2009年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

复旦大学考博英语模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ______ the consequences.A．answer forB．run intoC．abide byD．step into正确答案：A解析：answer for是“对……负责”；B．run into是“陷入，碰到”；C．abide by是“遵守”；D．step into是“进入，走进”。

2．The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A．in line withB．in terms ofC．in regard toD．in case of正确答案：B解析：本题意为“衡量一个国家的财富，既要根据一个国家生产的物质又要根据该国人民的健康和幸福”。

in terms of的意思是“根据，按照”；in line with 的意思是“跟……一致，符合”；in regard to的意思是“关于”；in case of的意思是“假使……，万一……”。

3．I tried very hard to persuade him to join our groups but I met with flat ______ .A．disapprovalB．rejectionC．refusalD．decline正确答案：C解析：本题意为“我竭力劝他加入我们的团体，但遭到断然的拒绝”。

2009年考研英语真题注释+答案解析（中英文对照版）一、完型填空文章大意：介绍了对动物智力研究所引发的思考。

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 Consider“考虑”the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 dimmer比较暗淡的bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 advantage优势in not being too terrifically bright.通过对动物智力的研究，提出：聪明是要付出代价的。

Intelligence, it 5 turns out证明是out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 off 离开起点时the starting line because it depends on learning —a 7 gradual渐进的（学习是一个渐进的过程）process —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8 stop 停止(本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。

