2009年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

复旦大学考博英语模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ______ the consequences.A．answer forB．run intoC．abide byD．step into正确答案：A解析：answer for是“对……负责”；B．run into是“陷入，碰到”；C．abide by是“遵守”；D．step into是“进入，走进”。

2．The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A．in line withB．in terms ofC．in regard toD．in case of正确答案：B解析：本题意为“衡量一个国家的财富，既要根据一个国家生产的物质又要根据该国人民的健康和幸福”。

in terms of的意思是“根据，按照”；in line with 的意思是“跟……一致，符合”；in regard to的意思是“关于”；in case of的意思是“假使……，万一……”。

3．I tried very hard to persuade him to join our groups but I met with flat ______ .A．disapprovalB．rejectionC．refusalD．decline正确答案：C解析：本题意为“我竭力劝他加入我们的团体，但遭到断然的拒绝”。

2009年考研英语真题注释+答案解析（中英文对照版）一、完型填空文章大意：介绍了对动物智力研究所引发的思考。

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 Consider“考虑”the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 dimmer比较暗淡的bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 advantage优势in not being too terrifically bright.通过对动物智力的研究，提出：聪明是要付出代价的。

Intelligence, it 5 turns out证明是out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 off 离开起点时the starting line because it depends on learning —a 7 gradual渐进的（学习是一个渐进的过程）process —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8 stop 停止(本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。

2009英语考研真题答案2009英语考研真题答案【篇一：2005-2009年考研英语真题、答案及详解[精编版]】class=txt>section i use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer‘s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. this suggests that bulbs burn longer, that there is an in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to is there an adaptive value to intelligence? that‘s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance at all the species we‘ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. this is the mind of every animal i‘ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that animals ran the labs, they would test us to the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence inhumans is really of it there is. question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? the results are inconclusive. 1.[a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe[d] imagine 2. [a] tended[b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened 3. [a] thinner[b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer 4. [a] tendency [b] advantage[c] inclination [d] priority 5. [a] insists on[b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward 6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along 7. [a] incredible[b] spontaneous [c]inevitable [d] gradual 8. [a] fight [b] doubt[c] stop[d] think19. [a] invisible[b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10.[a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward [d] backward 11. [a] features[b] influences [c] results [d] costs 12. [a] outside[b]on[c] by [d] across 13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c] perform [d] apply 14. [a] by chance [b] in contrast [c] as usual[d] for instance 15. [a] if[b] unless[c] as[d] lest 16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine [d] reach 17. [a] at [b] for[c] after[d] with 18. [a] above all[b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise 19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent [d] hostile 20. [a] by accident[b] in time [c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing [a], [b], [c] or [d]. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century. inthe ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once thosethe hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says dawna markova, author of ―the open mind‖ and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. ―but we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the decider.‘ ‖ she adds, however,that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. agood innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖all of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006book ―this year i will...‖ and ms. markova‘s business partner. ―that‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by being [a] casual[b] familiar [c] mechanical [d] changeable. 22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be [a] predicted [b] regulated [c] traced[d] guided 23.“ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to [a] tracks [b] series [c] characteristics [d] connections24. ms. markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing [a] prevents new habits form being formed [b] no longer emphasizes commonness[c] maintains the inherent american thinking model [d] complies with the american belief system 25. ryan most probably agree that [a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind[b] innovativeness could be taught [c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas [d] curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the2results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozencompanies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots . most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna. but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databa ses used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 26.in paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows ptk‘s ______.[a]easy availability [b]flexibility in pricing[c] successful promotion[d] popularity with households 27. ptk is used to_______.[a] locate one‘s birth place [b] promote genetic research[c] identify parent-child kinship[d] choose children for adoption 28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to______.[a]trace distant ancestors[b]rebuild reliable bloodlines [c]fully use genetic information[d]achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________. [a]disorganized data collection[b]overlapping database building[c]excessive sample comparison[d]lack of patent evaluation.30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[a] fors and againsts of dna testing [b] dna testing and it‘s problems [c] dna testing outside the lab [d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institutionhave consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese countere pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently metbest-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even3when governments don‘t force it. after all, that‘s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required byadvanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, ho wever, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ____. [a] is subject groundless doubts [b] has fallen victim of bias [c] is conventional downgraded [d] has been overestimated 32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______. [a] challenges economists and politicians[b] takes efforts of generations [c] demands priority from the government [d] requires sufficient labor force 33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that_____. [a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined [b] the japanese workforce is more productive [c] the u.s workforce has a better education [d] the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _____. [a] when people had enough time [b] prior to better ways of finding food [c] when people on longer went hung [d] as a result of pressure on government 35. according to the last paragraph , development of education ______. [a] results directly from competitive environments [b] does not depend on economic performance [c] follows improved productivity[d] cannot afford political changestext 4the most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england. according to the standard history of americanphilosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was ―so much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ according to many books and articles, new england‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life.to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. `besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston. there men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.we should not forget , however, that most new englanders were less well educated. while few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, the in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. a tailor named john dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out fromamong them, touch no unclean thing , and i will be your god and you shall be my people.‖ one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the bible that he heard in puritan churched.mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the new world for religion . ―our main end was to catch fish. ‖436. the author notes that in the seventeenth-century new england______. [a] puritan tradition dominated political life. [b] intellectual interests were encouraged.[c] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. [d] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. it is suggested in paragraph 2 that new englanders_______.[a] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history. [b] brought with them the culture of the old world [c] paid little attention to southern intellectual life [d] were obsessed with religious innovations38. the early ministers and political leaders in massachusetts bay______. [a] were famous in the new world for their writings[b] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[c] abandoned high positions before coming to the new world[d] created a new intellectual atmosphere in new england39. the story of john dane shows that less well-educated new englanders were often ___. [a] influenced by superstitions [b] troubled with religious beliefs [c] puzzled by church sermons [d] frustrated with family earnings 40. the text suggests that early settlers in new england__________. [a] were mostly engaged in political activities [b] were motivated by an illusory prospect [c] came from different backgrounds.[d] left few formal records for later reference part bdirections:in the following text, some sentences have been removed. for questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list a-g to fit into each of the numbered blank. there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (10 points)coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by british naturalist charles darwin in the 1860s, british social philosopher herbert spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.american social scientist lewis hey morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. morgan, along with tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. in his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.in the early 1900s in north america, german-born american anthropologist franz boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in american anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of boas. but a number ofanthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.[a] other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. this theory was known as diffusionism. [b] in order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[c] he argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[d] they also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social5structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[e] thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[f]supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[g] for example, british anthropologists grafton elliot smith and w. j. perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, andmetallurgy all originated in ancient egypt and diffused throughout the world. in fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world. part cdirections:read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. your translation should be written carefully on answer sheet 2. (10 points)there is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. in the former case the education is religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.but in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human【篇二：2009年考研英语一真题(附答案)】txt>section iuse of english research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer?s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line becauseit depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to 8 .is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? that?s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we?ve left in the dusti.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12the mind of every animal i?ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended [b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner [b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination [d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible [b] spontaneous[c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight[b] doubt [c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward[d] backward11. [a] features [b] influences [c] results[d] costs12. [a] outside [b] on [c] by [d] across13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c]perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if[b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine[d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after [d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent[d] hostile20. [a] by accident[b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart atext1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules theuefl ecting herd,” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don?t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they?re there to stay.instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascinat ion with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of “the open mind” and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. “but we are taught instead to ?decide,? just as our president calls himself ?the decider.? ” she adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”all of us work through problems in ways of which we?re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system - that anyone can do anythin g,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book “this year i will...” and ms. markova?s business partner. “that?s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by beinga. casualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable.22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can bea. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toa. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms. markova?s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? a, prevents new habits form being formed b, no longer emphasizes commonnessc, maintains the inherent american thinking modeld, complies with the american belief system25. ryan most probably agree thata. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he?s the kid?s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and。

