美国中学进化论教育述论摘要1925年“猴子审判”的结果并不是科学的胜利，它应该看作是基督教内部保卫宗教的争论。
20世纪80年代以后科学生物进化论教育才在美国取得合法教学地位。
目前智能设计理论还在与进化论的教学明争暗斗。
但是这种争论已经演变为捍卫科学的争论了。
关键词进化论智能设计正统主义创世论猴子审判“震惊世界的审判”（即猴子审判）是《高级英语》中一篇涉及到美国中学进化论教育的文章。
在中国有一定影响。
有的教学辅导材料，将这篇文章的主题定位为“无知与智慧，宗教与科学”的斗争，它以科学的“实际上的胜利而结束”。
（张鑫友，2000：208）就“猴子审判”的文本而论，这样的理解似无可非议。
但本文对“猴子审判”的语境进行分析后，对该文的意义提出新的看法，即“猴子审判”在本质上是基督教内部的争论。
审判的结束不意味着科学的胜利，只是进入20世纪80年代以后，进化论教育在公立学校才占据上风。
1 正统基督教对宗教的维护与学校进化论的教育1925年发生在田那西州戴顿（dayton）小镇的约翰·司科普斯（john scopes）一案不能理解为宗教和科学的冲突。
首先应该解决两个概念问题。
第一，正统主义基督教（fundamentalism）与现代主义（modernism）的对立是基督教内部对《圣经》不同理解的对立，而不是宗教与科学的对立。
1859年英国学者达尔文发表《物种起源》，提出生物进化理论，引起基督教内引起激烈的反应，也促成正统主义在新教内部产生，并与现代神学相对立。
20世纪初，正统主义基督教在新泽西的普林斯顿开办神学院，陆续编写和出版了12卷本的《基本原理（the fundamentals ）》。
这可以看作是正统主义基督教的宣言。
《基本原理》出版后，依靠其教众的强大经济实力，向社会免费发放300万份，声势逐渐浩大。
《基本原理》主要强调《圣经》文字与原理的真实性。
在1919年前后，由于美国各地中学进化论教学越来越普遍，深深撼动基督教基础。
含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。
由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。
与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。
基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。
如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
《英语修辞学》试卷 (A)（2010——2011学年度第一学期 2010年11月16日）[闭卷，试卷共8页，答题时间90分钟]学号姓名专业、层次 2007级英语专业本科年级、班级出题人：吴学飞（说明：请把所有答案写在“赣南医学院考试答卷”纸上并标明题号，否则不得分。
）I. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. (2 points for each, 10 points)1．Alliteration2．Simile3．Irony4．Transferred Epithet5．PersonificationⅡ. Identify the figure of speech used in the following sentences. (1 point for each, 60 points)6. You can go there on foot, by bus or by train.7. And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school... (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)8. Is Tsingtao winning the Cold War?...Tsingtao has taken the offensive and invadedRussian vodka strongholds previously regardedas secure. (Ad in The New York Times Magazine, Mar. 23, 1980)9. A Farewell to Arms10. The chess-board is the world; the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated ---without haste, but without remorse. (T. H. Huxley)11. He was like a cock who thought the sun has risen to hear him crow. (George Eliot: Adam Bede)12. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us.13. Time, you old gypsy man, will you not stay, put up your caravan just for one day?14. The glories of our blood and stateAre shadows, not substantial things;There is no armour against fate;Death lays his icy hand on kings;Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. (J. Shirley:“Death the Leveller”)15. Then he cut me open and took out the appendix and stitchedme up again.16. While the Vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (The Atlantic, June, 1980)17. My heart leaps up when I beholdA rainbow in the sky:So was it when my life began,So is it now I am a man,So be it when I shall grow oldOr let me die!The Child is father of the ManAnd I could wish my days to beBound each to each by natural piety.18. At once, as far as angels ken, he viewsThe dismal situation waste and wild:A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flamesNo light, but rather darkness visible. (John Milton: Paradise Lost)19. Arise, arise, arise!There is blood on the earth that denies ye bread;Be ye wounds like eyes,To weep for the dead, the dead, the dead. (Percy B. Shelly: An Ode)20. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.(Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.: Slaughterhouse-Five)21. Macbeth: What hands are here? Ha! They pluck put mine eyes.With all great Neptune’s ocean wash this bloodClean from my hand? No, this my hand will ratherThe multitudinous seas incarnadine,Making the green one red. (W. Shakespeare: Macbeth)22. The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. (Bovee)23. There is also poverty, convincingly etched in the statistics,and etched, too, in the lives of people like Hortensia Cabrera, mother of 14, widow..."Money," she says with quiet understatement, "is kind of tight. But I manage." (Griffin Smith, Jr.: National Geographic, June 1980)24. And an old man driven by the TradesTo a sleepy corner. (Ibid)25. That expectation could prove the Achilles’ heel of the project. (The Economist, Sep. 28, 1992)26. …and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln: “Gettysburg Address”)27. If the economy stays down, can the conservatives stay up? (Time, Sep. 28, 1981)28. In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach Grammar so well. (Wendell Johnson)29. Forty is the old age of youth; fifty is the youth of old age. (Victor Hugo)30. I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, Vidi, Vici.)31. When George the Fourth was still reigning over the privacies of Windsor, when the Duke of Wellington was Prime Minister, and Mr. Vincy was mayor of the old corporation in Middlemarch, Mrs. Casaubon, born Dorothea Brooke, had taken her wedding journey to Rome. (George Eliot: Middlemarch)32. Girl, bathing on bikini, eyeing boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.33. He had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn, scratched, done his business like a dog at the roadside, washed at the public fountain,…(Gibort Higher: Diogenes and Alexander)34. O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being. (P. B. Shelley: “Ode to the West Wind”)35. A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face: a smileextended into a laugh; the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. (C. Dickens: The Pickwick Papers)36. Father is rather vulgar， my dear. The word Papa， besides，gives a pretty form to the lips. Papa， potatoes， poultry，prunes，and prism are all very good words for the lips; especially prunes and prism. (Dickens: Little Dorrit)37. I shall never see her moreWhere the reeds and rushes quiver,Shiver, quiver;Stand beside the sobbing river,Sobbing, throbbing, in its fallingTo the sandy lonesome shore.