2011年兰州大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案

凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路! 2011Secti on I Use of En glishDirectio ns:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A], B], C] or D] o n ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poi nts)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1 ___________ some claims to the con trary, laugh ing probably has little in flue nee on physical fitn ess Laughter does __2 __ short-term cha nges in the fun cti on of the heart and its blood vessels, _ 3_ heart rate and oxyge n con sumpti on But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__,a good laugh is un likely to have __5 _ ben efits the way, say, walk ing or jogg ing does.__6__, in stead of stra ining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter appare ntly accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930 ' s indicate that laughter__8 muscles, decreas ing muscle tone for up to 45 minu tes after the laugh dies dow n.Such bodily reacti on might con ceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Any way, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______ 10 __ feedback, that improve anin dividual ' s emoti onal state. __11 ____ one classical theory of emoti on, our feeli ngs are partially rooted ___ 12 __ physical react ion s. It was argued at the end of the 19th cen tury that huma ns do not cry ___ 13 __ they are sad but they become sad whe n the tears beg in to flow.Although sad ness also ___ 14 _ tears, evide nee suggests that emoti ons can flow __15 __ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of w u rzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16 ________ a pen either with theirteeth-thereby creati ng an artificial smile —or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17 ___ expressi on. Those forced to exercise their en thusiastically to funny cato ons tha n did those whose mon ths were con tracted in a frown, ____ 19 __ that expressi ons may in flue nee emoti ons rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1. A]among B]except C]despite D]like2. A]reflect B]dema nd C]i ndicate D]produce3. A]stabilizi ng B]boosti ng C]impairi ng D]determi ning凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!4. A]tra nsmit B]sustai n C]evaluate D]observe5. A]measurable B]ma nageable C]affordable D]ren ewable6. A]ln turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief7. A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected8. A]harde ns B]weake ns C]tighte ns D]relaxes9. A]aggravate B]ge nerate C]moderate D]enhance10. A]physical B]me ntal C]subc on scious D]i nternal11. A]Except for B]Accordi ng to C]Due to D]As for12. A]with B]on C]in D]at13. A]unless B]until C]if D]because14. A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses15. A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond16. A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold17. A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent18. A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted19. A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing20. A]Eve ntually B]Co nseque ntly C]Similarly D]Co nverselySecti on II Read ing Comprehe nsionPart ADirections:Read the follow ing four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choos ing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 poi nts)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has bee n the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudde n announ ceme nt of his appo in tme nt in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “ Hooray! At last! ” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert ' s appointment in the Times, calls him “ an un prete ntious musicia n with no air of the formidable con ductor about him. ”凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great con ductor or eve n a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or any where else, to hear in teresti ng orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted con certgoers who reply that record ings are no substitute for live performa nee are missi ng the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater compa ni es, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today' s live performances; moreover, they can be “ consumed” at a time and place of the listener' s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the in stitutio n of the traditi onal classical concert.One possible resp onse is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert ' s own in terest in new music has bee n widely no ted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization. ” But what will be the nature of that differenee? Merely expa nding the orchestra ' s repertoire will n ot be eno ugh. If Gilbert and the Philharmo nic are to succeed, they must first cha nge the relati on ship betwee n America ' s oldest orchestra and the new audie nee it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert ' s appointment hasA] incurred criticism.B] raised suspici on.C] received acclaim.D] aroused curiosity.22. Tommasi ni regards Gilbert as an artist who isA] i nflue ntial.B] modest.凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!C] respectable.D] tale nted.23. The author believes that the devoted con certgoersA] ig nore the expe nses of live performa nces.B] reject most kinds of recorded performa nces.C] exaggerate the variety of live performa nces.D] overestimate the value of live performa nces.24. Accord ing to the text, which of the followi ng is true of record in gs?A] They are ofte n in ferior to live con certs in quality.B] They are easily accessible to the gen eral public.C] They help improve the quality of music.D] They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert ' s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA] doubtful.B] en thusiastic.C] co nfide nt.D] puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as preside nt of Bank of America in August, his expla nati on was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “ to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambiti on was “ very much my decisi on, ” McGee says. With in two weeks, he was talk ing for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairma n on September 29.McGee says leavi ng without a positi on lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of compa ny he wan ted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirati ons. And McGee isn' t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the expla nati on that they were look ing for a CEO post. As boards scruti nize successi on pla ns in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don' t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbule nt bus in ess en vir onment also has senior man agers cautious of lett ing vague pronoun ceme nts cloud凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!their reputati ons.As the first sig ns of recovery begi n to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willi ng to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, accord ing to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opport un ities will abo und for aspiri ng leaders.The decisi on to quit a senior positi on to look for a better one is unconven ti on al. For years executives and headh un ters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO can didates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: ” I can' t think of a single search I' ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. ” Those who jumped without a job haven ' t always Ianded in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropica na a decade age, say ing she wan ted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny In ternet-based commodities excha nge. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambiti ons to be a CEO. He fin ally took that post at a major finan cial in stitutio n three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fadi ng for top performers. The finan cial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “ The traditional rule was it ' s safer to stay where you are, but that' s bee n fun dame ntally in verted, ” says one headh un ter. “ The people who' ve been hurt the worst are those who' ve stayed too Iong.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingA] arroga nt.B] fra nk.C] self-ce ntered.D] impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives ' quitting may be spurred byA] their expectation of better financial status.B] their need to reflect on their private life.C] their strained relations with the boards.D] their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “ poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA] approved of.B] atte nded to.凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!C] h un ted for.D] guarded aga in st.29. It can be in ferred from the last paragraph thatA] top performers used to cli ng to their posts.B] loyalty of top performers is gett ing out-dated.C] top performers care more about reputati ons.D] it ' s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A] CEOs: Where to Go?B] CEOs: All the Way Up?C] Top Man agers Jump without a NetD] The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to market ing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No Ion ger. While traditi onal “ paid ” media —such as televisi on commercials and print advertiseme nts —still play a major role, compa nies today can exploit many alter native forms of media. Con sumers passi on ate about a product may create “ owned ” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way con sumers now approach the broad range of factors bey ond conven ti onal paid media.Paid and owned media are con trolled by marketers promot ing their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users ' responses. But in some cases, one markete d s owned media become another marketer' s paid media - for instanee, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airli nes and hotels and will no doubt go further. Joh nson & Joh nson, for example, has created BabyCe nter, a sta nd-al one media property that promotes compleme ntary and eve n competitive products. Besides gen erati ng in come, the prese nee of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!concern ed.The same