张汉熙高级英语第二册修辞

Q ALESSON 1 PUB TALK AND KING’S ENGLISHQ B:1.2.3.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．4. In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．5.6.7.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．III:1.No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting.2.It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.3.Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4.Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place.5.The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting.6.We ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time.7.The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.8.I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.9.Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.10.We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest.IV A:1.on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2． get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”． It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．)3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring． It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4． turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i． e． as if one were a Saxon peasant6 .come into one’s own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition657．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice ofIV B:1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。

Lesson One1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity found only among human beings.2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact , people who are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s private lives.5.....it could still go ignorantly on ...The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields , but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his ownlanguage.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phrase , the King’s English ,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The working people often mock the proper and formal language of the educated people.)10.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “ words will harden into things for us. “There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.a.However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anythingthat deserves the name of conversation.不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。

1.We’re elevated 23 feet. =our house has been raised by 23 feet in comparison with the past.2.The place (house) has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered (caused any damage to it)3.We can batten down and ride it out. =we can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane withoutmuch damage.4.The generator was doused, and the lights went out. =water got into the generator and put it out. It stoppedproducing electricity, so the light also went out.5.John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. =as john watched the water inch its way up thesteps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.6.Janis had just one delayed reaction.=Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervoustension caused by the hurricane.1.and it is an activity only of humans =and conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings2.conversation is not for making a point = conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas3.in fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose = in fact, a person who really enjoys and isskilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his viewpoint4.bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’ lives = people who meet each others for a drink in a bar are notintimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each others’ life5.it could still go ignorantly on = the conversation could go without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6.there are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef =these animals are called cattle when they are alive andfeeding in the fields; but when we sit down at table to eat we called their meat beef7.the new ruling class had built a cultural barrier him by building their French against his own lg. = the newruling class by using French instead of eg made it difficult for the eg to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers8.eg had come royally into its own =the eg lg received proper recognition and was used by the king once more9.the phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes = the phrase, theking’s eg, has always disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often made fun of the proper and formal lg of the educational people10.the rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there =there still exists in the working people, as in the earlySaxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class11.there is always a great danger that” words will harden into things for us”= there is always a great danger thatwe might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent12.even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s eg slips and slides in conversation = even themost educated and liberated people use non-standard, informal, rather than standard, formal eg in their conversation 13.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe. =buttoday this issue has not been decided in many countries around the world.14.United, there is little we cannot do in host of cooperative ventures. =bound together we can accomplish a lot ofthings in the variety of joint ventures.15.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. =we will not allow any enemycountry to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.16.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.=theUS is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.17.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidentalself-destruction. = before the terrible forces of destruction which science can now release, overwhelm mankind;before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place.18.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war. =yet bothgroups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from an launching mankind’s final war.19.So let us begin anew (once begin), remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness. = andremember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.20.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to leadthe land we love. = our sure reward will be a good conscience and the history finally will judge whether we have done our task well or not. Let us start leading the country we love.21.By the very of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom. = because of the fact itself that man produces,he has developed to a much higher level than or the other animals22.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being. =work also frees man andmakes him into a social being independent of nature23.All are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill. =no matter when it wasdone or who did it, provides an example of man applying his intelligence and his skill to change nature creatively 24.There is no spilt of work and play, or work and culture. =the worker finds pleasure in his work and through workhe also develops his mind. Therefore, pleasure and work go together and so does the cultural development of the worker and his work.25.Work became the chief factor in a system of “innerwordly asceticism,” an answer to man’s sense of alonenessand isolation.=work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life.Work was the only thing that soothed those who felt alone and isolated because of his ascetic life.26.Work has become alienated from the working person. =work has been separated from the worker and the workeris not interested in it at all. Instead, he feels estranged from it or hostile to it.27.