2009英语考研真题答案2009英语考研真题答案【篇一：2005-2009年考研英语真题、答案及详解[精编版]】class=txt>section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer‘s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. this suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to is there an adaptive value to intelligence? that‘s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species we‘ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. this is the mind of every animal i‘ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence inhumans is really of it there is. question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? the results are inconclusive. 1.[a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe[d] imagine 2. [a] tended[b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened 3. [a] thinner[b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer 4. [a] tendency [b] advantage[c] inclination [d] priority 5. [a] insists on[b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward 6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along 7. [a] incredible[b] spontaneous [c]inevitable [d] gradual 8. [a] fight [b] doubt[c] stop[d] think19. [a] invisible[b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10.[a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward [d] backward 11. [a] features[b] influences [c] results [d] costs 12. [a] outside[b]on[c] by [d] across 13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c] perform [d] apply 14. [a] by chance [b] in contrast [c] as usual[d] for instance 15. [a] if[b] unless[c] as[d] lest 16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine [d] reach 17. [a] at [b] for[c] after[d] with 18. [a] above all[b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise 19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent [d] hostile 20. [a] by accident[b] in time [c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b], [c] or [d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century. inthe ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once thosethe hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says dawna markova, author of ―the open mind‖ and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. ―but we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the decider.‘ ‖ she adds, however,that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. agood innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖all of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006book ―this year i will...‖ and ms. markova‘s business partner. ―that‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by being [a] casual[b] familiar [c] mechanical [d] changeable. 22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be [a] predicted [b] regulated [c] traced[d] guided 23.“ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to [a] tracks [b] series [c] characteristics [d] connections24. ms. markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing [a] prevents new habits form being formed [b] no longer emphasizes commonness[c] maintains the inherent american thinking model [d] complies with the american belief system 25. ryan most probably agree that [a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind[b] innovativeness could be taught [c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas [d] curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the2results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozencompanies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots . most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna. but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databa ses used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 26.in paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows ptk‘s ______.[a]easy availability [b]flexibility in pricing[c] successful promotion[d] popularity with households 27. ptk is used to_______.[a] locate one‘s birth place [b] promote genetic research[c] identify parent-child kinship[d] choose children for adoption 28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to______.[a]trace distant ancestors[b]rebuild reliable bloodlines [c]fully use genetic information[d]achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________. [a]disorganized data collection[b]overlapping database building[c]excessive sample comparison[d]lack of patent evaluation.30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[a] fors and againsts of dna testing [b] dna testing and it‘s problems [c] dna testing outside the lab [d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institutionhave consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese countere pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently metbest-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even3when governments don‘t force it. after all, that‘s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required byadvanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, ho wever, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ____. [a] is subject groundless doubts [b] has fallen victim of bias [c] is conventional downgraded [d] has been overestimated 32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______. [a] challenges economists and politicians[b] takes efforts of generations [c] demands priority from the government [d] requires sufficient labor force 33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that_____. [a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined [b] the japanese workforce is more productive [c] the u.s workforce has a better education [d] the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____. [a] when people had enough time [b] prior to better ways of finding food [c] when people on longer went hung [d] as a result of pressure on government 35. according to the last paragraph , development of education ______. [a] results directly from competitive environments [b] does not depend on economic performance [c] follows improved productivity[d] cannot afford political changestext 4the most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england. according to the standard history of americanphilosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was ―so much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ according to many books and articles, new england‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life.to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. `besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston. there men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.we should not forget , however, that most new englanders were less well educated. while few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, the in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. a tailor named john dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out fromamong them, touch no unclean thing , and i will be your god and you shall be my people.‖ one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the bible that he heard in puritan churched.mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the new world for religion . ―our main end was to catch fish. ‖436. the author notes that in the seventeenth-century new england______. [a] puritan tradition dominated political life. [b] intellectual interests were encouraged.[c] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. [d] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. it is suggested in paragraph 2 that new englanders_______.[a] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. [b] brought with them the culture of the old world [c] paid little attention to southern intellectual life [d] were obsessed with religious innovations38. the early ministers and political leaders in massachusetts bay______. [a] were famous in the new world for their writings[b] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[c] abandoned high positions before coming to the new world[d] created a new intellectual atmosphere in new england39. the story of john dane shows that less well-educated new englanders were often ___. [a] influenced by superstitions [b] troubled with religious beliefs [c] puzzled by church sermons [d] frustrated with family earnings 40. the text suggests that early settlers in new england__________. [a] were mostly engaged in political activities [b] were motivated by an illusory prospect [c] came from different backgrounds.[d] left few formal records for later reference part bdirections:in the following text, some sentences have been removed. for questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list a-g to fit into each of the numbered blank. there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (10 points)coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by british naturalist charles darwin in the 1860s, british social philosopher herbert spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.american social scientist lewis hey morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. morgan, along with tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. in his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.in the early 1900s in north america, german-born american anthropologist franz boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in american anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of boas. but a number ofanthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.[a] other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. this theory was known as diffusionism. [b] in order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[c] he argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[d] they also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social5structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[e] thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[f]supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[g] for example, british anthropologists grafton elliot smith and w. j. perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, andmetallurgy all originated in ancient egypt and diffused throughout the world. in fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world. part cdirections:read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. your translation should be written carefully on answer sheet 2. (10 points)there is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. in the former case the education is religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.but in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human【篇二：2009年考研英语一真题(附答案)】txt>section iuse of english research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer?s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line becauseit depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to 8 .is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? that?s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we?ve left in the dusti.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12the mind of every animal i?ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended [b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner [b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination [d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible [b] spontaneous[c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight[b] doubt [c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward[d] backward11. [a] features [b] influences [c] results[d] costs12. [a] outside [b] on [c] by [d] across13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c]perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if[b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine[d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after [d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent[d] hostile20. [a] by accident[b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart atext1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules theuefl ecting herd,” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don?t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they?re there to stay.instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascinat ion with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of “the open mind” and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. “but we are taught instead to ?decide,? just as our president calls himself ?the decider.? ” she adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”all of us work through problems in ways of which we?re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system - that anyone can do anythin g,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book “this year i will...” and ms. markova?s business partner. “that?s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by beinga. casualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable.22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can bea. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toa. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms. markova?s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? a, prevents new habits form being formed b, no longer emphasizes commonnessc, maintains the inherent american thinking modeld, complies with the american belief system25. ryan most probably agree thata. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he?s the kid?s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and。

