期The Romantism1,Expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social 2,individual in the solitary state.3,Inner world of the human spiritGothlic n ove l（18 th-19 th）（哥特式小说）Early set in the medival age in a Catholic country.Principal Elements: V oilence horror and supernaturalWilliam Blake 威廉•布莱克Songs of innocence天真之歌Songs of exp erience经验之歌（赏析）：从主题思想，从修辞格（，从音律）William Wordsworth （华兹华斯）I wandered Lonely as a Cloud Composed upon Westminster Bridge The Soliary Reaper（赏析）Lake Poets （湖畔诗人）William WordsworthSamuel Taylor ColeridgeRobert SoutheyGeorge Gordon Byron 拜伦Byronic hero:A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin usually one of rebellious, individuals against outworn social systems and conventionsDon JuanPercy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Ode to the West Wind 西风颂（赏析）：诗眼：Destroyer and Preserver 生命的破坏与储存Winter: Darkness of society 黑暗社会Spring: Bright future and new social system 光明未来“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind. ”“如果冬天来临，春天还会远么？”（赏析）John Keat 济慈Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂The Eve of St. Agnes圣亚尼节前夜Jane Austen 简•奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Chapter 4 The Victorian Period （维多利亚时期，又称现实主义时期）In general ,truthfully represents the realtiy and spirit of the age. High-spirited vitality the down to earth earnestness. The good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are allunprecedented. 真实反映当时时代的现实和精神，体现高度活力和脚踏实地的精神，语言善意幽默，无羁无绊，令人产生空前的丰富联想Charles Dickens 狄更斯Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 A Tale of two cities 双城记The Bront? SistersWuthering Heights 呼啸山庄Jane Eyre 简•爱。

一：term explanation1constitutional monarchy君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state and the power of the monarch (the king or queen) is limited by a parliament, by law, or by custom.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制--- is a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.2the Norman conquestthe normans, under the leadership of William the conqueror ,Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and defeated King Harold at the battle of Hastings.On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster abbey.the feudal system completely established in England. The Norman Conquest was in facta French conquest and the imposition upon England of a ruling French aristocracy. Inconsequence, Norman-French of the conquerors replaced English as an authoritative language in England. English became a lower-class language. The Norman Conquest destroyed England's links with Scandinavia, bringing the country instead into close contact with the Continent, especially France and setting England firmly on the path of European civilization3house of commonsit is one chamber of British parliament and the more powerful chamber . the house of comments consists of 650 members elected by direct universal vote at every 3 years .the house of comments is the real focus of law making and issues concerning national interests will be debated here . in the house of comments , the party that wins the largest seats in the election will form a government and the minority agrees that the majority must governs ,and the majority agrees that the minority must criticize.4glorious revolutionIn 1688, English Parliament invited James' daughter Mary and her husband to take the England throne after James was deposed. This quick change of rulers in England is called the Glorious Revolution because it was bloodless and successful. It created a Constitutional Monarchy and finally put the monarch under the control of Parliament.5the common lawCommon law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals that decide individual cases, as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process.The common law was first gathered by henry II . it reflects court judgement through ages . the judges made their decision by relying on the verdicts made by a circuit court in similar cases . these verdicts w ere known as “precedents”, which became the basis of English common law .the common law was actually a judge-made law based on the various local customs of the anglo-saxons in dealing with offences.6life peersthe life peer is a title given by the crown during his\her lifetime, in honor of his/her professional achievements for public service. The title is not hereditary.7devolutiondevolution is the shifting power from the central government to regional or local level . In the united kingdom ,devolution refers to granting of powers from the parliament of the united kingdom to the Scotland parliament , the national assembly for wales ,the northern Ireland assembly.8FeudalismUnder William the Conquare ,the feudal system in England was completely established. It was a system based on the ownership of land, and the king owned all the land personally. The king gave his land to his lords in return for loyalty, support ,military service. Their lands were scattered far and wide over the country ,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king .二：TorF三：multiple choice四：句子排序五：1 What are the reserved powers of the Queen?The Queen and the Parliament●Summons Parliament; 召集议会；●Dismisses Parliament ahead of time，or at the time when the government has beendefeated or has reached the end of its term,提前解散议会，或者在政府被击败或任期届满时解散议会；●Introduces the new session of Parliament, called the "State Opening of Parliament" (议会开幕典礼) with a speech that summarizes the government's program;介绍新一届议会，称为“国会开幕典礼”，并致辞总结了政府的计划；●Gives her assent to Bills before they become law; 在法案成为法律之前给予她同意2 The Role 0f the Monarch todayPrimary Role 1 ：to symbolize the tradition & unity of Britain2 ：to set standards of good family lifeImportant Speech: The Queen or King's Christmas BroadcastOther roles:The Queen is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, head of the Church of England.All things must be done in her name. OHMS(on her Majesty's service )六：1 the house of comments is presided over by Mr. speaker.2 the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the election of the house of comments becomes the official opposition, with its own leade r and “shadow cabinet ”3 the prime minister acts as the head of government .4 northern Ireland (protestant Ireland ) is sometimes referred to as ulster ,the name of an accident kingdom, while the southern Ireland (catholic Ireland) is referred as Eire.5 the national flag of UK is called union jack.6 the standard English is commonly known as oxford English ,BBC E. , Queen’s E. , thereceived pronunciation .1. the outbreak of the civil wars In the 17th century was mainly because of the conflicts between___________ and ____________.2. Henry VII’s Reformation in England made the ____________ head of the church.3. Magna Carta was signed because King John demanded more___________ and________ than the feudal customs allowed.4. "Victorian was applied to any person or time with the characteristics of decency,__________ And _______________5. The Act of settlement in 1701 excluded ____roman catholics____________from sitting on the throne.1. The House of Stuart served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English history. (F)2. The Parliament was a French word for a talking-place.