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity. =work helps the worker to earnmoney; except this it is not an activity with much significance28. a pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on = just earning some money is not enough for a worker toestablish his self-respect29.most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche= mostindustrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the workers’ mind30.it is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management=better relations with the public will yield largeprofits to management31.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity=the fact that gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a mere “high-minded” cover for the real, vulgar appeal to idleness and submissiveness.32.He has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it=the businessman gets theknowledge that the quality of his product doesn’t match what it should be. Conscious of the deception involved, he despises the goods he produces33.the slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged.=at very mention of theTwenties, middle-aged people began to recall it longingly and young people curious and began to ask questions about it34.the rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable= anyway, it was inevitable for America to discardVictorian gentility which upheld the middle-class respectability and affected refinement characteristics of Victorian eg35.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure=the war onlyhelped to speed up the collapse of the Victorian social structure.36.it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughtyalcoholic sophistication =in America ,at least, the young people are strongly disposed to escape their responsibilities. They pretend to be wordly-wise and disregard conventional standards of behavior, drinking and breaking the traditional morality naughtily.37.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit=the young peoplefound more pleasure in drinking because Prohibition made it a kind of adventure.38.our young men began to enlist under foreign flags=our young men joined the foreign armies to fight in the war.39.They “wanted to get up into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up= they wanted to take part in theadventure of war before it ended.40.they had outgrown towns and families=they couldn’t adapt themselves to life in their hometowns and familiesanymore41.The returning veteran also had to face the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition=the returning veterans alsohad to face the stupid cynicism shown by the Victorious allies in Versailles who acted just like Napoleon once did.42.sth in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”=under this pressure sth in the young people, who werealready very tense, had to break down.43.it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and“Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center=it was only natural the promising young writers whose thoughts extremely opposed war, Babbittry and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in the Greenwich Village, the traditional culture44.each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventionality=each town was proud that it has groupof wild unconventional people45.it is a complex fate to be an American=the fate of American is complicated and full of changes and possibilities46.They were no more at home in Europe than I was=all of us felt uneasy in Europe.47.we were both searching for our separate identities= Each of us was trying to find his own set of personalcharacteristics by which his recognizable as a member of some group48.I do not think that I could have made this reconciliation here=I don’t think I could have accepted my status ofbeing a Negro willingly in America49.Europe can be very crippling too=sometimes things in Europe can also be very frustrating50.it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here=it is easier to contact with people ofdifferent social status and occupations in Europe than in American51. a man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened= inEurope a good waiter and actor is equally proud of their social status and jobs. Neither of them envies the other and is not afraid of losing their position52.I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it=I was born in NY, but have lived only in some smallareas of it53.on this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends=the life of a writer wholly depends upon whether or nothe accepts he will always carry the marks of the origins54.American writers do no have a fixed society to describe=American writers do not live in the society wherenothing is changed .instead, everything is unchangeable in their society so they do not have a fixed society to write about55.every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of thepeople= actually, every society is ruled and influence by hidden laws, and by many people deeply felt and taken for granted by its people, though not openly expressed56.this reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable= the reconsideration of many things that onehad always taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable57.nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste=nowadays NY is often in disagreement with taste of theAmerican people58.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends=NY even indulged itself infeeling of satisfaction for it can resist the prevailing trends of America59.sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, pre-empt the airwaves fromCalifornia =situation comedy which are similar in content and style are produced in large amounts in Hollywood and the live broadcasting of JC’s talk show dominated the radio and the TV channels of California60.it is making sth of a comeback as a tourist attraction= it is regaining somewhat its status as a tourist attraction61.to win in New York is to be uneasy= to a person who succeeds in NY is disturbed by constant worries that hemight fail someday in the fierce competition62.nature’s pleasures are much qualified in New York =the chances to enjoy the pleasures of nature are very limitedin NY63.the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens= the city’s bright lights seem haughtily to make the skydim64.but the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated=but a wholehearted dedication to art, which isbohemian style can be overstated65.in both these roles it ratifies more than it creates=in these two roles of banking and communications headquarters,NY originates very few things but gives its approval a lot to many things created by other cities66.the television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype=the generation who grew up watching andenjoying TV was constantly and strongly influenced by exaggerated ads67.those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines=writers who are creatingchallenging novels make their living in the same time by writing articles for popular magazines68.Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.=Broadway,which seemed to give in to the flashy shows put on in the surrounding areas, become active again69.he prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life=he likes the unhealthy turmoil and livelyatmosphere of a city more70.the defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town=the people who failed in thestruggle of life are not hidden away in slums where other people can not see them71.The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates.= NY constantly irritates the people living here butoccasionally it stimulates them。