2009考研英语答案【篇一：2009年考研英语真题及详解】p class=txt>section Ⅰ use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet 1.(10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer’s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. this suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep. bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? that’s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dusti.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. this is ______ the mind of every animal i’ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. they would hope to study a _____ question; are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [a]suppose [b]consider [c]observe [d]imagine2. [a]tended[b]feared [c]happened [d]threatened3. [a] thinner [b]stabler [c]lighter[d]dimmer4. [a]tendency [b]advantage [c]inclination[d]priority5. [a]insists on [b]sums up [c]turns out [d]puts forward6. [a]off[b]behind[c]over[d]along7. [a]incredible[b]spontaneous [c]inevitable [d]gradual8. [a]fight [b]doubt [c]stop[d]think9. [a]invisible [b]limit [c]indefinite [d]different10. [a]upward [b]forward [c]afterward [d]backward11．[a]features[b]influences[c]results[d]costs12．[a]outside[b]on[c]by[d]across13．[a]deliver[b]carry[c]perform[d]apply14．[a]by chance[b] in contrast[c]as usual[d]for instance15．[a]if[b]unless[c]as[d]lest16．[a]moderate[b]overcome[c]determine[d]reach17．[a]at[b]for[c]after[d]with18．[a]above all[b]after all[c]however[d]otherwise19．[a]fundamental[b]comprehensive[c]equivalent[d]hostile20．[a]by accident[b]in time[c]so far[d]better stillsection Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts, answer the questions beloweach text by choosing a,b,c or d. mark your answers onanswer sheet 1. (40 points)text1habit are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century.in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.all of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges infour primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains m.j. ryan, author of the 2006 book ―this year i will…‖ and ms. markova’s business partner. ―that’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness knowing w hat you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.a. usualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.a. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaningto__________.a. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms, markova’s comments sugg est that the practice of standard testing _______?a. prevents new habits form being formedb. no longer emphasizes commonnessc. maintains the inherent american thinking moded. complies with the american belief system25. ryn most probably agree that_______.a. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots. most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers, this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk’s ________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c]successful promotion[d]popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a] locate one’s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c]identify parent-child kinship[d]choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to________.[a]trace distant ancestors[b]rebuild reliable bloodlines[c]fully use genetic information[d]achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.[a] disorganized data collection[b]overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.[a] fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it’s pr oblems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet theresearch revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counter e pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. after all, that’s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph i that the important of education in poor countries _______.[a]is subject groundless doubts[b]has fallen victim of bias[c]is conventional downgraded[d]has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c]demands priority from the government[d]requires sufficient labor force33. a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that _________.[a]the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b]the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.[a]when people had enough time[b]prior to better ways of finding food[c]when people on longer went hung[d]as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.[a]results directly from competitive environments[b]does not depend on economic performance[c]follows improved productivity[d]cannot afford political changesthe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england, according to the standard history of american philosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was ―so much important attac hed to intellectual pursuits‖ according to many books and articles, new england’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life.to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusettschurch in the decade after 1629. there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston, there men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.we should not forget, however, that most new englanders were less well educated, while few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, the in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. a tailor named john dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and i will be your god and you shall be my people.‖ one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons【篇二：2009年考研英语一真题(附答案)】txt>section iuse of english research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer?s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to 8 .is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? that?s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we?ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12the mind of every animal i?ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had thechance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended [b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner [b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination [d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible [b] spontaneous[c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight[b] doubt [c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward[d] backward11. [a] features [b] influences [c] results[d] costs12. [a] outside [b] on [c] by [d] across13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c]perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if[b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine[d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after [d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent[d] hostile20. [a] by accident[b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart atext1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synapticpaths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don?t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they?re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of “the open mind” and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. “but we are t aught instead to ?decide,? just as our president calls himself ?the decider.? ” she adds, however, that “todecide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”all of us work through problems in ways of which we?re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system - that anyone can do anything,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book “this year i will...” and ms. ma rkova?s business partner. “that?s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by beinga. casualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable.22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can bea. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toa. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms. markova?s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? a, prevents new habits form being formed b, no longer emphasizes commonnessc, maintains the inherent american thinking modeld, complies with the american belief system25. ryan most probably agree thata. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he?s the kid?s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family?s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, “there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father?s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generationsback people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don?t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information fromdifferent research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.in paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows ptk?s ___________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c] successful promotion[d] popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a]locate one?s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c] identify parent-child kinship [d] choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing failsto__________.[a]trace distant ancestors [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines[c] fully use genetic information [d] achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[a]disorganized data collection[b] overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[a]fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it?s problems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese countere pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job. more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english- speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the buildingindustry?s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don?t force it. after all, that?s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn?t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity?s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without politicalchanges that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn?t constrain the ability of the developing world?s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn?t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[a] is subject groundless doubts[b] has fallen victim of bias[c] is conventional downgraded[d] has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c] demands priority from the government[d] requires sufficient labor force33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that __________.[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b] the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d] ]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[a] when people had enough time[b] prior to better ways of finding food[c] when people on longer went hung[d] as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[a] results directly from competitive environments[b] does not depend on economic performance[c] follows improved productivity[d] cannot afford political changes【篇三：1986—2009考研英语真题及参考答案】s=txt>1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section i: structure and vocabulary。