(Jean Ingelow: “The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire(1571)”)38. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!(Thomas Nash: “Spring”)39. My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. (Sydney Smith)40. …no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. (John Scopes: The Trial That Rocked the World)41. Edelweiss, edelweiss,Every morning you greet me,Small and whiteClean and brightYou look happy to meet me.42. The kettle is boiling.43. No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. (Samuel Lover: The Death of a Great President)44. Men were nominated for seats through personal contacts madein their trade unions, local councils…This is the entrée to Parliament which a woman must penetrate is she is to make policy instead of tea. (The Times, Nov. 24, 1981)45. When commemorating the great soul, the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts. (A. S. Hill) 46. Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelica!•• Dove-feathered raven! wolfish ravening lamb!•• Despised substance of divinest show!•• Just opposite to what justly seem’st,•• A damned saint, an honorable villain!47. Stand still in Shanghai for two minutes and ten million people will rush at you like pins at magnet.48. –Do you think all the programs are good?- Some of the programs are interesting. But others could be better.49. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever. (Frederick Engels: Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx) 50. "It's no use going to see little Hans in winter," the Miller used to say to his wife. "When people are in trouble we must leave them alone and not bother them. That is my idea of friendship, and I am sure I am right. So I shall wait till spring comes, and then I shall visit him and he will give me a large bouquet of primroses, and that will make him very happy.""You think so much about others," said his wife. "It is a pleasure to hear what you say about friendship. I am sure the priest himself cannot say such beautiful things as you do, though he lives in a three-storeyed house, and wears a gold ring on his little finger." (Oscar Wilde: The Devoted Friend)51. Ma is as selfless as I am.52. She has expensive tastes in clothes.53. War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. (George Orwell: Nineteen Eighty-Four)54. --Where is Washington?--He’s dead.--I mean, the capital of the United States.--They loaded it all to Europe.--Now do you promise to support the constitution?--Me? How can I? I’ve got a wife and five children to support.55. Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended. I pause for a reply. (William Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)56. He is not the man who lets his heart rule his head. Metonymy57. If we tried to implement these harebrained ideas (English should be replaced by Hindi and the 15 recognized state languages), India will become a Tower of Babel. (Anita Pratap)58. Men make houses, women make homes.59. He has been a doctor a year now and has had two patients—no three, I think—yes, it was three; I attended their funerals. (Mark Twain)60. “one of my kids wrote four-letter words in his composition,” the teacher said.61. At that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. (Ruth Reichl: There’s Only Luck)62. A little boy came up to his mother. “Ma,” he said, “I have something to tell you. My teacher kissed me.”“Well, were you a good boy and did you kiss her back?”“Of course not!” he denied indignantly, “I kissed her face.”63. To err is human; to forgive divine.64. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.65. You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?Ⅲ. Point out the figures of speech used in the following sentences. Direction: there are at least two figures of speech in each sentence. (4 points for each, 20 points)66. Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.67. A drop of ink may make a million think.68. Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.69. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. (W. S. Churchill: The Second World War)70. O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June;O, my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns)Ⅳ. Answer the questions briefly.(10 points)71. Give a brief account of the sources of English allusions.(4 points)72. Some people consider zeugma as a sub-category of syllepsis. Do you agree with them? Why or why not? What are the rhetorical features of syllepsis and zeugma?(6 points)。
