The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1: geography, people and language 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts① The British Isles ② Great Britain ③ England (geographical names)④ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official name)⑤ Britain ⑥ the United Kingdom ⑦ the U.K 2. National Flagthe Union Jack3. The British Isles are made up oftwo large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. (geography)4. The image of John Bull.5. British National Emblem6. Climate: maritime climateTemperate ( with warm summer ,cool winter) plentiful precipitation (降雨量) Three principal features: frequent fog the large number of rainy days Instability or changeability7. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. (三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士) Region Capital National emblem People language Famous personsEngland（Southern ） London rose English 50M 83%English (Official)Scotland （north ）Edinburgh （爱丁堡）Thistle （蓟花）Scottish/Scots 5M <9.6% Gaelic (盖尔语)Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯)——Auld Lang Syne (友谊地久天长) A Red Red Rose(一朵红红的玫瑰 Wales（west ） Cardiff（加的夫）daffodil (黄水仙) Leek（韭葱）Welsh <3M <2%Welsh (1/4 in Wles)Northern Ireland Belfast（贝尔法斯特）Shamrock（三叶草）Northern Irish1.7M 1.8%English William Butler Yeats（威廉·巴特勒·叶芝）——When youare oldJames Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯)——stream-of-consciousness(意识流)George Bernard Shaw（乔治·萧伯纳）Other people:3%(immigrants)补充：（1）Englandis the largest, most populous and most wealthiest part of the country.The River Thames originates in southwestern England. (英国第二长河)(2) Scotlandhas three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
2-4british cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility英国内阁的原则的集体责任the main duty of the british privy council is to give advice英国枢密院的主要职责是提供意见in british the parliamentary general election is held every five years在英国的议会大选每五年举行一次scotland has a distinct legal system based on roman law苏格兰有不同的法律制度的基础上罗马法generally speaking the british parliament operates on a two party system一般来说，英国议会上的两个政党制度the policies of the conservative party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism保守党的政策的特点是实用主义和个人主义的信仰the labor party affected the british society greatly in that it set up the national health service劳动党影响了英国社会的大大的，因为它建立了国家卫生服务Chapter5the british government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s 自19世纪初以来，英国政府一直负责教育feducation in britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15在英国的教育是强制性的6至15岁之间的所有儿童fthe national curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system国家课程是强制性的国家制度和独立董事制度fwhen children finish their schooling at 16 ,they are required to take national gcse examination当孩子完成学业，他们必须在16到民族GCSE考试tgraduates from state schools in britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools在英国公立学校的毕业生有一个不太有利的机会进入名牌大学比独立学校tin the 1960s a large number of new universities were founded in britain在20世纪60年代，大量的新的大学成立于英国tmost british people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening大多数英国人开始新的一天早上阅读报纸，并最终在晚上看电视tthe times is the world's oldest national newspaper时间是世界上历史最悠久的全国性报纸fthe bbc world service broadcasts only in english throughout the world英国广播公司世界服务仅在英语世界各地的广播fsome british holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the christian calendar ,and others are related to local customs and traditions英国一些节日的庆祝，以纪念基督教日历中的重要事件，以及其他相关的当地的习俗和传统tin britain the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the 1960s在20世纪60年代在英国文法学校和职业学校之间的分工，通过引入综合学校结束about 6% of british children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system约6％的英国儿童接受小学和中学教育，通过独立的系统partially funded by central government grants ,the british universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources by tuition fees ,donations and corporate contributions部分资金由中央政府拨款，英国的大学接受他们的剩余资金从以下来源的学费，捐款和企业捐款A级成绩，学校参考，面试，是英国大学入学必须的，不需要在全国普通高考测试结果to be admitted to the open university one need no education qualifications开放大学不需要学历three big newspapersthe