dramatic tech no logical cha nges that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) com muni cati ons choices have also in creased the risk that passi on ate con sumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damagi ng ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instanee, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the bus in esses that origi nally created them.If that happe ns, passi on ate con sumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putt ing the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company' s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with con sumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. C on sumers may create “ earn ed” media whe n they areA] obscssed with on li ne shopp ing at certa in Web sites.B] in spired by product-promot ing e-mails sent to them.C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.D] en thusiastic about recomme nding their favorite products.32. Accord ing to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA] a safe bus in ess environment.B] ran dom competiti on.C] strong user traffic.D] flexibility in orga ni zati on.33. The author in dicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA] in vite con sta nt con flicts with passi on ate con sumers.B] can be used to produce n egative effects in marketi ng.C] may be resp on sible for fiercer competiti on.D] deserve all the n egative comme nts about them.34. Toyota Motor ' s experienee is cited as an example of凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!A] resp onding effectively to hijacked media.B] persuadi ng customers into boycotti ng products.C] cooperat ing with supportive con sumers.D] tak ing adva ntage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.B] Con flict betwee n hijacked and earned media.C] Dominance of hijacked media.D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It' s no surprise that Jennifer Senior' s in sightful, provocative magaz ine cover story, "I love My Children, I Hate My Life, ” is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggesti on that child reari ng is anything less tha n a completely fulfill in g, life-e nrich ing experie nee. Rather tha n con clud ing that childre n make pare nts either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we n eed to redefi ne happ in ess: in stead of thinking of it as someth ing that can be measured by mome nt-to-mome nt joy, we should con sider being happy as a past-te nse con diti on. Even though the day-to-day experie nee of rais ing kids can be soul-crushi ngly hard, Senior writes that “ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. ”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Mado nn a-a nd-child image on n ewssta nds this week. There are also stories about n ewly adoptive -and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “ Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smili ng on the n ewssta nds.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret hav ing childre n is equivale nt to admitt ing you support kitte n-killi ng ? It does n ' t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of pare nts to the regrets of the childre n. Un happy pare nts rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ' thave had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that childre n are the sin gle most importa nt thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gap ing baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies con cludi ng that pare nts are less happy tha n childless couples, sin gle pare nts are the least happy of all. No shock there, con sideri ng how much work it is to raise a kid without a part ner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “ own” (read: with roun d-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It' s hard to imag ine that many people are dumb eno ugh to want childre n just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it ' s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren' t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experienee, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36. Je nnifer Senior suggests in her article that rais ing a child can bringAtemporary delightB] enjoyme nt in progressC] happ in ess in retrospectD] last ing reward37. We lear n from Paragraph 2 thatA] celebrity moms are a perma nent source for gossip.B] si ngle mothers with babies deserve greater atte nti on.C] n ews about preg nant celebrities is en terta ining.D] havi ng childre n is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folksA] are con sta ntly exposed to criticism.B] are largely ignored by the media.C] fail to fulfill their social resp on sibilities.D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39. Accord ing to Paragraph 4, the message con veyed by celebrity magaz ines isA] sooth ing.B] ambiguous.C] compe nsatory.凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!D] misleadi ng.40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A] Havi ng childre n con tributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.B] Celebrity moms have in flue need our attitude towards child reari ng.C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D] We sometimes n eglect the happ in ess from child reari ng.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorga nize these paragraphs into a cohere nt text by choos ing from the list A_G to filli ng them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poi nts)A] No discipli nes have seized on professi on alism with as much en thusiasm as the huma nities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral stude nts in En glish drop out before gett ing their degrees.B] His concern is mainly with the huma nities: Literature, la nguages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in bus in ess compared with only 2% in history and 4% in En glish. However, many lead ing America nuni versities want their un dergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand no tes, “ the great books are read because they have bee nread” -they form a sort of social glue.C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departme nts awarded more bachelor' s degrees in 1970-71 tha n they did 20 years later. Fewer stude nts requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writi ng, many huma nities stude nts leave the professi on to do somethi ng for which they have not bee n train ed.凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more tha n half of Harvard un dergraduates end up in law, medici ne or bus in ess, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professi on alised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold betwee n 1960a nd 1990, but faculty teach ing hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professi on alism has turned the acquisiti on of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of America n professors did not possess one. But the key idea beh ind professi on alisati on, argues Mr Menan d, is that “ the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable. ” So discipli nes acquire a mon opoly not just over the product ion of kno wledge, but also over the product ion of the producers of kno wledge.F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to thinkdangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. ” Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may n eed to become less exclusi on ary a nd more holistic. ” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in America n Uni versities, and Louis Menand, a professor of En glish at Harvard Uni versity, capturedit skillfully.G T 41. T42. T E T43. T44. T45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtran slation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 poi nts)凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!With its theme that “ Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the cen tral idea of self-help writi ng.(46) Allen ' s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore con trol our thoughts-a nd reveal its erron eous n ature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind gen erates as much actio n as the con scious mind, and (47) while we may be able to susta in the illusi on of con trol through the con scious mind alone, in reality we are con ti nu ally faced with a questio n: “ Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presenee of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are. ” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don't “ get” success but become it. There is no gap betwee n mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen ' s book is its contention that “ Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him. ” (48) This seems a justificati on for n eglect of those in n eed, and a rati on alizati on of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opport unity for growth. If circumsta nces always determ ined the life and prospects of people, the n huma nity would n ever have progressed. In fat, (49)circumsta nces seem to be desig ned to bring out the best i n us and if we feel that we have bee n “ wron ged ” the n we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person' s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an in dividual.The sobering aspect of Allen ' s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everyth ing is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section 川WritingPart A凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recomme nd one of your favorite movies and2) give reas ons for your recomme ndati onYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sig n your own n ame at the end of the leter. User “ LI MING ” in stead.Do not writer the address.(10 poin ts)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the follow ing draw ing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly,凯程考研考研，为学员服务，为学生引路!2) explain it ' s intended meaning, and3) give your comme nts.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 poi nts) 2011年考研英语一真题参考答案 客观题Secti on I Use of En glishCDBBA BADCA BCDCB DADACSection II Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart ADBDBA BDCAC DCBAA CCDDBPart B41. B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译题：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设 我们能够控制我们的理想。