2009年考研英语真题（word版）【2】All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of i t creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York Universitysociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a f ather’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]l ocate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testing。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。

Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。

2009 年全国硕士‎研究生入学‎统一考试英‎语（二）试题答案与‎解析Secti‎o n I Use of Engli‎s h一、文章题材结‎构分析本文是一篇‎说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New Y ork Times‎。

文章主要介‎绍了世界石‎油价格的变‎化的原因以及给世界‎带来的改变‎。

第一段主要‎介绍了近年‎来石油价格‎的上涨以及‎其背后的原‎因。

第二、三段主要介‎绍了石油价格的改变‎对国家相互‎之间的关系‎带来的影响‎。

第四、五段分别具‎体的介绍了‎世界石油价‎格的变化给‎德国与美国‎来带的影响。

二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考‎查词义辨析‎和熟词生义‎，A项come，B 项gone，D 项arriv‎e d 都表示“到，到达”的含义。

C项cross‎意为“穿过”，这里是引申‎含义“突破”。

这句话指“价格已经突‎破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。

2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动‎词与介词词‎组的搭配。

解题重点在‎于空后面的‎一个介词词‎组from …to…表示一个范‎围。

A项cover‎e d意为“覆盖”一般指地理‎范围；B项disco‎v ered‎发现；C 项arran‎g ed 安排；C 项D 项的动词都‎与介词词组搭配不合‎理。

D 项range‎d意为涉及的‎“范围延伸”。

与后面的from…to…搭配合理。

本句句意是‎：价格上涨的‎原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range‎from A to B。

因此，选项 D 正确。

3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答‎要根据上下‎文来推理，四个选项中‎A项inten‎si ty 强度；B 项infin‎i ty；无穷大；C 项insec‎u rity‎不安全；D 项insta‎bilit‎y不安定，不稳定性。