timesthe guardianthe daily telegraph三大报纸时代守护者据“每日电讯报”life on earth is a kind of documentary program produced by the bbc and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide地球上的生命是一种由BBC制作的纪录片节目，深受全球500万观众sky tv is britain top pay television provider天空电视台是英国最大的收费电视提供a common feature of all the british holidaysfamilies getting togetherfriends exchanging good wishesfriends enjoying each other's company一个共同的特点，所有的英国假期家庭走到一起朋友们交流的良好祝愿朋友享受彼此的陪伴christmas traditionsqueen's christmas messageboxing daychristmas pantomime圣诞节的传统女王的圣诞贺词节礼日圣诞哑剧Chapter6the canterbury tales is a representative work of the old english period坎特伯雷故事集”是古英语时期的代表作frenaissance is characterized by admiration of the greek and latin classic文艺复兴时期的特点是钦佩的希腊和拉丁经典fHamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces :moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder哈姆雷特”描绘了主人公的斗争，两股力量：道德操守和需要，以报复他的父亲的谋杀talexander pope was a great english poet who also translated homer's iliad教皇亚历山大是一个伟大的英国诗人，翻译荷马的伊利亚特tjonathan swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the english language and robinson crusoe is his masterpiece乔纳森·斯威夫特可能是最重要的散文讽刺作家在英语语言和鲁滨逊漂流记“是他的代表作fwilliam wordsworth and samuel taylor coleridge brought the r omantic movement to its height华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治带来了浪漫的运动，它的高度flord byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of hie short poems such as ode to the west wind拜伦勋爵区别了自己的音乐质量缺血缺氧性脑病的短诗，如颂歌的西风fjane austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school简·奥斯丁是一个著名的小说家流的意识学校fjoseph conrad is classified as a forerunner of modernism ,which prevailed before world war two 约瑟夫·康拉德被列为现代主义的先驱，战胜前世界战争2 tv s naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the third world the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism奈保尔在他的作品中详述的双重问题，第三世界的压迫的殖民主义和后殖民主义的混乱the most significant achievement of the english renaissance is drama英国文艺复兴的最显着的成就是戏剧'preface to lyrical ballads' is viewed as romantic poetry's declaration of indepen dence“前言的抒情民谣”被视为浪漫主义诗歌的独立宣言of dickens' novels, david copperfield is considered autobiographical狄更斯小说中，大卫·科波菲尔的自传thomas hardy is a representative of english critical realism at the turn of the 19th century托马斯•哈代是19世纪之交的英国批判现实主义的代表of the following statementsit prevailed at the end of the 19th centurythe writers were dissatisfied with the social realitytreasure island was a representative workneo-romanticism下面的语句它盛行于19世纪的结束作家与社会现实不满宝岛的代表之作新浪漫主义modernist groupvirginia woolfwilliam butler yeatst s eliot现代派组弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫威廉·巴特勒·叶芝T S艾略特oscar wild 奥斯卡野 Fthomas hardyjude the obscuretess of the d'urbervillesthe return of the native托马斯•哈代作品“无名的裘德”德伯家的苔丝“还乡adam bede亚当·比德 fa nobel prize winnersamuel beckettwilliam goldingv s naipaul诺贝尔奖得主塞缪尔·贝克特威廉·戈尔丁V S奈保尔waiting for godot is written by samuel beckett塞缪尔·贝克特“等待戈多”写的是判断题the republic of ireland occupies the entire area of the island of ireland爱尔兰共和国占据了整个爱尔兰岛的面积fthe earliest inhabitants in ireland were celtic tribes from europe从欧洲最早的居民在爱尔兰的凯尔特部落fin the 1800s ,ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of britain在1800年，爱尔兰获得的繁荣，因为它成为英国的一部分，fin the 1930s ireland was not indeed a republic but belonged to the commonwealth of nations在20世纪30年代，爱尔兰的确不是一个共和国，但属于英联邦国家tto support the government's neutrality in world war two ,there was no irishman participating in the war支持政府的中立地位在第二次世界大战中，在战争中的爱尔兰没有人参与fwith the help of britain, ireland entered the eec in 1973 without difficulties在英国的帮助下，爱尔兰于1973年进入欧洲经济共同体没有困难fin 1949 britain recognized the independence of the irish republic and returned the six northern counties在1949年，英国承认独立的爱尔兰共和国，并返还北六县fin ireland ,both the house of representatives and the senate have the power of m aking laws在爱尔兰，众议院和参议院有制定法律的权力fenglish is the only official language in ireland because the majority of people speak it as their mother tongue英语是唯一的官方语言，因为在爱尔兰的大多数人英语作为他们的母语f catholicism in ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith在爱尔兰天主教不是一个单纯的私人信仰的问题t选择题celtic tribes