2009考研英语答案【篇一：2009年考研英语真题及详解】p class=txt>section Ⅰ use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet 1.(10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer’s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. this suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep. bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? that’s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dusti.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. this is ______ the mind of every animal i’ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. they would hope to study a _____ question; are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [a]suppose [b]consider [c]observe [d]imagine2. [a]tended[b]feared [c]happened [d]threatened3. [a] thinner [b]stabler [c]lighter[d]dimmer4. [a]tendency [b]advantage [c]inclination[d]priority5. [a]insists on [b]sums up [c]turns out [d]puts forward6. [a]off[b]behind[c]over[d]along7. [a]incredible[b]spontaneous [c]inevitable [d]gradual8. [a]fight [b]doubt [c]stop[d]think9. [a]invisible [b]limit [c]indefinite [d]different10. [a]upward [b]forward [c]afterward [d]backward11．[a]features[b]influences[c]results[d]costs12．[a]outside[b]on[c]by[d]across13．[a]deliver[b]carry[c]perform[d]apply14．[a]by chance[b] in contrast[c]as usual[d]for instance15．[a]if[b]unless[c]as[d]lest16．[a]moderate[b]overcome[c]determine[d]reach17．[a]at[b]for[c]after[d]with18．[a]above all[b]after all[c]however[d]otherwise19．[a]fundamental[b]comprehensive[c]equivalent[d]hostile20．[a]by accident[b]in time[c]so far[d]better stillsection Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts, answer the questions beloweach text by choosing a,b,c or d. mark your answers onanswer sheet 1. (40 points)text1habit are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century.in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.all of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges infour primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains m.j. ryan, author of the 2006 book ―this year i will…‖ and ms. markova’s business partner. ―that’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness knowing w hat you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.a. usualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.a. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaningto__________.a. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms, markova’s comments sugg est that the practice of standard testing _______?a. prevents new habits form being formedb. no longer emphasizes commonnessc. maintains the inherent american thinking moded. complies with the american belief system25. ryn most probably agree that_______.a. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots. most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers, this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk’s ________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c]successful promotion[d]popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a] locate one’s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c]identify parent-child kinship[d]choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to________.[a]trace distant ancestors[b]rebuild reliable bloodlines[c]fully use genetic information[d]achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.[a] disorganized data collection[b]overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.[a] fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it’s pr oblems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet theresearch revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counter e pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. after all, that’s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph i that the important of education in poor countries _______.[a]is subject groundless doubts[b]has fallen victim of bias[c]is conventional downgraded[d]has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c]demands priority from the government[d]requires sufficient labor force33. a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that _________.[a]the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b]the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.[a]when people had enough time[b]prior to better ways of finding food[c]when people on longer went hung[d]as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.[a]results directly from competitive environments[b]does not depend on economic performance[c]follows improved productivity[d]cannot afford political changesthe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england, according to the standard history of american philosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was ―so much important attac hed to intellectual pursuits‖ according to many books and articles, new england’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life.to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusettschurch in the decade after 1629. there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston, there men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.we should not forget, however, that most new englanders were less well educated, while few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, the in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. a tailor named john dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and i will be your god and you shall be my people.‖ one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons【篇二：2009年考研英语一真题(附答案)】txt>section iuse of english research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer?s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to 8 .is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? that?s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we?ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12the mind of every animal i?ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had thechance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended [b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner [b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination [d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible [b] spontaneous[c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight[b] doubt [c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward[d] backward11. [a] features [b] influences [c] results[d] costs12. [a] outside [b] on [c] by [d] across13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c]perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if[b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine[d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after [d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent[d] hostile20. [a] by accident[b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart atext1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synapticpaths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don?t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they?re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of “the open mind” and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. “but we are t aught instead to ?decide,? just as our president calls himself ?the decider.? ” she adds, however, that “todecide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”all of us work through problems in ways of which we?re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system - that anyone can do anything,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book “this year i will...” and ms. ma rkova?s business partner. “that?s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by beinga. casualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable.22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can bea. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toa. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms. markova?s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? a, prevents new habits form being formed b, no longer emphasizes commonnessc, maintains the inherent american thinking modeld, complies with the american belief system25. ryan most probably agree thata. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he?s the kid?s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family?s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, “there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father?s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generationsback people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don?t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information fromdifferent research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.in paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows ptk?s ___________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c] successful promotion[d] popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a]locate one?s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c] identify parent-child kinship [d] choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing failsto__________.[a]trace distant ancestors [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines[c] fully use genetic information [d] achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[a]disorganized data collection[b] overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[a]fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it?s problems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese countere pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job. more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english- speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the buildingindustry?s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don?t force it. after all, that?s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn?t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity?s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without politicalchanges that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn?t constrain the ability of the developing world?s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn?t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[a] is subject groundless doubts[b] has fallen victim of bias[c] is conventional downgraded[d] has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c] demands priority from the government[d] requires sufficient labor force33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that __________.[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b] the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d] ]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[a] when people had enough time[b] prior to better ways of finding food[c] when people on longer went hung[d] as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[a] results directly from competitive environments[b] does not depend on economic performance[c] follows improved productivity[d] cannot afford political changes【篇三：1986—2009考研英语真题及参考答案】s=txt>1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section i: structure and vocabulary。