(T)3. The continuity of monarchy in England was broken in 1649 when England was declared a Commonwealth and in 1660 the monarchy was restored in England with James II ascending the throne.(F)1. Every autumn the Queen presides over the State Opening of Parliament , giving a speech that outlines the government's program for the next year. The speech is written by the Que herself ( F)2. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party are the two major political parties in UK ( T)3. Great Britain was a geographic terms as well as a political term.(T)1. Henry II was best remembered for his reforms of the courts and the Law /establishing the rule of law /gathering the Common Law2. In England, there are two kinds of laws: the laws which are called (Parliament)and ( Acts (Statue Law) (the Common Law)3. The written record of England history began with(the Roman invasion)七：回答问题In this part, you are required to answer two questions by citing evidence from the document of Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689.The first one is to discuss the significance o f Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 and support your ideas by citing evidence from the texts below. The second one is to elaborate the important steps of limiting the power of the Monarch and the transformation of the power from the Monarch to the Parliament in Britain. 在这一部分中，您需要通过引用《大宪章》和《1689年人权法案》的证据来回答两个问题。

1.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who are the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?1.Romans’s loading(55BC):Celts inhabited the southern England. They helped fight the Romans alongside tribes who had stayed behind in Gaul. This led to the Romans invasion in Britain.. The Romans brought many innovations and ideas to the Britain. One of the great social changes was Christianity.The Romans conquered most of the country.Britain was a part of the Roman empire for almost 400 years.2.The Angelo-Saxons’ invision:the Anglo-Saxons,Angeles,Saxons and Jutes.Anglo-Saxons pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The Angelo-Saxons came to rule most of Britain,except that they never conquered Cornwall and Wales in the west and Scotland in the north.The country was divided into kingdoms.King Alfred the Great from the kingdom of Wessex become the first king to rule most of the England.The Anglo-saxons gradually converted to Christianity after the St.Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD.3.The Vikings and Danish Invision:Vikings.Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, seizing land for their farms (some were fierce pirate raiders who stealed goods and animals or enslaved local people)around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man and parts of Wales.They srarted from three countries of scandinavian:Denmark,Norway,Sweden.they may even reached America.The battle started by Danish Vikings ended with the Vikings conquering all of nothern central and eastern England,and seizing much of the land for their own farms.However the Anglo-Saxons won back most of the England afterwards.4.The Norman conquest(1066):The Anglo-Saxons lost the battle and the King Harold was killed.William became the new king of England.They made French the official language.2. The UK architecture has gone through a variety of phases. Explain it in detail.①Neolithic age, neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury②Anglo-Saxons period，often built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concernthan design or appearance. The most well-known Tower of London,such as those at Stewkley and Buckinghamshire.③The Civil War, after this date houses were built purely for living, and design and appearancewere for ever more important than defense. St Paul’s Cathedral④Early 18th century baroque architecture，a style exemplified by heavy embellishment and masswas very popular in Europe,was an envolved form of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑤18th century The Georgian architecture :was evolved form of Palladianism ,was an envolvedform of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑥In the early 19C the romantic medieval gothic style:appeared as a backlash to the symmetry ofPalladianism.⑦The middle Age of the 19 C:construct was able to develop incorporating steel as a buildingcomponent.⑧The beginning of the 20th century, Arts and crafts in architecture were symbolized by aninformal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables andtallchimneys.This style continued to involve until World War II.