Lesson 12 Four Laws of Ecology （Part II）一、词汇短语1. pervasive [] adj. existing everywhere到处存在的，到处弥漫着的：The fact that so many people have posted comments on this topicshows how pervasive and complicated it is.事实上这么多人公开谈论这个话题，就已经表明这是多么普遍多么复杂的事情。

2. detrimental [] adj. causing harm or damage有害的，不利的：The policy will be detrimental to the peace process.这项政策不利于和平进程。

3. analogy []n. something that seems similar between twosituations, processes, etc.类似处，相似处4. finite [] adj. having an end or a limit 有限的，有限度的：Humanknowledge is finite, ie there are things we do not know. 人类的认识是有限的。

5. improbable [] adj. not likely to happen or to be true 不大可能发生的，未必确切的：As improbable as this sounds, it really works.听起来有点不可思议，但这是真的。

6. self-evident [] adj. clearly true and needing no moreproof不证自明的，显而易见的：It seems to me self-evident that policesearches of newspaper offices burden the freedom of the press.警察对报社的搜查给新闻自由造成压力，这在我看来是不言而喻的。

Lesson 6 Loving and Hating New York一、词汇短语1. bush [] adj. belonging to small towns; rustic粗俗的，乡土气的，乡下的2. beget [] vt. to cause to exist or occur; produce产生，引起，招致：Healthand cheerfulness mutually beget each other.健康与欢乐相辅相成。

3. holdout [] n. a place that holds out坚固据点4. deficiency [] n. a lack of something that is necessary缺乏，不足：a deficiency of protein蛋白质不足5. pacesetter [] n. a person or company that is considered to be aleader in a particular area of activity标兵6. sitcom [] n. a situation comedy情景喜剧7. clone [] v. a）to reproduce or propagate asexually无性生殖；b）to makemultiple identical copies of （a DNA sequence）复制，克隆8. preempt [] v. to take the place of; displace占据……的位置，取代：A special news program preempted the scheduled shows.特别的新节目取代预定计划的表演。

9. casino [] n. a public room or building for gambling and otherentertainment娱乐场，赌场10. nightspot [] n. nightclub夜总会11. superdome []n. a large dome-shaped structure, especially a sports stadium超级穹顶12. bilk [] vt. to defraud, cheat, or swindle蒙骗，欺骗：He made millions bybilking wealthy clients on art sales.他在艺术品销售中骗取富有顾客的大量钱财。

张汉熙《高级英语（2）》（修订本...Unit6一、词汇短语1.skyline[]n.a window in a roof or ceiling天窗2.thermodynamics[]n.physics that deals withthe relationships between heat and other forms of energy热力学3.genetics[]n.the study of how the qualities of living things are passed on in their genes遗传学4.mutation[]n.an alteration or change,as in nature,form,or quality（本质、形式上的）变化：genetic mutation基因突变5.discredit[]vt.a）to refuse to believe不相信，怀疑：discreditall rumors不相信所有谣传；b）to damage in reputation;disgrace败坏……声誉，使受辱：an attempt to discredit the government给政府抹黑的可笑企图6.corollary[]n.a deduction or an inference推理，推论：Anotherevident corollary is that the end is the final cause of the effect and not ofthe efficient cause.另外一个明显的推论即：目的是结果的终极因，但不是直接原因。

7.homogeneous[]adj.of the same or similarnature or kind同种的，同类的：They are homogeneous people.他们是同类人。

张汉熙版《高级英语》第二册 lesson 1 课后练习答案习题全解I.Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the commercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. (from The New Columbia Encyclopedia )Ⅱ.1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave.4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to comfort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction,development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could come to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important.Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. ()h God, please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water,gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end ofe by;(American English) pay a visit4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out(a light，fire，generator。