2009年考研英语真题（word版）【2】All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of i t creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York Universitysociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a f ather’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]l ocate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testing。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。

Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。

2009 年全国硕士‎研究生入学‎统一考试英‎语（二）试题答案与‎解析Secti‎o n I Use of Engli‎s h一、文章题材结‎构分析本文是一篇‎说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New Y ork Times‎。

文章主要介‎绍了世界石‎油价格的变‎化的原因以及给世界‎带来的改变‎。

第一段主要‎介绍了近年‎来石油价格‎的上涨以及‎其背后的原‎因。

第二、三段主要介‎绍了石油价格的改变‎对国家相互‎之间的关系‎带来的影响‎。

第四、五段分别具‎体的介绍了‎世界石油价‎格的变化给‎德国与美国‎来带的影响。

二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考‎查词义辨析‎和熟词生义‎，A项come，B 项gone，D 项arriv‎e d 都表示“到，到达”的含义。

C项cross‎意为“穿过”，这里是引申‎含义“突破”。

这句话指“价格已经突‎破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。

2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动‎词与介词词‎组的搭配。

解题重点在‎于空后面的‎一个介词词‎组from …to…表示一个范‎围。

A项cover‎e d意为“覆盖”一般指地理‎范围；B项disco‎v ered‎发现；C 项arran‎g ed 安排；C 项D 项的动词都‎与介词词组搭配不合‎理。

D 项range‎d意为涉及的‎“范围延伸”。

与后面的from…to…搭配合理。

本句句意是‎：价格上涨的‎原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range‎from A to B。

因此，选项 D 正确。

3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答‎要根据上下‎文来推理，四个选项中‎A项inten‎si ty 强度；B 项infin‎i ty；无穷大；C 项insec‎u rity‎不安全；D 项insta‎bilit‎y不安定，不稳定性。