后面说到了‎“伊拉克与尼‎日利亚的三‎角洲地区”，我们知道这‎两个地区的局势长期‎不稳定。

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。

2009年10月在职GCT英语真题（A卷）第四部分外语运用能力测试（英语）（50题，每题2分，满分100分）Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1、He added that the state government has made _______ arrangements for the conference.A、accurateB、absoluteC、adequateD、active2、This video may be freely reproduced _______ commercial promotion or sale.A、as forB、except forC、thanks toD、up to3、You______ engage in serious debate or discussion unless you are willing to endure attacks.A、have better notB、had better notC、have better not toD、had better not to4、Coffee has been a favorite drink for centuries，_______the time when we were drinking it strong and black，without sugar.A、duringB、forC、beforeD、since5、By 2050 the world will have about 2 billion people aged over 60，three times _____today.A、as much asB、as that ofC、as many asD、as those of6、Saffron returned to London to ______her acting career after four years of modeling.A、followB、chaseC、seekD、pursue7、He has fancy dreams about his life，and nothing ever quite______ his expectations.A、matchesB、makesC、reachesD、realizes8、______my neighbor’s kid with his coming exam，I spend an hour working with him every day.A、To helpB、HelpingC、HelpedD、Having helped9、When I worked as a bank clerk，I had the opportunity to meet a rich_____ of people: students，soldiers and factory workers.A、diversityB、kindC、rangeD、variety10、Cuts in funding have meant that equipment has been kept in service long after it ______ replaced.A、should have beenB、would have beenC、could have beenD、might have beenPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are three passages and one chart，each followedby five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, not do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.On weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may vary from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. After the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off instead for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity with businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather around the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs between people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has yet to meet a deadline. In this sense, these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life.11、For office workers and businessmen the happy hour is their_______ .A、professional requirementB、regular practiceC、refreshing breakD、unpaid work12、Happy hours are held because office workers need to _______ .A、have a good rest after workB、stay away from household workC、make new friendsD、celebrate their achievements13、The phrase “filled to capacity” in paragraph 2 means the pub is ______.A、too crowdedB、rather entertainingC、completely fullD、very noisy14、Happy hours contribute to office workers’ _____.A、cooperation in societyB、promotion in their companyC、connection in societyD、loyalty to their company15、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A、The happy hour is a social gathering in America.B、People avoid talking about work at happy hours.C、Happy hours are held on weekdays only.D、People exchange work experiences at happy hours.Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:Lazy? Shy? Live in a cave? Those might not be positive attributes for the average human, but they sure are good for animals trying to survivein a changing environment. According to a new study, beasts that hibernate (冬眠) or crawl into holes are less likely to be listed as endangered than those that don’t.Following up a previous study on extinct animals, which showed that species exhibiting “sleep or hide” (SLOH) behaviors did better than others, the researchers wanted to see if the same was true of modem creatures like moles and bears. To find out if our more timid animals have a leg up in the survival game, researchers made a master list of 443 sleep-or-hide mammals.With their list in hand, the team compared their 443 to the “red list” of endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. As suspected, a sleepy or hiding animal was less likely to be on the red list than a regular animal, and a red-list animal was also less likely to be a SLOH-er.This makes a lot of sense, as animals that hide away in a cave or a tree hole are protected by their physical shelters from a variable environment outside, while hibernators enjoy a flexible metabolism (新陈代谢) that can help them adapt to a changing climate.16、On the list of extinct animals studied, there were________.A、fewer SLOH-ers than regular animalsB、more SLOH-ers than expectedC、as many SLOH-ers as regular animalsD、hardly any SLOH-ers17、The phrase “a leg up”in Paragraph 2 probably means “_________”.A、an instinctB、an advantageC、a fightD、a chance18、The study of modern creatures__________.A、is unrelated to the study of extinct animalsB、finds evidence missing in the study of extinct animalsC、has findings similar to those of the study of extinct animalsD、reveals a different pattern from the study of extinct animals19、According to the passage, red-list animals are more likely to _________.A、be lazyB、be timidC、live longD、sleep less20、In the last paragraph the author________.A、compares the behaviors of sleepers and hidersB、offers an explanation for the survival of sleepers and hidersC、analyzes how a changing environment affects SLOH-ersD、emphasizes what can be learned from SLOH-ersQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:In computing, passwords are commonly used to limit access to official users. Yet the widespread use of passwords has serious drawbacks. Office workers now have to remember an average of twelve system passwords. In theory they should use different passwords for each site, but in realitythese would be impossible to remember, so many people use the same password for all.An additional problem is that the majority use simple words such as “hello”, or names of family members, instead of more secure combinations of numbers and letters, such as 6ANV76Y. This permits computer hackers to download dictionaries and quickly find the word that allows them access.When system users forget their passwords there is extra expense in supplying new ones, while if people are forced to change passwords frequently they often write them down, making systems even less secure. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of passwords. Which have been used as security devices for thousands of years, may need rethinking.One possible alternative has been developed by the American firm Real User, and is called “Passfaces”. In order to access the system a worker has to select a series of photographs of faces from a randomly (随机地) generated sequence. If the pictures are selected in the correct order, access is granted. This concept depends on the human ability to recognize and remember a huge number of different faces, and the advantage is that such a sequence cannot be told to anyone or written down, so is more secure. It is claimed that the picture sequence, which used photographs of university students, is easier to remember than passwords, and it has now been adopted for the United States Senate.21、What is the disadvantage of passwords as mentioned in Paragraph 1?A、They do not ensure security.B、They are difficult to remember.C、They have to be changed frequently.D、They limit computer accessibility.22、One can make a password safer by ________.A、inserting pictures between numbersB、avoiding the use of letters altogetherC、setting up a firewall against computer hackersD、using complicated combinations of numbers and letters23、“Passfaces”is a method to get access to a system through_________.A、remembering a large number of facesB、selecting photographs of faces one likesC、recognizing a sequence of face picturesD、showing one’s face in front of the computer24、One advantage of “Passfaces” over a password is that________.A、it is easier to rememberB、it is more complicatedC、it takes less time to log inD、it allows one to write less25、What does the author think of the password?A、It is an old system that needs improvement.B、It provides as much security as before.C、It should be abandoned by computer users.D、It has developed to an advanced stage.A、FedEx Freight Measurements and MethodsB、FedEx Shipment Regulations in US and Other CountriesC、FedEx International Freight Customer Service GuideD、FedEx Express Freight and Air Cargo Service Restrictions27、What’s the minimum weight a shipment must reach in order to be transported by air?A、No restrictions.B、68kg.C、122kg.D、997kg.28、If you need to ship something 300cm long within US, which service can you choose?A、Shipment in less that 1 day.B、Shipment in 1 or 2 days.C、Shipment in 3 days.D、Shipment in more than 3 days.29、What does “girth” possibly mean?A、Measurement around an object.B、Measurement of object weight.C、Formula to calculate object width.D、Formula to calculate object length.30、FedEx services have different restrictions on the goods’_______.A、maximum weight per pieceB、maximum length plus girth per pieceC、maximum length per pieceD、maximum height per piecePart Three ClozeDirections:There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Fueled by weather, wind, and dry undergrowth, uncontrolled wildfires can burn acres of land-and consume everything in their way-in mere minutes.31, more than 100,000 wildfires clear 4 million to 5 million acres of land in the U.S. every year. A wildfire moves at speeds of up to 23 kilometers an hour, consuming everything-trees, bushes, homes, even humans-in its 32.There are three conditions that need to be 33 in order for a wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Fuel is any material 34 a fire that will burn quickly and easily, including trees, grasses, bushes, even homes. Air supplies the oxygen a fire 35 to burn. Heat sources help spark the wildfire and bring fuel to 36 hot enough to start burning. Lightning, burning campfires or cigarettes, hot winds, and even the sun can all provide 37 heat to spark a wildfire.38 often harmful and destructive to humans, naturally occurring wildfires play a positive role in nature. They 39 nutrients to the soil by burning dead or decaying matter. They remove diseased plants andharmful insects from a forest ecosystem (生态系统). And by burning 40 thick tress and bushes, wildfires allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, enabling a new generation of young plants to grow.31、A、After all B、Above all C、In sum D、On average32、A、route B、track C、path D、trace33、A、stable B、present C、fixed D、favorable34、A、surrounding B、keeping C、causing D、making35、A、acquires B、needs C、captures D、meets36、A、materials B、places C、temperatures D、conditions37、A、additional B、excessive C、plentiful D、sufficient38、A、Although B、As C、If D、Whereas39、A、drive B、reduce C、return D、assign40、A、over B、through C、below D、beyondPart Four Dialogue CompletionDirections:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41、Speaker A: Hi, My name is Mark. I’m from Houston, Texas.Speaker B: I’m Bill. Glad to meet you. What year are you?Speaker A: ________.A、I was born in 1990B、I’ve been here for yearsC、I’m 19 years oldD、I’m a first-year student42、Speaker A: I’m getting pretty bored. We should do something despite the rain.Speaker B: _______ What do you have in mind?A、I back you up.B、Who cares?C、I’m with you.D、I like the rain.43、Man: We had a trip to South Africa this summer.Woman:________Man: Yes, we did. In fact, we even encountered a lion.A、Didn’t you?B、How did it go?C、I bet you had a great time.D、I guess you did.44、Man: Do you know Jason’s phone number?Woman: _______Man: OK. I might as well look it up in the phone book.A、Just a second.B、Not that I know of.C、I can’t think of it now.D、Why ask?45、Interviewer: Let me see if I understood you. You mean that youcan work extra hours if needed, right?Interviewee: __________A、Yes. No matter what you say.B、Yes. Thank you for your clarification.C、Yes. You sure understand me.D、Yes. Absolutely.46、Speaker A: Thanks to John, we’ve lost our most important client.Speaker B: I’ve told you he’s not proper for the position.Speaker A: _______.A、I don’t really agree with youB、I should have listened to youC、It doesn’t matter. I trust himD、Thank you for being so helpful47、Greg: Hey Merlin. I’d like to ask you a question.Merlin: ________Greg: Well, I’m thinking about going to Sweden. What’s the best time to go?A、Yes, go ahead.B、Sorry, I’m kind of busy.C、OK, what’s up?D、Yeah, what’s on your mind?48、Woman: I need to buy a wedding gift for Jane and Dealer.Man: Should we stop at the shopping center?Woman: _______. The wedding’s not until next weed, but I won’t have time later to get them anything.A、Won’t be necessaryB、I suppose soC、It’s your callD、If you insist49、Donald: Let’s eat out, shall we?Mason: I’m broke. I’ve gone through my paycheck for the weed already.Donald: Don’t worry. ________.A、We can find a wayB、Let’s split the billC、Just fast foodD、It’s my treat50、Teacher: Richard, class begins at 9, and you are late.Student: I know, but I missed my bus. I’m sorry.Teacher: __________. You have to be here on time.A、Don’t mention itB、That’s no excuseC、You needn’t beD、No problemPart One Vocabulary and Structure1、【答案】C【翻译】他补充道，州政府为这次会议做出了适当安排。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。

(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit—fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday。

Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives。

This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high—priced option。

It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct。

Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence？That's the question behind this new research. I like it。