南京大学2011年翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享南京大学2011年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。

I. Phrase Translation1.WHO: World Health Organization世界卫生组织2.CBD: Central Business District中央商业区，中心商务区3.CPU: Central Processing Unit中央处理器4.IMF: 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)5.ISO: International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织6.OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织7.UNESCO: 联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)8.Euromart: European Common Market欧洲共同市场9.Guiness Book of Record: 吉尼斯世界纪录10.negative population growth: 人口负增长11.the European Economic Community: 欧洲经济共同体12.World Intellectual Property Organization: 世界知识产权组织13,Global warming is believed to be the results of an enhanced greenhouse effect. 温室效应14. The English system of house buying depends initially upon a gentleman’s agreement between the buyer and the seller without any backing from the law. 君子协定15. The I-steel is frequently used in construction.工字形钢16.安居工程: Affordable Housing Project17.不可再生资源: non-renewable resources18.多党合作制: the system of multi-party cooperation19.工业园区industrial parks/zones20.绿色食品green food21.泡沫经济bubble economy22.人才流失brain drain23.售后服务after-sale service24.技术下乡spread technological knowledge to farmers25.可持续发展：sustainable development26.老字号time-honored brands;an old and famous shop or enterprise27.台湾回归祖国，完成统一大业是我们这一代人光荣的历史使命。