张汉熙高级英语第三版中的Paraphrase高级英语第二册Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English1. And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views. In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact, people who really enjoy and are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas.4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close/ intimate friends for they ar e not deeply absorbed in each other’s private lives.5. ...it could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6. There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef (boeuf ).These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meet beef.7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.The English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. (The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.)10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “ words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.Lesson 2 Marrakech1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard…They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they died and are buried in graves without a name, and nobody notices that they are dead.4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews…Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere, a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited, all loudly demanding a cigarette.6. …every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looks on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable./ However, people always notice anyone with a white skin.8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas.10. …for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. They can produce a little food on the poor soil With hard backbreaking toil．11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible．13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms…The Senegales soldiers were wearing second-hand ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful, well—built bodies．14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack the colonialist rulers?15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.Every white man there had this thought hidden somewhere in his mind．Lesson 3 Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961)1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe....Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been settled in many countries around the world .2. This much we pledge--- and more.We promise to do this and we promise to do more.3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a large number of joint bold undertakings.4. ...our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace...The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tools to keep peace.5. ...to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.6. ....before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which atomic bombs can now release, wipe out mankind, which may be planned or brought about by an accident.7. ....yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the band of mankind’s final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power that restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.8. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness...Let us start once again. We must bear in mind that being polite does not mean one is weak.9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.10. ....each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).11. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love...We still lead the country we love , knowing our sure reward will be a good conscience, and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not.Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy1. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.2. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.3. I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston cam e back.I should have known that raccoon coats would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back.4. “All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where’ve you been?”All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?5. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.My brain, which is precision instrument, began to work at high speed.6. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.Except for one thing (intelligence) Polly had all the other requirements.7. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt sure that time would supply the lack.She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.8. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction.In fact, she went in the opposite direction, that is, she was not intelligent but rather stupid.9. “In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be o pen. Is that right?”If you were no longer involved with her (if you stopped dating her), others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.10. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat and then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to abandon/ give away Polly became weaker.To teach her to think appeared to be a rather big task.12. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but I decided to try one more time.13. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.There is a limit to what any human being can bear.14. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but I turned out to be Frankenstein because Polly (the result/ product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.15. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me.Desperately I tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.Lesson 5 The Sad Young Men1. The slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged...At the very mention of this post-war period ,middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions..2. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable .In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside middle-class respectability and affected refinement.3. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure...The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.4. ...it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication...In America the young people did not seriously take up the responsibilities of changing the traditional customs of society; instead they lived unconventional lives and, by drinking and behaving indecently in many ways, they broke the moral code of the community.5. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit...The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.6. ...our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.As a result, the young men began to join the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.7. ...they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up.”The young people wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the war ended.8. ...they had outgrown towns and families...These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their hometowns or their families.9. ...the returning veteran also had to face the sodden, Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles, the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition...The returning veteran also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did. They had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would be good for the people.10. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”...(Under all this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.11. ...it was only natural that hopeful young writers , their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center...It was only natural that hopeful young writers ,whose minds and writings were full of violent anger against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in large numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.12. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on itself on its unconventionality...Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.Lesson 6 Loving and Hating New York1. Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste...Nowadays New Yorkers can’t understand nor follow the taste of the American people and is often in disagreement with American politics.2. New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends...New York now boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends ( fashion, styles) of America and that it is a place where people can escape from uniformity and commonness.3. ...sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, preempt the airways from California...Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the live talk show by Johnny Carson are on all channels, filling the airwaves.4. ... it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction...New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists .5. To win in New York is to be uneasy...A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he was won in the fierce competition).6. Nature’s pleasures are much qualified in New York.Being a large and crowed city with many tall buildings, etc., the chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited in New York.7. ...the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens.At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems haughtily to dim the light of the stars.8. But the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated.But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.9. In both these roles it ratifies more than it creates.In both these roles of banking and communications headquarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country.10. The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype...The television generation was constantly and strongly affected by extravagant promotional advertising.11. ...those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines.Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.12. Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again.Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.13. The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town.Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other people cannot see them.14. The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates.New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but sometimes/ at times it also invigorates and stimulates.Lesson 7 The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas1. With a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city Omelas.beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas.2. ...their high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and singing.The shouting of the children could be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.3. . ..exercised their restive horses before the race.The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.4. Given a description such as this one tends to make certain assumptions.After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.5. This is the treason of artist: a refusal to admit the banality of evil and the terrible boredom of pain.An artist betrays his trust when he does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.6. They were nature, intelligent, passionate adults whose lives were not wretched.They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.7. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion.Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination will be equal to the task.8. …the faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the way of the city…The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city.9. Perhaps it was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition, and neglect.Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish and stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.10. Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment.The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly.11. Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality, and to accept it.They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tears dry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality is though it is terrible, and they accept it.12. It is the existence of the child, and their knowledge of its existence, that makes possible the nobility of their architecture, the poignancy of their music, the profundity of their science.The existence of the child and their knowledge of its existence is the reason that makes their buildings grand and impressive, their music moving and their science intellectually deep.Lesson 8 The Future of the English1. ...below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling...The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other, but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feelings for each other.2. ...at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers, whom they regard as lazy and troublesome people.3. ...there are not many of these men, either on the board or the shop floor...There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers ( or governing board of a factory ).4. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness.The contemporary world demands that everything should be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness.5. Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show...At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.6. ...while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake...Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.7. To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal imbecility.To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.8. I must add that while Englishness can still fight on, Admass could be winning.I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.9. It must have some moral capital to draw upon, and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot provide.10. They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass”Good Life” is a fraud on all coun ts.These people probably believe, as I do, that the “Good Life” promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.11. ...he will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect.He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.12. To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.These people consider the House of Commons as a place rather far away (from them) where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matters.13. ...heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.If a dictator comes to powder, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.Lesson 9 The Loons1. ...with a face that seemed totally unfamiliar with laughter...with a face that was dead serious, never laughed2. Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get mixed up in a Saturday-night brawl...Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor.3. ...her attendance had always been sporadic and her interest in schoolwork negligible.She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork.4. ...she existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence...I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease.5. She dwelt and moved somewhere within my scope of vision...She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight. But I paid little attention to her: she was almost invisible for me. (Recall Orwell’s “Marakech” in which dark-skinned people become invisible.)6. If it came to a choice between Grandmother Macleod and Piquette, Piquette would win hands down, nits or not.If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and Piquette, she would certainly choose the latter without hesitation, no matter whether the latter had nits or not.7. My acquaintance with Indians was not extensive.I didn’t know many Indians.8. ...she remained both a reproach and a mystery to me.I blamed myself (for my inability to make Piquette’s response warmer) and at the sametime found her mysterious.9. Her defiant face, momentarily, because unguarded and unmasked, and in her eyes there was a terrifying hope.Normally, she was a defensive and sensitive as if her face was guarded and marked. But in a brief moment when she was saying this, there was an expression of defiance on her face, which was her true emotion. In her eyes there was a kind of hope which was so intense that it stuck people as terrifying.10. ...she looked a mess, to tell you the truth, a real slattern, dressed any old how...She looked very messy, dirty and untidy, dressed in a very careless way.11. She was up in court a couple of times--drunk and disorderly, of course.She was taken to court several times, because she was drunk and disorderly as onecould expect.12. The one store had become several dozen, and the settlement had all the attributes of a flourishing resort--hotels, a dance-hall, cafes with neon signs, the penetrating odours of potato chips and hot dogs.There had been only one store before, but now there were several dozen stores. The settlement had all the features of a flourishing resort such as hotels, a dance-hall, cafes lighted by neon signs, the strong smells of potato chips and hot dogs.13. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not.Perhaps they had failed to find a suitable habitat where they could belong and hadsimply died out, having stopped caring any longer whether they lived or not.Lesson10 The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American1. It is a complex fate to be an American…The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.2. ..they were no more at home in Europe than I was.They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.3. ...we were both searching for our separate identities.American writers, black and white, were all trying to find their own special individualities.4. I do not think that could have made this reconciliation here.I don't think I could have accepted in America my black status without feeling ashamed.5. ...it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social contact than in America.6. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and functions in society. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their status.7. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it.I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.8. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.This process of reconsidering many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful (because you have to admit that some ideas you held were wrong), but is also very valuable and important.9. On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins.10. American writers do not have a fixed society to describe.American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.11. Every society is governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people.Every society is influenced and directed by unwritten laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.Lesson 11 Four Laws of Ecology ( Part 1 )1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, make up the vast network of life on the earth.The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping.Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics.The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to scribe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle.Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animal populations.The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.6. These oscillations are built into the operation of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbits population is negatively related to the number of lynx.More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the。