后面说到了‎“伊拉克与尼‎日利亚的三‎角洲地区”，我们知道这‎两个地区的局势长期‎不稳定。

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。

2009年10月在职GCT英语真题（A卷）第四部分外语运用能力测试（英语）（50题，每题2分，满分100分）Part One Vocabulary and StructureDirections:There are ten incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1、He added that the state government has made _______ arrangements for the conference.A、accurateB、absoluteC、adequateD、active2、This video may be freely reproduced _______ commercial promotion or sale.A、as forB、except forC、thanks toD、up to3、You______ engage in serious debate or discussion unless you are willing to endure attacks.A、have better notB、had better notC、have better not toD、had better not to4、Coffee has been a favorite drink for centuries，_______the time when we were drinking it strong and black，without sugar.A、duringB、forC、beforeD、since5、By 2050 the world will have about 2 billion people aged over 60，three times _____today.A、as much asB、as that ofC、as many asD、as those of6、Saffron returned to London to ______her acting career after four years of modeling.A、followB、chaseC、seekD、pursue7、He has fancy dreams about his life，and nothing ever quite______ his expectations.A、matchesB、makesC、reachesD、realizes8、______my neighbor’s kid with his coming exam，I spend an hour working with him every day.A、To helpB、HelpingC、HelpedD、Having helped9、When I worked as a bank clerk，I had the opportunity to meet a rich_____ of people: students，soldiers and factory workers.A、diversityB、kindC、rangeD、variety10、Cuts in funding have meant that equipment has been kept in service long after it ______ replaced.A、should have beenB、would have beenC、could have beenD、might have beenPart Two Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this part there are three passages and one chart，each followedby five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them，there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, not do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.On weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may vary from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. After the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off instead for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity with businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather around the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs between people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has yet to meet a deadline. In this sense, these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life.11、For office workers and businessmen the happy hour is their_______ .A、professional requirementB、regular practiceC、refreshing breakD、unpaid work12、Happy hours are held because office workers need to _______ .A、have a good rest after workB、stay away from household workC、make new friendsD、celebrate their achievements13、The phrase “filled to capacity” in paragraph 2 means the pub is ______.A、too crowdedB、rather entertainingC、completely fullD、very noisy14、Happy hours contribute to office workers’ _____.A、cooperation in societyB、promotion in their companyC、connection in societyD、loyalty to their company15、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A、The happy hour is a social gathering in America.B、People avoid talking about work at happy hours.C、Happy hours are held on weekdays only.D、People exchange work experiences at happy hours.Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:Lazy? Shy? Live in a cave? Those might not be positive attributes for the average human, but they sure are good for animals trying to survivein a changing environment. According to a new study, beasts that hibernate (冬眠) or crawl into holes are less likely to be listed as endangered than those that don’t.Following up a previous study on extinct animals, which showed that species exhibiting “sleep or hide” (SLOH) behaviors did better than others, the researchers wanted to see if the same was true of modem creatures like moles and bears. To find out if our more timid animals have a leg up in the survival game, researchers made a master list of 443 sleep-or-hide mammals.With their list in hand, the team compared their 443 to the “red list” of endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. As suspected, a sleepy or hiding animal was less likely to be on the red list than a regular animal, and a red-list animal was also less likely to be a SLOH-er.This makes a lot of sense, as animals that hide away in a cave or a tree hole are protected by their physical shelters from a variable environment outside, while hibernators enjoy a flexible metabolism (新陈代谢) that can help them adapt to a changing climate.16、On the list of extinct animals studied, there were________.A、fewer SLOH-ers than regular animalsB、more SLOH-ers than expectedC、as many SLOH-ers as regular animalsD、hardly any SLOH-ers17、The phrase “a leg up”in Paragraph 2 probably means “_________”.A、an instinctB、an advantageC、a fightD、a chance18、The study of modern creatures__________.A、is unrelated to the study of extinct animalsB、finds evidence missing in the study of extinct animalsC、has findings similar to those of the study of extinct animalsD、reveals a different pattern from the study of extinct animals19、According to the passage, red-list animals are more likely to _________.A、be lazyB、be timidC、live longD、sleep less20、In the last paragraph the author________.A、compares the behaviors of sleepers and hidersB、offers an explanation for the survival of sleepers and hidersC、analyzes how a changing environment affects SLOH-ersD、emphasizes what can be learned from SLOH-ersQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:In computing, passwords are commonly used to limit access to official users. Yet the widespread use of passwords has serious drawbacks. Office workers now have to remember an average of twelve system passwords. In theory they should use different passwords for each site, but in realitythese would be impossible to remember, so many people use the same password for all.An additional problem is that the majority use simple words such as “hello”, or names of family members, instead of more secure combinations of numbers and letters, such as 6ANV76Y. This permits computer hackers to download dictionaries and quickly find the word that allows them access.When system users forget their passwords there is extra expense in supplying new ones, while if people are forced to change passwords frequently they often write them down, making systems even less secure. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of passwords. Which have been used as security devices for thousands of years, may need rethinking.One possible alternative has been developed by the American firm Real User, and is called “Passfaces”. In order to access the system a worker has to select a series of photographs of faces from a randomly (随机地) generated sequence. If the pictures are selected in the correct order, access is granted. This concept depends on the human ability to recognize and remember a huge number of different faces, and the advantage is that such a sequence cannot be told to anyone or written down, so is more secure. It is claimed that the picture sequence, which used photographs of university students, is easier to remember than passwords, and it has now been adopted for the United States Senate.21、What is the disadvantage of passwords as mentioned in Paragraph 1?A、They do not ensure security.B、They are difficult to remember.C、They have to be changed frequently.D、They limit computer accessibility.22、One can make a password safer by ________.A、inserting pictures between numbersB、avoiding the use of letters altogetherC、setting up a firewall against computer hackersD、using complicated combinations of numbers and letters23、“Passfaces”is a method to get access to a system through_________.A、remembering a large number of facesB、selecting photographs of faces one likesC、recognizing a sequence of face picturesD、showing one’s face in front of the computer24、One advantage of “Passfaces” over a password is that________.A、it is easier to rememberB、it is more complicatedC、it takes less time to log inD、it allows one to write less25、What does the author think of the password?A、It is an old system that needs improvement.B、It provides as much security as before.C、It should be abandoned by computer users.D、It has developed to an advanced stage.A、FedEx Freight Measurements and MethodsB、FedEx Shipment Regulations in US and Other CountriesC、FedEx International Freight Customer Service GuideD、FedEx Express Freight and Air Cargo Service Restrictions27、What’s the minimum weight a shipment must reach in order to be transported by air?A、No restrictions.B、68kg.C、122kg.D、997kg.28、If you need to ship something 300cm long within US, which service can you choose?A、Shipment in less that 1 day.B、Shipment in 1 or 2 days.C、Shipment in 3 days.D、Shipment in more than 3 days.29、What does “girth” possibly mean?A、Measurement around an object.B、Measurement of object weight.C、Formula to calculate object width.D、Formula to calculate object length.30、FedEx services have different restrictions on the goods’_______.A、maximum weight per pieceB、maximum length plus girth per pieceC、maximum length per pieceD、maximum height per piecePart Three ClozeDirections:There are ten blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Fueled by weather, wind, and dry undergrowth, uncontrolled wildfires can burn acres of land-and consume everything in their way-in mere minutes.31, more than 100,000 wildfires clear 4 million to 5 million acres of land in the U.S. every year. A wildfire moves at speeds of up to 23 kilometers an hour, consuming everything-trees, bushes, homes, even humans-in its 32.There are three conditions that need to be 33 in order for a wildfire to burn: fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. Fuel is any material 34 a fire that will burn quickly and easily, including trees, grasses, bushes, even homes. Air supplies the oxygen a fire 35 to burn. Heat sources help spark the wildfire and bring fuel to 36 hot enough to start burning. Lightning, burning campfires or cigarettes, hot winds, and even the sun can all provide 37 heat to spark a wildfire.38 often harmful and destructive to humans, naturally occurring wildfires play a positive role in nature. They 39 nutrients to the soil by burning dead or decaying matter. They remove diseased plants andharmful insects from a forest ecosystem (生态系统). And by burning 40 thick tress and bushes, wildfires allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, enabling a new generation of young plants to grow.31、A、After all B、Above all C、In sum D、On average32、A、route B、track C、path D、trace33、A、stable B、present C、fixed D、favorable34、A、surrounding B、keeping C、causing D、making35、A、acquires B、needs C、captures D、meets36、A、materials B、places C、temperatures D、conditions37、A、additional B、excessive C、plentiful D、sufficient38、A、Although B、As C、If D、Whereas39、A、drive B、reduce C、return D、assign40、A、over B、through C、below D、beyondPart Four Dialogue CompletionDirections:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41、Speaker A: Hi, My name is Mark. I’m from Houston, Texas.Speaker B: I’m Bill. Glad to meet you. What year are you?Speaker A: ________.A、I was born in 1990B、I’ve been here for yearsC、I’m 19 years oldD、I’m a first-year student42、Speaker A: I’m getting pretty bored. We should do something despite the rain.Speaker B: _______ What do you have in mind?A、I back you up.B、Who cares?C、I’m with you.D、I like the rain.43、Man: We had a trip to South Africa this summer.Woman:________Man: Yes, we did. In fact, we even encountered a lion.A、Didn’t you?B、How did it go?C、I bet you had a great time.D、I guess you did.44、Man: Do you know Jason’s phone number?Woman: _______Man: OK. I might as well look it up in the phone book.A、Just a second.B、Not that I know of.C、I can’t think of it now.D、Why ask?45、Interviewer: Let me see if I understood you. You mean that youcan work extra hours if needed, right?Interviewee: __________A、Yes. No matter what you say.B、Yes. Thank you for your clarification.C、Yes. You sure understand me.D、Yes. Absolutely.46、Speaker A: Thanks to John, we’ve lost our most important client.Speaker B: I’ve told you he’s not proper for the position.Speaker A: _______.A、I don’t really agree with youB、I should have listened to youC、It doesn’t matter. I trust himD、Thank you for being so helpful47、Greg: Hey Merlin. I’d like to ask you a question.Merlin: ________Greg: Well, I’m thinking about going to Sweden. What’s the best time to go?A、Yes, go ahead.B、Sorry, I’m kind of busy.C、OK, what’s up?D、Yeah, what’s on your mind?48、Woman: I need to buy a wedding gift for Jane and Dealer.Man: Should we stop at the shopping center?Woman: _______. The wedding’s not until next weed, but I won’t have time later to get them anything.A、Won’t be necessaryB、I suppose soC、It’s your callD、If you insist49、Donald: Let’s eat out, shall we?Mason: I’m broke. I’ve gone through my paycheck for the weed already.Donald: Don’t worry. ________.A、We can find a wayB、Let’s split the billC、Just fast foodD、It’s my treat50、Teacher: Richard, class begins at 9, and you are late.Student: I know, but I missed my bus. I’m sorry.Teacher: __________. You have to be here on time.A、Don’t mention itB、That’s no excuseC、You needn’t beD、No problemPart One Vocabulary and Structure1、【答案】C【翻译】他补充道，州政府为这次会议做出了适当安排。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。