聊城大学2011 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Grammar (30')Multiple ChoiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. The victory __________ the soldiers with optimism.A. approachedB. infusedC. influencedD. brought2. The ____ of the Titanic in 1912 was caused by a huge iceberg.A. plungingB. drowningC. sinkingD. descending3. Tomorrow the new priest will give his first _____ to the congregation.A. speechB. sermonC. lectureD. discourse4. She has ______ influence with the manager.A. consideringB. considerableC. considerateD. consideration5. Dark clouds are gathering in the sky, and a storm is ______ .A. imminentB. immediateC. eminentD. instantaneous6. H1N1 influenza usually has a ______ period of about 2 to 7 days.A. tacitB. covertC. inertD. latent7. These flowers need watering: otherwise, they will _____ .A. disappearB. witherC. flourishD. blossom8. The Dead Sea is ____ of any plant or animal life because of the extremely high content of salts.A. devoidB. minusC. absentD. empty9. The article that you need is in the May 2009 ____ of Reader's Digest.A. journalB. periodicalC. publicationD. issue10. I think my friends are spending the weekend with their _____ families.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectedD. respectful11. Johnson wished that he _____ last year.A. had accompanied his father to EuropeB. accompanied his father to EuropeC. would have accompanied his father to EuropeD. should have accompanied his father to Europe12. These reasons make ________ for the children to receive higher education.A. it is necessary,B. necessaryC. that necessaryD. it necessary13. One's success is determined ______ by what he thinks as by what he does.A. not so muchB. so not muchC. so much notD. much not so14. ______ have made life easier and more convenient is widely accepted.A. What computersB. Where computersC. That computersD. Computers15. The girl knows nobody in the city _____ him.A. other thanB. another thanC. different fromD. similar with16. Imagism. ______ movement in the early 20th century Anglo-American poetry, was a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism.A. was aB. that aC. aD. that was a17. Thomas Paine wrote during the American Revolution a series of articles, ______ was to inspire the American troops to continue their battle for independence from England.A. whose purposeB. its purposeC. the purposeD. purpose18. Living in modem society, people should be ________ stress.A. able of handlingB. able to banditC. capable to handleD. enable to handle19. It is required that the project ________ before 2012.A. is completedB. be completedC. to be completedD. will be completed20. Susan did not band in her assignment this morning because she had forgotten _______ .A. bringing it with herB. to bringing it with herC. about bringing it with herD. to bring it with herⅡ. Reading Comprehension (40')Section 1 Multiple Choice (20')Directions: In this section there are 2 reading passages followed by multiple-choice, questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AOur love affair with sugar—and also with salt, another crucial but not airways available part of the diet—goes back millions of years. But humanity's appetite for animal fat and protein is probably more recent. It was some 2.5 million years ago that our hominid ancestors developed a taste for meat. The fossil record shows that the human brain became markedly bigger and more complex about the same time. And indeed, according to Katherine Milton, an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "The incorporation of animal matter into the diet played an absolutely essential role in human evolution."For starters, meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that helped our human ancestors grow taller. The first humans were the size of small chimps, but the bones of a Homo crgaster boy dating back about 1.5 million years suggest that he could have stood more than 6 ft. as an adult. Besides building our bodies, says Emory University's Dr. S. Boyd Eaton, the fatty acids found in animal-based foods would have served as a powerful raw material for the growth of human brains.Because it's so packed with nutrients, meat gave early humans a respite from constant feeding.like lions and tigers, they didn't have to cat around the clock just to keep going. But more important, unlike the big cats, which rely mostly on strength and speed to bring down dinner, our ancestors depended on guile, organization and the social and technological skills made possible by their increasingly complex brains. Those who were smartest about hunting—and about gathering the plant foods they ate as part of their omnivorous diets—tended to be better fed and healthier than the competition. They were thus more likely to pass along their genes.The new appetite for meat didn't mean we lost our passion for sweets, though. As Berkeley's Milton points out, the brain's growth may have been facilitated by abundant animal protein, but the brain operates on glucose, the sugar that serves as the major fuel for cellular function. "The brain drinks glucose 24 hours a day," she says. The sugars in fruit and the carbohydrates in edible grains and tubers are particularly good sources of glucose.The appetite for meat and sweets were essential to human survival but they didn't lead to obesity for several reasons. For one thing, the wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat—only about 4%. compared with up to 36% in grain-fed supermarket beef. For another, our ancestors couldn't count on a steady supply of any particular food. Hunters might bring down a deer or a rabbit or nothing at all. Fruit might be in season, or it might not. A chunk of honeycomb might have as many calories as half a dozen Krispy Kreme doughnuts, but you might be able to get it once a year at best— and it