⑨Following the Second World War reconstruction was heavily influenced by modernism.Suchas the Hayward Gallery.3. The UK is a two-party nation. How does this kind of system work in terms of the balance of political power?The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a “matter of confidence”.In general,it aims to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism;to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable;to seek amendments to government Bills;and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and puting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committe system.4. The UK has been a leading trading power and financial center in Europe. What are the essential elements that make this possible?Large energy resources:The UK has large coal ,natural gas and oil reserves.highly mechanized agriculture :Agriculture is intensive,highly mechanized,and efficient by European standards,producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Manufacturing;Other factors:The government target measure,state enterprises were nationalized in the 1940s have been privatized. Inflectional banks centralizing many of their European operations in London,5. What significant role does the Sino-British Joint Declaration play in the relations between China and the UK?The declaration led to the sound development of the relations between China and UK. The two countries exchanged of important visits and signed many agreements for cooperation in various field after the declaration.There has been various exchanges of high official visits.At present,close contacts and fequent exchange of visits at a high level are mantained between the two countries.and there is dynamic exchange and cooperation at all levels in the fields of politics ,trade ,economy ,culture ,and military.6. What is the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge and what are their respective strengths?①Both of the 2 are attracting students and experts from around the world to study and work there. Annual Boat Race between them has become one of the greatest sporting events in Britain drawing nationwide atention. The twin stars have always been mentioned in the same breath, known as “Oxbridge”.--nearly a synonym of upper class intelligentsia in England.②Oxford is famous mainly for its social science and humanities, producing numerous political figures; Cambridge is more accomplished in mathematics and sciences, being the Alma Mater of many Nobel Prize winners.In nature ,the two universities share much in common in terms of their size ,culture and even curricula.7. How was Britain converted into Christianity?The Roman legions invaded Britain and brought with Britain Christianity, and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.In 43,the Roman armies conquered England(Aulus Plautius),and then the Roman captured Wales and Scotland ,and started their rules in Britain,lasting as long as 400 years.The roman legions brought with them Christianity and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.Augustine ,an Italian-born missionaryand prelate who was sent in 597 by Pope Gregory I to britain for missionary propaganda,and formally introduced Christianity to southern britain.8. Why was Mary I nicknamed as “Blood Mary”?The Times have been rather independent in views, with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way. It gained public praise in the spheres of politics and finance.She abolished all laws and religions reform laid down by her father and stepbrother.and briught England back under subjection to Vatican,She even married Spanish King Philip II,a Catholic bigot,to show her determination to restore Cathlicism in England.During her resign,she excuted as many as 300 Protestants ,including Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury(who was burnt on the state),and hence earned a nickname as “blood Mary”.10.What factors do you think contribute to the great influence of The Times?(1)It is the earlist national daily newspaper.(2)The very beginning ,the times has been very independent in views,with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way ,yet it is foundamentally a conservative paper.(3)It involves many fields,such as politics and finance,science,literature and arts.(4)It’s guiding principle in running the newspaper remains quite consistant.(5)Rupert Murdoch wished to maintain its traditional style and taste.(6)More city news and more photo reports have been added to it.11. What is the relationship between British popular culture and that in the U.S.?The complicated process of the 2 countries popular culture interaction can be summarized as the early American imitation and absorption of British models and the gradual reversal of the process to a more reciprocal interrelationship.For example,Americans imitated British sports and games and entertainments until the early 20th C.After the world war I,american popular music and motion pictures won a general popularity in british.In 1950s,American rock and roll was imitated by british bands,who then refined it by adding their them own characterists.12. Since the late half of the 20th century, there has been significant change in the British people’s conception of marriage. What are the factors that have contributed to this change?Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticatedcontraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticated contraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.The liberited ethos of the 1960s produced a climate of opinion,which made possible major legislation relating to abortion ,another development which was to effect the average age at first marriage.two other factors which also had a major impact on the average age at first marriage were the longer period of time spent by young women in education and the rise in the employment of women.13. How did the multi-ethic culture come into being in the UK?The multi-ethic culture is a result of a history, which has included invasion, expansion, empire and Commonwealth, and Britain’s role as a haven for people of all races.Britain government has taken steps to tackle problems of discrimination and disadvantage through pioneering such things as race relations legislation which makes racial discrimination an unacceptable ,an illgal, practice,and through policy to redress disadvantage.14.What are the major impacts of the British Empire in the world.The British Empire was the first global power and largest empire in world history. Colonial expansion and imperial holdings spread British influence across the globe and increased wealth and prestige for the mother country.The empire facilitated the spread of british technology,commerce,language,and government around much of the globe.Imperial hegemony contributed to britain’s economic grownth,and greatly strengthed its voice in world affairs.From the perspective of the colonies,the colonies received from britain english language ,an administrative and legal framework on the british model,and technological and economic development.Novertheless,British policies based on comparative advantage left many developing economics dangerously reliant on a single cash crop.15. What significant role does the Commonwealth