(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit—fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday。

Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives。

This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high—priced option。

It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct。

Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence？That's the question behind this new research. I like it。

考博英语-246(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section B (总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage 1(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Some of the jobs that the illegal immigrants do as mentioned in the article include the following ______.（分数：2.00）A.harvesting crops, working in hotels, repairing roads and packaging meat √B.harvesting crops, managing restaurants, cleaning roads and packaging meatC.rebuilding homes, picking apples, cleaning roads and cutting meatD.repairing power lines, working in hotels, and working in parks解析：在文章第1段中有2处提到非法移民工人在Texas都做些什么工作，由此分析4个选项。

B中managing restaurants，cleaning roads是文中没有提到的，C中cleaning roads and cutting meat不正确，D中working in parks不正确，所以选A。

2.Which of the following was NOT stated in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Many illegal workers look for work in areas near major cities.B.Employers never supply transportation to the place of work. √C.Illegal workers do not present any documents in order to get the job.D.The illegal workers do jobs that others would consider undesirabl解析：A选项文中没有直接说，但是从文章比喻Dallas和Houston是吸引非法移民的磁铁可以看出，非法移民多数在主要城市找工作；在文章第3段讲到"There a dawn drive past…slows down to take th em．"只是说这些移民准备跟任何想雇佣他们的人走，而雇主是否提供去上班的交通工具并没有提及；C在文中的no questions are asked，no papers signed有提及；D选项在第1段就提到"undocumented immigrants doing the jobs no one else wants"。

2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Smith is supposed______for Italy last week.A．to have leftB．having leftC．to leaveD．to be leaving正确答案：A解析：句子大意为：史密斯先生上周就——动身去意大利了。

本题考查常用动词suppose的用法。

sb．be supposed to do sth．相当于sb．should do sth．，意为“某人应该做某事”；sb．be supposed to have done sth．相当于sb．should have done sth．，意为“某人本应该做某事”。

由于本题涉及过去的时间，故须使用完成时态，表示虚拟语气。

所以，正确答案是A。

2．With an initial investment of only ten thousand dollars, both partners have increased their money______.A．by two thousand moreB．by two thousandC．for two thousand moreD．for two thousand正确答案：B解析：句子大意为：由于初始投资只有一万美元，双方各自又——了两千美元。

本题考查常用动词的搭配用法。

动词increase常和介词by搭配，表示具体增加的量。

副词more在本题中属于累赘。

所以，正确答案是B。

3．A______from every person, no matter how small, will help the Red Cross reach its goal of $100,000.A．contractB．concentrationC．contributionD．construction正确答案：C解析：句子大意为：不论多么微小的个人——都有助于红十字会实现其十万美元的募捐目标。