wouldn't have the fat.Beyond that. hunting and gathering took enormous physical work. Chasing wild animals with spears and clubs was a marathon undertaking—and then you had to hack up the catch and lug it miles back to camp. Climbing trees to find nuts and fruit was hard work too. In essence, early humans ate what amounted to the best of the high-protein Atkins diet and the low-fat Ornish diet, and worked out almost nonstop. To get a sense of their endurance, cardiovascular fitness, musculature and body fat, say evolutionary anthropologists, look at a modern marathon runner.1. Which of the following first appeared as a staple part of human diet?A. meatB. sugarC. proteinD. fat2. The word "hominid" in Line 3, Paragraph 1 means _______ .A. intelligentB. primitiveC. ableD. flexible3. After meat became part of our ancestors' diet, _______ .A. their bodies and brains were both improvedB. they no longer needed sweetsC. they began to eat around the clock just to keep goingD. they could depend mostly on strength and speed to obtain food4. The major physical characteristics of early humans can be found in a modern ________ .A. scientistB. marathon runnerC. childD. man5. According to the passage, the appetite for sweets and meat did not lead to obesity of our ancestors because all of the following EXCEPT _____ .A. the meat they ate was high in protein but low in fatB. they tried to lose weightC. they did not have a steady supply of any particular foodD. they needed to do enormous physical workPassage B"There was a time when Americans thought they understood class. The upper crust vacationed in Europe and worshiped an Episcopal God. The middle class drove Ford Fairlanes, settled the San Fernando Valley and enlisted as company men. The working class belonged to the A.F.I.-C.I.O.. votedDemocratic and did not take cruises to the Caribbean.Today, the country has gone a long way toward an appearance of classlessness. Americans of all sorts are awash in luxuries that would have dazzled their grandparents. Social diversity has erased many of the old markers. It has become harder to read people's status in the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the votes they cast, the god they worship, the color of their skin. The contours of class have blurred: some say they have disappeared.But class is still a powerful force in American life. Over the past three decades, it has come to play a greater, not lesser, role in important ways At a time when education matters more than ever success in school remains linked tightly to class At a time when the country is increasingly integrated racially, the rich are isolating themselves more and more. At a time of extraordinary advances in medicine, class differences in health and lifespan are wide and appear to be widening.And new research on mobility, the movement of families up and down the economic ladder, shows there is far less of it than economists once thought and less than most people believe. In fact, mobility, which once buoyed the working lives of Americans as it rose in the decades after World War Ⅱ. has lately flattened out or possibly even declined, many researchers say.Mobility is the promise that lies at the heart of the American dream. It is supposed to take the sting out of the widening gulf between the have-mores and the have-nots. There are poor and rich in the United States. of course, the argument goes: but as long as one can become the other, as long as there is something close to equality of opportunity, the differences between them do not add up to class barriers.However, the trends are broad and seemingly contradictory: the blurring of the landscape of class and the simultaneous hardening of certain class lines: the rise in standards of living while most people remain moored in their relative places.Even as mobility seems to have stagnated, the ranks of the elite are opening. Today, anyone may have a shot at becoming a United States Supreme Court justice or a C.E,O,. and there are more and more self-made billionaires. Only 37 members of last year's Forbes 400. a list of the richest Americans. inherited their wealth, down from almost 200 in the mid-1980's.So it appears that while it is easier for a few high achievers to scale the summits of wealth, for many others it has become harder to move up from one economic class to another. Americans are arguably more likely than they were 30 years ago to and up in the class into which they were born.A paradox lies at the heart of this new American meritocracy. Merit has replaced the old system of inherited privilege, in which parents to the manner befit handed down the manor to their children. But merit, it turns out. is at least partly class-based Parents with money, education and connections cultivate in their children the habits that the meritocracy rewards. When their children then succeed, their success is see11 as earned.The scramble to scoop up a house in the best school district, channel a child into the right preschool program or land the Best medical specialist are all part of a quiet contest among social groups that the affluent and educated are winning in a rout."The old system of hereditary barriers and clubby barriers has pretty much vanished." said Eric Wanner, president of the Russell Sage Foundation. a social science research group in New York City that recently published a series of studies o the soc al effects of economic inequality.In place of the old system. Dr. Wannor said. have arisen "new ways of transmitting advantage that are beginning to assert themselves."6. Which of the following leaves an impression on people that class distinctions are disappearing in America?A. Americans of all sorts are enjoying luxuries.B. Children of the wealthy families tend to be more successful in schools.C. The rich receive better medical treatmentD. The