play in linking its members?The Commonwealth represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious monwealth countries share many links at non-governmental levels ,with over a hundred nn-governmental organizations that are orginazed on a commonwealth wide basis ,notably in the areas of sport,culture ,education,and other charitable sectors.Before the establishment of the commonwealth’s law,the commonwealth collective actions had been limited by the principle of non-interference inthe internal affairs of other members.16.What is the major purpose of primary education in Britain?What is important in this stage is not how many specific things they learnt but the cultivation of their imagination and curiosity.The purpose of all these are to facilitate their studies in junior education which will involve normal curriculum and more class teaching.17.How did Open University come into being and what kind of role does it play in britain education?The idea of Open University was first proposed by the leader of the Labor Party Harold Wilson who declared that once his party won the election ,he would estabish a university of the air to provide educational oppotunities to a larger number of people who were not able to go to collage for one reason or another .succeeding in the 1964 election ,he put it into practice and named it as “Open University”.Open University ,with its great convenience ,high flexibility ,and low expenses,immediately attracted people of all trades to apply for this program and take the training courses in social science ,arts ,and mathmatics.Among the paticipants in open university ,nearly one third are actually not qualified to get enrolled in collage according to the traditional demand in britain.once the originally rigid requrement in diploma is removed ,these people have access to continue their studiesand thus become better equipped for job competition.18.What is impacts of thatcherism on the economic of Britain?Thatcherism's impact on the UK economy?Definition: Margaret thatcher came to power in the party after the emergence of a dominant ideology of the forces of the "new right".Positive impact: promoted the increase the employment rate in a decade or two years, reduces the rate of inflation, fundamentally promoted the prosperity of the economy. Negative effects: after the boom, the British economy in the financial crisisOverall tendency: economic inequality phenomenon more and more serious, resulting in the disparity, in terms of social status and other fields.She surrounded herself with sycophantic adviors and courtiers ,and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax.Microsoft jas black in the 1980 s, when economic downturn in the UK and hughton thatcher, push forward the reform of privatization, including mass privatisation of state-owned industries and utilities, with an iron fist crackdown on the unions, and sweeping cuts in public spending and social welfare.Margaret thatcher administration advocates privatization, monetarism, deregulation, tax cuts, union power and praise creation wealth rather than redistribution, and reforming the welfare system, such as "the Keynesian" concept, with the ocean the other shore "reaganism" from afar: try to rely on the "small government, big market" for the economy. Supporters praised her bold and radical measures not only saved the British society, more think her privatisation measures can improve the overall competitiveness of UK business success, make its economic growth in developed countries in Europe and the United States after the 1980 s.In fact, in 1988, Britain's economy started to improve: the rate of inflation fell from 18% to8%, the employment rate increase, per capita income have improved, fiscal surplus, exports increased, actual economic growth rate of output per capita than the United States, Germany and France; And Britain's international standing, also began to rebound, one of the most famous example, beat Argentina than in the falklands war in 1982, nationalist or cheer "come back" the British empire.Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of European Tian Dewen for "first financial daily" said that Mrs Thatcher's approach over a period of time to the UK economy has very positive, but the tension isn't completely can be attributed to her reform, and debate in academia at present. During her administration, Britain's economic structure changed a lot, from the traditional industrial products trade transformation for the financial industry, the transformation is an important in the development of the thatcher period the UK economy background, Margaret thatcher did reform created relatively good conditions for Britain's economic transformation.And Margaret thatcher as "destroyer" britons argues that Britain's in recent years become more economic collapse, social unrest caused by polarization, and Margaret thatcher that mass privatisation, economic policies such as opposed to tax increases have close relationship.Tian Dewen also said privatisation really in a period is considered to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, but now a lot of debate about this issue, as the British railway privatisation came after a lot of problems, including the old equipment, service quality drop, because the private enterprise pursuit of immediate interests, more investment is insufficient, may cause considerable negative impacts.For a few years ago the financial tsunami, western countries, represented by America and Britain also began to generally think the free market theory is the concrete practice of the problem. "The pursuit of the free market is the capital benefit maximization, rather than the social benefit maximization" voice started to flash, and the London riots happened two years ago, is to let the world marvel at social rage "gentleman"."But anyway, Margaret thatcher as a character of time have a significant impact, she did these is definitely worth to remember, and now she's a set of economic ideology in the world bank and international monetary fund or play a leading role." Tian Dewen said, "thatcherism" until now have been accepted by most of the country's rulers, like the European Union and the United States, to curb inflation and maintain financial balance as the basis of all economic policy. Illustrations/Su Yi。