翻译复习

1.奈达认为翻译的四个基本步骤包括1.analysis of the source text2.transfer from source to target language3.restructuring in the target language4.testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intendedaudience.而Gorge Steiner 提出了他著名的论断understanding as translation，认为在翻译过程中，包括四个步骤trust、aggression、incorporation和restitution。

2．张培基——翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

3．翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字：“忠实（faithfulness）、通顺（smoothness）”。

忠实指的是忠实于原文。

通顺指的是译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。

4. 严复对翻译曾经提出“信（faithfulness）、达（expressiveness）、雅（elegance）”的标准：“译事三难：信、达、雅。

求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。

”5．The Book of Change says: faithfulness is the first important thing in wording.Confucius states that what speech requires is only expressiveness. Again he says that language without literary grace cannot go far and wide. All these three requirements are requirements as mentioned above are indispensable both to writing and to translating.Thus elegance must be achieved in addition to faithfulness and expressiveness so that the translation may go far and wide. (By Liu Zhongde, 1991).6．到目前为止，翻译分为三种：笔译（written translation）, 口译oral translation (or interpretation) 和机器翻译（machine translation）7．动态对等（Dynamic equivalence）：The relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.8．关于信与顺，鲁迅曾经说过，宁信而不顺“Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).9．从译出语（source language）和译入语（target/receptor language）角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外族语，外语译为本族语两大类。

科技英语翻译复习重点（英译汉篇）一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.（直译法）紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。

2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.（直译法）机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。

3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.（增词法）20世纪70年代，集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸，降低了价格，同时加快了运行速度，提高了可靠性。

4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.（增词法）原子动力反应堆不需要油，因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果，而不是燃烧的结果。

5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.（省略法）机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件，包括三种基本类型，即：结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。

UN2Prior to the late 1880s, most of us were so busy trying to make a living that we didn’t care what the Joneses were doing, nor did we know, for that matter. But with the birth of mass media, suddenly we were being told in no uncertain terms that not only were the Joneses far better than we were, but also that we should do something about it. You see, we didn’t know that we weren’t good enough until someone told us. And much of that assessment was, and still is, based on a perceived lack of things we’re told we should want or have. “Fortunately,” those same magazines provided us with ready solutions in the form of advertisements for products that would “catch us up” to the Joneses. Of course, by the time we got there, the Joneses were ahead of us again (kind of like how your brand-new computer is out of date as soon as you walk out of the store) and the vicious cycle of keeping up with the Joneses perpetuated itself and infinitum.19世纪80年代末以前，我们多数人都在忙于生计，既不关心、也不知道邻居们在做些什么。

请同学们认真把这些内容复习好。

以下是题型及分值。

I. Translate the following English signs into Chinese. (20%)1. Dangerous Bend 弯路危险2. Entry to Motorway机动车道入口/高速入口3. No Parking Except for Loading装卸区域禁止停车/此处装货禁止停车4. Free Prize Draw免费抽奖5. Please Join the Main Queue 请排队6. Private 私人（住宅/车道…禁止入内）7. Do Not Speak to the Driver While Bus Is in Motion汽车行驶过程中请勿与司机交谈8. Open All Year Round 全年开放9. Fewer Lanes Ahead 前方并线10. No Goods Vehicles Over Maximum Gross Weight Shown禁止超出所标示最高载重量的货车驶入11. Keep Upright / Stand On End请勿倒置/直立放置12. Dogs Must Be Leashes狗必须系上皮带/绳子13. Leisure Time Bowling Center保龄球馆14. In Case of Fire, Use Stairways /Do Not Use Elevators如遇火警，勿乘电梯/如遇火警，请走楼梯15. Abusive Language Prohibited on Campus校园禁止粗话16. Please Vacate This Seat for a Disabled Person If Required残疾人专座17. Used Car Dealer 二手车行/旧车市场18. Hairdressing Salon美发沙龙/美发中心19. Locksmith 修锁/锁匠20. Hours for Opening and Closing营业时间21. Leave Nothing but Footprints请勿丢弃垃圾/请将立即带走/不要随便丢弃垃圾22. Closing Down Sale 清仓大甩卖23. Commit No Nuisance此处不准大小便/此处不准乱丢垃圾24. Repair in Progress 修理中25. Reserved for the Elderly, Infirm, Sick, Disabled, and Pregnant老，弱，病，残，孕专座26. Do Not Touch the Exhibits / Objects请勿触摸展品27. No Admittance 请勿入内28. No Visitors 旅客止步29. Passport Control 入境检验30. This Work will Be Completed by the End of This Year. Thank You for Your Patience During the Inevitable Disruption 此工程将于年底竣工，感谢您施工期间的理解。