rich have a longer life span.7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is incorrect?A. Americans once thought that they understood what class meant.B. America has become a classless country.C. Class differences in some fields are widening.D. Class is now playing a greater role in American society than before.8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the American dream?A. Mobility is a core tenet of the American dream.B. Americans are more likely than before to end up in the class into which they were born.C. It has become more difficult for most people to realize the American dream.D. Americans have given up their American dream.9. What does the word "contradictory" in Line 1. Paragraph 6 mean?A. conflictingB. complementaryC. cooperativeD. harmonious10. What is the correct expression about the American meritocracy?A. Advancement is not based on individual ability or achievementB. Merit is class-based to some extent in America.C. It fails to make those excellent people succeed.D. Only the rich can benefit from the system.Section 2 Answering questions (20')Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions whieh follow each passage, Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer on your answer sheet.Questions 1～3He sleeps the day away, and is irritable when he's awake. She's moody and mopes around. He eats everything or almost nothing. She hides in her room. shunning even the simplest chores. Does this sound like a teenager you know?Neuroscientists suspect the adolescent brain is wired for emotional turbulence and retreat from the family. These tendencies may help teenagers separate from their parents and reach out to peers, But those same tendencies can make it hard to tell when the work of growing up is turning into a depression that deserves treatment Roughly one out of 12 teens suffers significant depression beforethe age of 18. Girls. once they reach puberty, are twice as likely as boys to become depressed. Approximately half of the teenagers with untreated depression may attempt suicide, which remains the third leading cause of death in this age group.Important differences separate the growing pains of adolescence from depression. A painful breakup, a rejection by peers, a bad grade or a humiliating disagreement with an adult may cause unhappiness or frustration for a few days. Depression dominates lift for weeks or months, and may appear for no known reason Depressed kids—who may be biologically more vulnerable than others to environmental stress—feel almost constantly miserable and enjoy very little. But depression isn't always expressed as sadness, The teen may be irritable, or complain of headaches or stomach pains instead of describing a bad mood. Energy, sleep and appetite may suffer. Some depressed kids function poorly at school or withdraw from friends and family. And while it is normal for adolescents to think about mortality and the meaning of life, it's not normal to be preoccupied with death or to seriously contemplate suicide.Antidepressants are neither panacea nor poison, but they do help many kids. The worries about these drugs are famous. Right after starting an antidepressant, some kids do become more anxious or restless, and a few may have an increase in suicidal thoughts. But depression itself carries greater risks. It is much more likely to cause suicide, and it can thwart healthy development. Any teen startinganti-depressant therapy should be seen regularly by the prescribing doctor, and the family should call immediately if the child gets worse instead of better.Medications are only part of good treatment, though. The measures that promote healthy adolescent growth also are helpful for depression. Moderate aerobic exercise relieved depressive symptoms in almost half of young adults in one recent study. Good sleeping and eating habits, while sometimes a tough sell to adolescents, can also improve mood. Psychotherapy can help teens figure out what makes them feel helpless or sell-critical and develop strategies to put things right. And when adolescents latch on to an activity they value that also helps others, their mood improves, and so does their sense of self. Imaging studies confirm that altruistic behavior lights up the brain's reward areas.The future may bring better antidepressants, along with better tools for identifying whichmedications are best suited to which child. But it's already possible for teens to learn to sustain relationships, to turn back thoughts that spur depression and to contribute to causes larger than themselves. By supporting them in these quests, we can ease the transition out of childhood, and help them build more fulfilling lives as adults.1. What common symptoms does depression have and what serious consequences can it lead to?2. What measures are helpful for depression?3. What can be expected of the future in the treatment of depression?Questions 4～5QUNU, South Africa (AP)—Nelson Mandela sat beaming in a yellow armchair, his legs propped up on a large stool arid covered with a pale yellow blanket. Ten grandchildren crowded around to serenade him with "Happy Birthday" and then smothered him with hugs and kisses.The anti-apartheid icon celebrated his 90th birthday Friday with his family at his home in rural southeastern South Africa and the whole village turned out.Elders in traditional dress came to pay their respects, sheep were trucked into the property and a troupe of bare-breasted young women sang and danced in preparation for Mandela's lunch with 500 dignitaries Saturday.He still found time to settle down to read a pile of newspapers, to keep up with local and international affairs.Sounding and looking vigorous, Mandela told a small group of reporters he was fortunate to have reached 90. crediting his "behavior" for his longevity.But the man who has