上海财经大学2009年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：1001科目名称：英语招生专业：全校各专业Ⅰ.Vocabulary (15 points)Part A (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET.Example: She prefer foreign win to that produced______.A. previouslyB. virtuallyC. primarilyD. domestically1. He was _____ when he heard the unexpected news, but I finally convinced him.A. incredibleB. inevitableC. incredulousD. indifferent2. We had a marvelous holiday; only the last two days was slightly ____ by weather.A. damagedB. enhancedC. spoiledD. diminished3. NASA is casting a wider net in the space shuttle investigation as to what caused the spacecraftto swing out of control and _____ moments before it was to land.A. disassembleB. disembarkC. disintegrateD. disinherit4. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ____ we had to stop for refereshments.A. at largeB. at easeC. at randomsD. at intervals5. A luxury express train jumped the tracks on a bridge in eastern India, killing at least 50 on the spot. According to the Northen Railway spokesman, the death ______ is expected to rise.A. figureB. tollC. SpanD. yield6. Particpants in the Shanghai Co-operation Forum____ regional teamwork to promote investment and economic development.A. cursedB. echoedC. bouncedD. haileld7. Turning cultivitaed land back into forests or pasture is a fundamental way to stem oil _____ and desertification in the long run.A. erosionB. depletionC. violationD. delusion8. The discrepanct in the company accounts is so____ that no auditor could have failed to notice it.A. spontaneousB. conspicuousC. notoriousD. superfluous9. Russian women had to wear protective masks as they walked in Moscow, which was _____ bya heavy smog yesterday.A. shroudedB. unveiledC. decayedD. deprived10. In that country, a person who marries before legal age mast have a parent’s _____ to obtain a license.A. sanctionB. warrantC. malgnaceD. affirmation11. He seemed reluctant to send his troops in an effort to discourage the ______ peasants.A. animatedB. rebelliousC. creasedD. impassive12. The company will ______ to its agreement , no matter how costly the process may be.A. retainB. alterC. abandonD. adhere13. The drug store at the corner of our street sells aspirins and _____ penicillin prescriptions.A. dispensesB. disposesC. dispersesD. dispatches14. AIDS is causing great public concern because the _____ fatal disease hits primarily youngpeople.A. invariablyB. imperativelyC. transientlyD. deceptively15. The houses in this area were all rected in ____ of ousing regulations.A. complianceB. defianceC. allianceD. obedience16. He had wanted a 25% raise in pay, but after talking to his boss, he decided that a 5%raise wouldhave to _____A. sufficeB. satisfyC.gratifyD. delight17.The two delegates had an in-depth exchange of views on how to enhance their _____ cooperation.A. ethicalB. bilateralC. mandatoryD. subisdiary18.It is agreed that all nations should take measures against terorism on the b asis of the UN____ and other international laws.A. CharterB.ConstitutionC. ConcordanceD. Custody19.When we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or good luck, we are making excuses for ourselves because we fall ____ in all three.A. rareB. lackingC. shortD.scarce20. Three weeks after the suicide bombing,the police were still hunting for bombers for they believe more were_______.A. on the verge ofB. on the slyC. on the spotD. on the loss21. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiable22. One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions23. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the formof an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere24. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife ______for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve25. According to the latest report, consumer confidence_______ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated26. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria27. The_______ emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate28. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed29. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out30. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesⅡDirections(10 points): Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANWER SHEET.Many people invest in the stock market hoping to find the next Microsoft and Dell. However, I know 21 personal exzperience how difficult this really is. For more tha a year, I was 22 hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars a day investing the market. It seemed so easy. I dreamed of 23 my job at the end of the year, of buying a small apartment in Paris, of traveling around the world. But these dreams 24 to a sudden and dramatic end when a stock I 25, Texas cellular phone wholesaler, fell by more than 75 percent 26 a one year period. On the 27 day, it plunged by more than $15 a share. There was rumor the company was 28 sales figures. That was when I learned how quickly Wall street 29 companies that misrepresent the 30.In a 31, I sold all my stock in the company, paying 32 margin debt with case advances from my 33 card. Because I owned so may shares, I 34 a small fortune, half of it from money I borrowed from the brokerage company. One month, I am a 35, the next a loser. This one big loss was my first lessonin the market.My father was stockborker, as was my grandfather 36 him. ( In fact, he founded one ofChicago’s earliest brokerage firms.) But like so many thing in life, we don’t learn anything until we 37 it for ourselves. The only way to really understand the inner 38 of the stock market is to invest your own hard-earned money. When all your stocks are doing 39 and you feel like a winner, you learn very little. It’s when all your stocks are losing and everyone is questioning yourstock-picking 40 that you find out if you have what it takes to invest in the market.31. A. atB. inC. fromD. by32. A. making B. spendingC. sellingD. buying33. A. losingB. retiringC. gettingD. quitting34. A. turnedB. cameC. wentD. seemed35. A. owned B. owedC. rentedD. sold36. A. overB. byC. fromD. with37. A. busyB. slowC. worstD. fast38. A. cheatingB. exaggeratingC. announcing D. beating39. A. punishesB.defeatsC. tellsD. shows40. A. tradeB. truthC. lieD.lies41. A. despair B. worryC. panicD. moment42.A. allB. offC. overD. up43.A creditB. idnetityC. identification D. loan44.A. wonB.lostC. gainedD.found45.A. winnerB. champagne C. geniusD. mentor46.A. afterB beforeC. forD. and47. A.remember B. liveC. imagineD. experience48. A. workingsB. inningsC. priceD. shares49. A. moreB. greatC. muchD. up50.A. facility B. facultyC. abilityD. powerⅢ. Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squre bracket on ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThe Commerical Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craf\smen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Memberhip in them was commonly resticted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild systme. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated bny technical advances, such as the invent5ion of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a wne metod of making brass, wich asved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.But the most typical form of indutrial production in the Commerical Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The demestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted taskfor a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yam would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavrs, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.51. According to the ariticle, what changes did the Commerical Revolution bring about?A. Methods of production.B. Appearance of craft guildsC. Increased trade volumeD. Growth of trade, banking and methods of production52. The word “defunct” in the first paragraph most probably means______.A. popularB. obsoleteC. potentialD. extensive53. According to the article, in which area was it more energy-effective?A. Smelting industryB. Mining industryC. BankingD. Weaving54. The author implies that ______ .A. The guild system was more efficientB. The domestic system was capitalisticC. The technical advance stimulated the guild systemD. The domestic system was not as efficient as the guild system.55. According to the article, which one of the following statements is NOT true?A. Technical advances stimulated the development of enterprisesB. In the woolen industry, weavers would pass on their products to spinners.C. The domestic system is also known as the putting out systemD. The word “ clothier” is synonymous ot “entrepreneur” in this context.Passage TwoAnd researchs say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need. Nearly 19 in 20 never-married respondents to a national survey agree that “when you marry you want spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost,” according to the State of our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday bu Rutgers University.David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study’s authors, said that view might spell doom for marriages.“ It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is, “ Popenoe said. “The standard becomes so high, it’s not easy to bail out if you didn’t find a sould mate.”The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the institution of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments.The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by samesex friends. The authors of the study suggest that the generation that was polled may more quickly leave a marriage because of infidelity than past generations.Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup Organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone between January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points.Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it’s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marriages won’t end in divorce.Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static.But scholars say the search for sould mates has increased over the last generation ---- and the last century ---- as mariage has become an institution centering on romance rather than utility. “ One hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons,” Said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. “ And most people had children.”Those conditions are no longer the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year waiter in a Trenton café who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he’s ready to change vows “ I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons,” he said. “ Maybeif you’re going to have children, marriage is the best bet.” But the main reason for matrimony: “ If you’re in love with someone, it’s sort of like promising to them you are in love.”That’s all well and good, said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, but passion partly in endorpin- caused physiological phenomenon—has been known to diminish in time.56. What’s the best title of this passage?A. Marriage Scholars Worry Search for “Soul Mates” is UneralisticB. People Should Seek for Romantic Love like Romeo and JulietC. Marriage Should Hppen between Soul MatesD. Search for “Soul Mates” Should be Superseded by Reality.57. The new study in this passage shows that______.A. many American are very practical when they search for a spouseB. American 2-somethings have a largely romantic view of marriageC. Romantic view of marriage might lead marriage to a happy endingD. Americans are fond of marriage life so they will not care cohabitation58. It can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following statements regarding marriage?A. It usually involves idealized mates who can serve their every physical and emotional need.B. It may not be realized unles the couple consider carefully about therir responsibility and commitment.C. It becomes more unrealistic nowadays than in the past because most people center on romance instead of utility.D. It results from many reasons such as financial reasons, family reunion, an political reasons.59. Which of the following is not one of the differences between this generation and the past generations as far as marriage is concerned?A. The young people nowadays require more from marriage but they seem not to be willing tomake necessary commitments.B. This generation expects too much from their spouse and they can not keep to be faithful to their husbands or wives.C. The young people at present pay more attention to look for soul mates than the past generations when they search ofr partners.D. Now some young people usually marry for the same reasons as the older generations such as financial ones and children.60. Which of the following sentences will Heather Hems-Erikson use to illustrate her own argument?A. Ten years into a marriage, you will still have great passion and you notice sometone else and say, “Only my wife or husband is my soul mate.”B. “ The romantic part of marriage -= while it can be there – should not be substituted by other things such as shared values and social status.”C. “The couple should focus on the ‘three Cs’ – communication, copnflict resolution and commitment to make marriage the first priority.”D. “Ten years into a marriage, you don’t have that any more and you notice someone else and think, ’ maybe this person is my soul mate.”Passage ThreeVisiting a National Park can be realxing, inspiring and rejuvenating, but it can also be disturbing. As you drive into Rocky Mountain National Park, and you will see starving el, damaged meadows and ying forests. Our parks are growing old because we have mistakenly protected them from national Parks, the National Park Service must change its management priorities to prevent over population of animals and to restore natural process in the forest in orer to prevent their stagnation and “death” by old age. We must act soon: our parkes are dying of oldage because we have altered the forces in nature that keep them young and strong.By tracing the history of our National Parks, we can understand the problem and see why we need active management. In the early part of the 20th century, settlers exploited wildlife heavily, resulting in near-extinction of many species. Therefore, several National Parks were establishedby Congress primarily to save endangered animals. However, stricter wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management technique resulted in greater populations of animals overcrowding in areas of high concentration, such as the yellowstone elk herds. Complicating the problem, the National ParkService in the early part of the 20th century adopted a policy of aggressive predator elimation, thus reducing natural wildlife population control. Subsequently, elk and deer population exploded in many National Parks, resulting in severe damage to native vegetation. Vigorous forest fire and insect suppression in the National Parks throughout the 20th century further altered the natural environment by allowing forests to over-mature, without natural thinning processes. Park managers thought that they were protecting the land, but actually they were removing important controls from the forest ecosystem.Clearly, we must immediately if we want to pass down to our children and grandchildren the green legacy of our National Parks; we must step in and restore the natural processes wich we have altered through our well-intentioned, but misguided, policies in the past.61. According to the aritcle, strict wildlife protection laws and improved wildlife management techinques_____.A. caused the near extinction of the endangered animals.B. intervened the natural process.C. made the visit of National Parks relaxing, and inspiring and rejuvenating.D. saved the elks in the Rocky Mountain Park form starvation.62. According to the author, there would not be starving elks, damaged meadows or dying forests in Natioanl Parks if ______.A. the government introduced stricter wildlife laws.B. the National Park Service employed more wildlife management technique.C. the natural processes were restoredD. if we continued to improve our natural environment.63. According to the ariticle, the population explosion of elk and deer was caused also by _____.A. the adoption of a policy of aggressive predator elimination.B. the increased number of National Parks.C. the deceasing number of visitors to National Parks.D. the heavy exploitation of endangered animals in the 20 century.64. From the article, we can deduce that the author ______.A. is in support of the resent policies.B. Appreciates the present management techniquesC. Thinks that the forces in nature should be alteredD. Is strongly in favor of the natural processes.65. Which one of ther following statements is NOT true according to the article?A. Park managers interrupted the forest ecosystems through out the 20th century.B. Flesh-eating animals should not be elimated.C. Insect suppression may cause the forests to over-mature.D. Severe damage to native vegetation in the forest is caused by fire.Passage FourAt the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our prupose was to consider ow social science historians might contribute tro the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debagte. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially cholars such as Gary Klck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles, whose work, despite prodound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz, for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in the United States by using firearms to defend themselves and their property. It theirsurvey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100,000 criminals in 1994 in self-defense- a preposterous number. Lott claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed firearms deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraind to attack potentially rmed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the year between 1977 and 1992,when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year. He reports only regression models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that eacho of those models find a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and an inverse relationsip between violent crime and unemployment.Contray to Klect and Lott, Bellesiles insists that guns and American’s “gun culture’ are responsible for American’s high rates of murder. In Bellesiles’s opinion, relatively few Americans owned guns before the 1850s or know how to use, maintain, or repair them. As a result, he says, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, expecially among white, which was low everywhere, even in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assume guns and murder went hand in hand. According to Bellesiles, these patterns changed dramatically after the Mexican War and especially after the Civil War, when gun ownership became widespread and cultural changes encouraged the use of handguns to command respect and resolve personal and political disputes. The result was an unprecedented wave of gun-related homicides that never truly abated. To this day, the United States has the highest homicide rate of any industrial democracy. Bellesiles’s low estimates of gun ownership in early America conflict, however, with thouse of every istorian who has previously studied the subject and have thus far proven irreproducible.Every homicide statistic he presents is either misleading or wrong. Given the influene of Kjeck, Lott, Beliesiles, and other partisan scholars on the debate over gun control and gun rights, we felt a need to pull together what social science historians have learned to date about the hisrtory of gun ownership and gun violence in America, and to consider what research methods and projects might increase our knowledge in the near future.66. Which of the following statement is true about the public debate over gun control?A. It has little influence on the forum sponsored by the Crime and Justice network.B. Neither supporters or opponents of gun control cite the works of scholars.C. The works of mainstream social scientists have great impact on it.D. Many social science historians have so far failed to take part in it.67. The author mentions Kleck, Lott, and Bellesiles mainly to ______.A. illustrate the influence they have on the issue of gun controlB. refute the claim that private ownership of firearms will deter violent crimes.C. Support thethesis that gun ownership leads to more violenceD. Demonstrate why research methods should be improved in the study of the gun ownership history68. The author’s main criticism of John Lott is that he ______.A. advocates private ownership of firearmsB. is not objective in his analysisC. has analyzed a wrong periodD. has cited dubious statistics69. With which of the following will Bellesiles most probably agree?A. Gun control should be tightenedB. Guns have little to do with murderC. “Gun culture” was the result of high homicide rates in AmericaD. The statistics that earlier istorians produced of gun ownership is reliable70. The passage is primarily concerned with_____.A. resolving a public dispute over gun controlB. descvribing the effects of earlier studies on gun controlC. analyzing the flaws in the previous theories about gun controlD. summarizing the recent development in the studies of gun controlⅣ Writing （15 points）Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words1．盗版现象日益严重2．盗版造成的后果3．我对抵制盗版问题的看法Ⅴ Translation (40 points)Part A(20 points)Direction: Translation the following Chinese paragraph into Englih on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。