2010-2011-1 翻译理论复习1．乔治·斯坦纳的翻译四步骤理论在诸多翻译理论家当中，乔治.斯坦纳是西方对翻译过程进行深入研究的著名作家。

他在其著作《通天塔之后》中提出了以阐释学为基础的翻译活动的四个步骤：信赖（trust）、侵入（aggression）、吸收（incorporation）和补偿（compensation）。

首先，译者需要相信原文是有意义的，即为“信赖”，在理解和表达这种意义时，译者不可避免的要遭遇到来自原文的敌意和强烈的抵抗，难以接进原文的意义。

所以，译者的主观因素也不可避免地“侵入”到原文中去，“侵入”的目的是“吸收”，在“吸收”过程中难免要散失译语本色。

因此，“补偿”就显得必不可少。

事实上，译语本色的散失会表现在上述各个阶段，因此，“补偿”也必须贯穿整个翻译过程。

只有这样才能表现出原文的内涵，达到翻译的理想境界，翻译才能起到交流的作用。

2. 埃文-佐哈尔的“多元系统论”佐哈尔是以色列台拉维夫大学( Tel Aviv) 研究文学批评的教授, 从70 年代开始, 他在文学研究中提出多元系统方法( polysystem approach) 。

在研究和描述希伯莱语文学翻译史的过程中, 他深受俄国后期形式主义特别是图尼扬诺夫( Jurji Tynjanov)的文学进化理论的影响。

佐哈尔大量借用图尼扬诺夫的概念和观点, 如系统、文学准则、区分文学系统的等级结构（hierarchical structure)、作为衡量历史文学重要性手段的陌生化( defamiliarizatio n) 、文学演化( literary mutation) 和进化( literary evolution)等。

1978 年, 佐哈尔的《历史诗学论文集》( Papers in Historical Po et ics) 问世, 收录了他在1970～1977年间所写的系列论文, 首次介绍了“多元系统”( polysy stem) 这个术语。

考试复习一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分）(第5章的“文化与翻译”)书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。

二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题5分，共25分）翻译常见的八种技巧：1．重复repetition在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。

可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。

这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。

We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.奥秘。

2．增译addition/amplification什么叫增译法? 我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。

送君千里，终有一别。

，yet the parting must come at last．due to land speculations in the big cities, the price becomes higher with eacha small garden is no less than an extravagant hope or a daydream ( wild dream) for ordinary citizens (for the general public).Something happened in Huaihua, a small city in the west of Hunan province, (400 kilometers away from the capital city Changsha ).3．减译法deletion和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。

英语翻译100题1热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易。

1 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。

2 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3 南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。

3 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.4 到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。

4 By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and small-sized vessels.5 我们事业从胜利走向胜利。

5 We have won one victory after another for our cause.6 乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。

6 The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.7 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。

7 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.8 这一证书课程分在三年中学完。

1、He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。

2、He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事。

3、He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。

4、He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。

5、H e is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。

6、This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

7、There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。

8、Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

9、He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。

10、His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。

11、The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。

12、The security and warmth of the destroyer’s sick bay were wonderful. 驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。

13、He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。