become a symbol of peace remains troubled by the demoralizing poverty still faced by so many of his countrymen."If you are poor, you are not likely to live long," he said.His message was simple—the wealthy must do more."There are many people in South Africa who are rich and who can share those riches with those not so fortunate. who have not been able to conquer poverty," Mandela said during the 10-minuteinterview, his first such exchange with journalists in years.He was asked if he wished he could have had more time with his family during a life spent fighting apartheid and then leading South Africa as its lirst black president."I am sure for many people that is their wish," Mandela said. "I also have that wish that I spent more time (with my famly). But I don't regret it."His third wife. Graea Machel whom he married 10 years ago on his birthday, said in a TV interview that he was a lonely, man despite his busy schedule as a leader when she met him a few years after he divorced Winnie Madikizela-Mandela in 1996. She told AI-Jazeera television she helped him reconnect with his family."If I could say in a very modest way. that's what I was able to give him back." Machel, a noted campaigner for children's rights, said in the interview broadcast Friday. "Tm happy that in his sunset years I was able to be there for him. And he is there for me."Mandela was imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against apartheid. He was released in 1990 to lead negotiations that ended decades of racist white rule. then was elected president in South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994.He completed his term in 1999 and did not run again, but has continued to take a leading role in the fight against poverty, illiteracy and AIDS in Africa.Tukwini Mandela, 33. one of Mandela's granddaughters, said Friday was "a special day because we are planning a huge party on Saturday and we are hoping he is going to enjoy it.""We have invited his oldest friends who have meant something to him and have made a difference in his life." she said.While not all Mandela's 18 grandchildren and six great-grandchildren were attending the celebrations, many were present Friday, creating a warm atmosphere in the house, decorated with animal skin mats and African prints on the walls.Wearing one of his signature patterned shirts in shades of green, gold and black, Mandela glanced pensively out a window at the start of his interview with The Associated Press and a few other news organizations."This is my property. When I am here, I feel I own something," he said of the homestead in the rural area 600 miles south of Johannesburg where as a boy he herded cattle in the hills.His grandchildren spoke of their pride in Mandela, the responsibility of bearing his name and the desire to protect the old man who could not be there when they were growing up."We are extremely proud of his achievements and the sacrifices he made," said Nandi Mandela, 40. "His humanity and his love for the people, especially children have made him into this world icon. We hive him dearly."She said birthdays have always been special occasions for her grandfather. She recalled how, without Pail, she would receive a greeting card from him in prison—even though he was only allowed to write a limited number of letters every month.Mandela's birthday is annual cause for celebration across South Africa and draws attention from his many local and international admirersTwo runners holding South African flags circled Robben Island. where Mandela spent most of his 27 years in jail. In Johannesburg. children celebrated with birthday cake at the offices of the foundation Mandela founded after stepping down as president in 1999. and his African National Congress party unfurled giant banners featuring his image at its downtown headquarters.Birthday messages have been pouring in. including one Friday from President Bush, who applauded Mandela as "a great example of courage, hope, and the power of freedom."Mandela at first planned a quiet affair at his home in the picturesque Xhosa homeland, with its rolling hills and turquoise huts. But there are now a variety of events planned in his honor in and around Qunu, including u soccer festival and a pop concert. The lunch Saturday will be attended by President Thabo Mbeki and veterans of the anti-apartheid struggle.An exhibition of letters that children wrote to Mandela and the late U.S. civil rights campaigner Rosa Parks will be displayed at the Nelson Mandela Museum. a short distance from his house."He is like a typical birthday boy." said Mdileka Mandela. 43. adding that he frequently checked to see who was on the guest list." He really wants to have the birthday here."Buntu I Iolomisa, a former leader of the Xhosa homeland and close family friend, has beenhelping oversee preparations for Saturday's event.The oxen were slaughtered according to traditional rituals and local women worked on a meal to be shared by local villagers, he said"For him (Mandela) the community is more important than the guests who he knows are going to be well looked after." Holomisa saidIt was clear Mandela is very important to the community Schoolgirls shouted birthday greetings from taxi windows as they drove past the house, little children dressed in rags sang outside the gate and people came and went throughout the day."Today is an important day for the family of Mandela." said Nokwanele Balizulu. chief of Qunu. "Mandela is our father. our grandfather who released from the apartheid government and who was prepared to die for us."4. What message was conveyed when Mandela said "if you are poor. you are not likely to live long"?5. Describe in your own words Mandela's major experiences according to the passageⅢ. Writing (30')Write a composition of about 400 words on the title "On Happiness".。

