公民环境权的宪法学思考

公民环境权的宪法学思考

Constitutional Studies on Citizen’s

Environmental Right

(申请清华大学法律硕士专业学位论文)

培养单位： 法 学 院

申 请 人： 刘胜芹

指导教师： 王振民教授

二○○五年十二月 公

民

环

境

权

的

宪

法

学

思

考

刘

胜

芹

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摘 要

I摘 要

随着经济发展和技术的进步，人类影响环境的能力和范围空前扩大。人类

在经济利益驱动下，对自然资源不加节制的开发和利用，导致了一系列日趋严

重的环境问题，并严重威胁到人们的生活环境、身体健康甚至生命延续。在这

种情况下，我们一方面必须重新审视现有的环境政策和环境观念，另一方面也

必须通过法律手段谋求环境问题的改善和解决。正是在这种背景下，公民环境

权作为解决环境问题、保障人类生存和可持续发展的产物应运而生。

尽管公民环境权是一个包括一系列子权利的权利群，但它不应包括经济性

权利和程序性权利，而是仅包括生态性实体权利。同公民环境权有关的“经济

性权利”，实质上是属于传统的财产权、物权或经济自由权的范畴，它不同于伴

随着环境问题的凸显而提出的公民环境权。“程序性环境权利”是由公民环境权

派生的、为保障公民环境权的实现而设置的权利，其本身并不能直接构成公民

环境权的内容。公民环境权仅包括生态性的实体权利，它实质上是公民对其生

存环境享有健康、适宜的生态性条件的权利。

公民环境权不仅满足人权的构成要件，而且具有基本人权的本质属性。因

此，公民环境权在本质上是一种不可或缺的基本人权，它是人权理论和人权内

容随着人类社会的发展而不断完善的结果。公民环境权属于第三代人权，是个

体权利和集体权利的统一。公民环境权得到切实保障的前提，是实现公民环境

权从“应有权利”向“法定权利”和“实有权利”的转化，而确立公民环境权

的宪法地位则是实现这种转化的关键环节。

作为一项基本人权，公民环境权入宪是宪法发展及人权保护的必然趋势。

目前最重要的是将公民环境权写入宪法，使其在国家尊重和保护人权的规定中

占有一席之地。公民环境权的宪法化主要有三种模式。我国宜采用第三种模式，

即在我国宪法第二章中增设公民环境权条款，并明确规定公民享有环境权、国

家的首位环境义务和公民的第二位环境义务。在将公民环境权纳入宪法的同时，

还应完善相应的配套措施，除以公民环境权为导向重塑政府环境管理权外，还

应进一步加强和完善环境法律中的预防原则和措施，如完善我国环境法律中关

于环境知情权、参与权的规定以及在相关法律中普遍设定环境义务等。

关键词：公民环境权 基本人权 宪法 Abstract

IIAbstract

With the economic development and technological progress, man’s ability and

ranges of influencing the environment have been expanded in an unprecedented way.

Under the driving of economic interests, man is developing and utilizing natural

resources without any restrictions, thus leading to a series of ever increasingly serious

environmental problems and seriously threatening people’s living environment, health

and even the life continuity. Under such a situation, on the one hand, we should

reexamine the existing environmental policies and environmental ideas; on the other

hand, it is necessary to seek the improvement and solution of environmental problems

through the legal means. It is exactly under such a background, the citizen’s

environmental right, as a product for solving environmental problems, for

safeguarding man’s survival and his sustainable development, emerges as the times

demand.

Though the citizen’s environmental right is a right group that includes a series of

sub-rights, it should not include economic rights and procedural ones, and it only

includes biological entity rights. The “economic rights” related to the citizen’s

environmental right, in essence, belong to the category of the traditional property

rights, or the right of economic freedom, and they differ from the citizen’s

environmental right put forward with the emergence of environmental problems. The

“procedural environment right” is derived from the citizen’s environmental right, is

set for protecting the realization of the citizen’s environmental right and itself cannot

constitute the content of the citizen’s environmental right. The citizen’s

environmental right only includes biological entity rights and it, in essence, is a right

for a citizen to enjoy healthy and suitable biological conditions of his living

environment.

The citizen’s environmental right not only satisfies the component conditions of

the human right, but also has the essence attribution of the basic human right.

Therefore, the citizen’s environmental right, in essence, is an indispensable basic

human right, and it is the result of the continuous perfection of the human right theory Abstract

IIIand the human right content with the development of the human society. The citizen’s

environmental right belongs to the third generation of human right and is the

unification of an individual’s right with the collective right. The premise of the

reliable protection of the citizen’s environmental right lies in the realization of the

transformation from “the deserved right” to “the legal right” and “the realistic right.”

And to establish the constitutional position of the citizen’s environmental right is the

key link for realizing such a transformation.

As a basic human right, the entry of the citizen’s environmental right into the

constitution is an inevitable trend of the development of the constitution and the

protection of human rights. For the present, the entry of the citizen’s environmental

rights into the constitution is of the utmost importance, so that the right has a place in

regulations on our nation’s respecting and protecting human rights. There are three

possible modes for the citizen’s environmental right to enter the constitution. In our

country, the third one should be adopted. That is, in Chapter 2 of our constitution,