2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)American cities are(1)_____other cities around the world.In every country,cities reflect the(2)_____of the culture.Cities contain the very(3)_____aspect of a society:opportunities for education,employment,and entertainment.They also contain the very worst parts of a society: violent crime,racial conflict and poverty.American cities are changing,just(4)_____American society.After World War II,the population of(5)_____large American cities decreased;however the population in many Sun Belt cities___(6)____.Los Angeles and Houston are cities(7)_____ population increased.These population shifts to and from the city(8)_____the changing values of American society.During this time,in the(9)_____1940s and early1950s,city residents became wealthier,more prosperous.They had more children.They needed more(10)_____. They moved out their apartments in the city(11)_____their own homes.They bought houses in the(12)_____,areas near a city where people live.These are areas(13)_____many offices or factories.During the1950s the American"dream"was to have a house on the outskirts.Now things are changing.The children of the people who left the cities in the1950s are now (14)_____.They,(15)_____their parents,want to live in the cities.(16)_____continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt.Cities are(17)_____and the population is increasing in such states as Texas,Florida,and California.Others are moving to more(18)_____cities of the North-east and Midwest,such as Boston,Baltimore and Chicago.Many young professionals,doctors,lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city.They prefer the city(19)_____the suburbs because their jobs are there;they are afraid of the fuel shortage;or they just(20)_____the excitement and opportunities which the city offers.A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier,more mobile class.1.[A]different from[B]similar to[C]better than[D]worse than2.[A]values[B]worth[C]importance[D]expense3.[A]well[B]good[C]better[D]best4.[A]likely[B]as[D]when5.[A]all[B]most[C]few[D]much6.[A]increased[B]changed[C]decreased[D]lowered7.[A]its[B]which[C]where[D]that8.[A]become[B]reflect[C]gain[D]contain9.[A]late[B]later[C]lately[D]latter10.[A]space[B]spots[C]time[D]food11.[A]buying[B]buy[C]to buy[D]bought12.[A]outskirts[B]downtown[C]districts[D]suburbs13.[A]without[B]with[C]within[D]from14.[A]managers[B]adults[C]parents[D]doctors15.[A]likely[B]like[D]unlike16.[A]Some[B]All[C]Several[D]Lots of17.[A]stretching[B]widening[C]expanding[D]prolonging18.[A]organized[B]famous[C]official[D]established19.[A]than[B]better than[C]rather than[D]to20.[A]win[B]enjoy[C]earn[D]acquire【答案与解析】1.B根据文章第二句的提示，在每个国家，城市都反映着各自国家的文化，此句的句意为，美国的城市和世界上其他的城市一样。