established a unified irish culture and language in the 6th century bc凯尔特部落在公元前6世纪建立了一个统一的爱尔兰文化和语言the anglo-irish treaty resulted in the irish civil warAnglo爱尔兰条约导致爱尔兰内战by 1980,the following except budget deficit were all serious problems in the irish society inflationunemploymentforeign debt到1980年，以下情况（除外预算赤字严重）的问题，在爱尔兰社会通货膨胀失业外债mary robinson was the first irish minister to visit queen elizabeth 2玛丽·罗宾逊是爱尔兰第一部长访问伊丽莎白女王2世in ireland, the head of state is the president在爱尔兰，国家元首是总统fianna fail i s the largest party in ireland since 1932 and has been in power for most of the time in the party's history共和党的失败是最大的政党在爱尔兰自1932年以来，已在在党的历史上的大部分时间执政emigration in ireland started as early as in the medieval period早在中世纪时期移民开始在爱尔兰ireland now has a knowledge-based economy爱尔兰现在有一个以知识为基础的经济ireland is called the celtic tiger because of its rapid economic growth爱尔兰被称为“凯尔特之虎”，因为其快速的经济增长Chapter8the eastern highlands formed by the appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory由阿巴拉契亚山脉的东部高地持有该国的大陆领土的三分之一fthe climate in the united states can be classified as temperature with some mild subtropical and tropical zones在美国的气候可以划分为一些温和的亚热带和热带地区的温度talmost through the middle of the united states north to south runs a well known 50-centimeter rainfall line美国北到南几乎通过中间运行一个众所周知的50厘米的降雨线tnew york is the commercial and financial center of the united states and it is composed of five boroughs including manhattan ,brooklyn ,the bronx, staten island and queens纽约是美国的商业和金融中心，它是由五个区组成，包括曼哈顿，布鲁克林，布朗克斯区，斯塔滕岛和皇后区的tsan francisco is the second largest city after new york and the world famous hollywood and disneyland are located here旧金山是第二大城市，仅次于纽约和世界著名的好莱坞和迪斯尼乐园都坐落在这里 fhalf of the usa population lives in the western metropolitan centers一半的美国人口生活在西部的大都市中心 fthe blacks brought from africa to america usually worked on plantations or farms in the north从非洲到美国的黑人，通常在北方的种植园或农场工作 fduring the 1830s and 1840s ,many northern europeans and irish immigr ants came to america在19世纪30年代和19世纪40年代，许多北欧和爱尔兰移民来到美国，talmost half of the immigrants coming to the united states in the 1980s were asians几乎有一半的移民来美国在20世纪80年代是亚洲人tbasic american cultural values are freedom equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living美国社会文化基本价值观是自由，平等和努力，为更高标准的生活的愿望t选择题the united states have 48 states on the continent美国有48个州在大陆the state of alaska is the largest in area of all the states在阿拉斯加州的区域的是国家所有的区域最大的the usa lies in central north america ,with canada to the north, mexico to the south, the atlantic to its east and the pacific to west美国位于北美中部，北与加拿大，墨西哥南部，大西洋到它的东部和太平洋西部the largest river in the usa is the mississippi river在美国最大的河流是密西西比河some of the world famous universities like harvard yale and mit are located in new england一些世界著名的大学，如哈佛大学耶鲁大学和麻省理工学院都坐落在新英格兰niagara falls is located on the us-canadian border between lake erie and lake ontario尼亚加拉大瀑布位于美国和加拿大之间的边界伊利湖和安大略湖the largest minority in the united states is the blacks在美国最大的少数民族是黑人the immigrants act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the united states ,particularly from europe1924年的移民法进一步限制进入美国的移民，特别是来自欧洲the characteristic of dominant american culture is english-speaking ,westerneuropean ,protestant and middle-class美国主流文化的特点是讲英语，西欧，新教和中产阶层Chapter9判断america was named after amerigo vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after columbus美国被命名后，到达新的大陆在哥伦布之后的韦斯普奇tthe second continental congress was held in philadelphia ,and the continental army and navy were founded under the command of thomas jefferson第二届大陆会议在费城召开的成立，和大陆的陆军和海军的指挥下，托马斯·杰斐逊 fthe civil war not only put an end to slavery but also decided that america was a single indivisible nation内战不仅杜绝了奴隶制，但还决定，美国是一个不可分割的国家tmany american people approved of the vietnam war许多越南战争的美国人民批准 fduring clinton's term the economy developed steadily resulting in a lower rate of unemployment在克林顿任期内经济稳步发展，导致在一个较低的失业率tin 1990 american troops and the troops from allied nations launched operation desert storm in order to drive iraqi troops out of kuwait在1990年美国军队和盟国的部队发动“沙漠风暴”行动，以推动伊拉克军队赶出科威特taccording to the