兰大文学20１1真题回忆版文学理论与外国文学文学理论部分ﻫ名词解释：文学本体论艺术构思叙事的特征? ﻫ论述题：１结合文学作品，论述艺术真实与生活真实的区别。

ﻫ２结合我国的文学创作情况,谈谈文学批评家的职责。

ﻫ外国文学部分简答题:1 简析古希腊神话的特征。

2 简析但丁《神曲》的主题。

论述题:ﻫ１为什么说《浮士德》是资产阶级三百多年来精神探索史?2 论述普希金的《叶甫盖尼奥涅金》中奥涅金的形象。

中国文学论述题：1 试论述中国古代历史散文对后世的影响。

2ﻫ论述欧阳修在诗文革新运动中的地位与作用。

3 与乡土小说派相比，论述赵树理，孙犁小说的的乡土特征与文学史意义。

４分析中国现代文学史上创造社,现代诗派，中国新诗派的创作情况,谈谈各个流派诗歌中抒情主人公形象的流变。

2010年兰州大学招收攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题中国文学史ﻫﻫ１简述离骚的艺术特色２简述红楼梦的人物塑造特点3鲁迅小说的知识分子和农民形象互补看“表现的深切”ﻫ４巴金的《寒夜》里提到我国一部著名的现代话剧,请说出这部话剧的名称，并分析该剧女主人公与寒夜中女主人公形象及其意义。

文学概论和外国文学：填空题今年不难,不过有个《新科学》作者竟然忘了，我在福柯和维柯之间犹豫了半天选了一个错误答案,痛哭！名词：巫术仪式发生说话语叙事学期待视野还有一个忘了。

杯具ﻫ问答: 结合具体作品论现实性文学基本特征根据文学实际论马克思主义历史的和美学的观点ﻫ外国简答：使徒行传骑士传奇的基本特征意识流ﻫ论述：《包法利夫人》客观而不动声色的叙述荒原的思想内容和特色文学概论和外国文学:名词：巫术仪式发生说话语叙事学期待视野还有一个忘了。

ﻫ论述:1 结合具体作品论现实性文学基本特征2ﻫ根据文学实际论马克思主义历史的和美学的观点外国简答:1简述《使徒行传》的内容 2 骑士叙事诗的基本特征3意识流小说的基本特征ﻫ论述：1结合作品论述《包法利夫人》客观而无动于衷的叙述技巧2ﻫ论述《荒原》的思想艺术特色２0０9年兰州大学招收攻读硕士学位研究生考试试题初试科目代码:６17 初试科目名称:中国文学(含古代文学和中国现代文学)ﻫ一、填空题(每题2分,共50分）1、精卫填海的神话故事出自（)2ﻫ、“帝子隆兮北渚,目眇眇兮愁予。