2012年复旦大学考博英语真题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in Americaduring the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generallyregarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value ofchildren would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents beganto increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expectedearnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread ofhumanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsoryeducation laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessmentof children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitud e to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of theworld by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would 5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoringeyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Itwas thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was alsothe one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, shewould become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could sherestwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when in come and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree oflabor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job c reation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during thematuration process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

2018年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those (1)_____ with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily (2)_____ the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was (3)_____ to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering (4)_____ possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to (5)_____ landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required (6)_____ and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only (7)_____ were being neglected. A handful had been (8)_____.This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays (9)_____ go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God (10)_____.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until theappointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to (11)_____ the good memories (12)_____ Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it (13)_____ admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other (14)_____ the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples (15)_____ height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as (16)_____ as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had (17)_____ so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched (18)_____ the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always (19)_____ that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many (20)_____ and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’dleft it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praisedB. celebratedC. blessedD. inherited2. A. roll backB. drive backC. go backD. think over3. A. excitedB. hilariousC. numbD. anxious4. A. as loosely asB. as tightly asC. as firmly asD. as freely as5. A. adjoiningB. hostileC. cravenD. friendly 6. A. documentsB. ratificationC. approvalD. testimony7. A. a lotB. fewC. a littleD. a few8. A. abandonedB. lostC. shatteredD. shunned9. A. butB. exceptC. besidesD. rather than10. A. intendsB. was intendingC. intendD. intended11. A. dwellB. dwell onC. mull overD. sleep on12. A. atB. inC. ofD. about13. A. instead ofB. rather thanC. insteadD. in order to14. A. withB. overC. atD. beyond15. A. enjoyingB. looking overC. competing forD. competing to16. A. lifelessB. boringC. nullD. tedious17. A. wiped upB. wiped awayC. wiped downD. wiped out18. A. toB. atC. intoD. through19. A. assumedB. presumedC. alludedD. deluded20. A. declarationsB. decreesC. depositionsD. declinations【答案与解析】1.C 本句的意思是“那些拥有美好童年的人会回到家乡，回到快乐的时光中去”。

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。