american administration, saddam hussein and osama bin laden were responsible for the terrorist event on september 11,2011根据美国政府，萨达姆·侯赛因与乌萨马·本·拉丹的恐怖事件负责，九月11,2011Fthe american government regarded iraq a nation among 'the axis of evil'美国政府把伊拉克的国家之间的“邪恶轴心”ton march 19,2003,american and united nation's troops supported by several other countries began an invasion of iraq月19,2003，美国和其他几个国家支持联合国的部队开始了对伊拉克的入侵 falthough the combat operations in iraq are over, it is still hard for america to decide when to withdraw its army虽然在伊拉克的作战行动已经结束，它仍然是美国很难决定何时撤出t选择题the first successful english colony in north america was founded at jamestown in virginia第一次成功的英国殖民地在北美成立于在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦pilgrim fathers are a group of puritans, who came to america to avoid persecution in england 朝圣者的父亲是一组清教徒来到美国，在英国，以避免迫害the seven years war occurred between the french and british七年战争，法国和英国之间发生'no taxation without representation 'was the rallying slogan of the people of the 13 colonies“无代表不征税”的13个殖民地的人民的凝聚力口号the first shots of the american war of independence were fired in lexington美国独立战争在列克星敦的第一炮in may 1775,the second continental congress was held in philadelphia and beganto assume the functions of a national government在1775年5月，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，并开始一个国家的政府承担的职能abraham lincoln issued emancipation proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves亚伯拉罕·林肯颁布“解放宣言”给予自由向所有从站the policy of the united states was neutrality at the beginning of the two world wars在两次世界大战的开始，美国的政策是中立president roosevelt applied new deal to deal with the problems of the great depression美国总统罗斯福实行了新的协议，解决大萧条的问题the vietnam war was a long-time suffering for americans ,and it continues throughout the terms of presidents eisenhower, kennedy and johnson越南战争对美国人来说，是一个长期的痛苦，并继续在整个总统艾森豪威尔，肯尼迪和约翰逊。
1. Anglo-Saxons:a Germanic people from Europe who went to England betweenthe 5th and 7th centuries2. Norman Conquest :(诺曼征服)William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy(诺曼底), invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 10663. Standard English:Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England,adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media.4. constitutional monarchy: (君主立宪制)Parliament passed the Bill of Rights(人权法案) ,which limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament..The Glorious Revolution was complete,in which Parliament succeeded in removing a ruling monarch they did not like and establishing a system known as constitutional monarch. From that time, the King ruled with an authority circumscribed(限制)by Parliament.5. Great Depression:(大萧条):Bussiness was slack from 1929 to 1933 in Europe ,south America and other countries.6.North Atlantic Treaty Organization:(北大西洋公约组织)：Defense is a collaboration for the realization of an international organization established in 1949 by the United States and Western Europe 11 countries was formed to deter the Soviet Union, control of Western Europe, the struggle for world hegemony.7. European Economic Community:（欧洲经济共同体）:Also known as the European Common Market, established in 1958, the implementation ofEuropean economic and political integration8. House of Commons(下议院):The House of Commons, though often referred to as the Lower House ,is the center of parliamentary power.9. The Commonwealth Le Commonweath:Commonweath refers to the C ommonweath of Australia and the Commonweath of Bahamas,respectively,and the Commonweath of Natiions is used to indicate the community of independent states.10. BSE(Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)（疯牛病）：BSE is a chronic, infectious, fatal central nervous system diseases..11. comprehensive school:（综合学校）:regardless of student ability, students can learn in a variety of schoolsubjects.12. General Certificate of Secondary Education（普通中等教育证书）:Having completed the GCSE, students may choose to leave school and begin working,or to continue full-time education in what is called the ‚six form‛12. Open University:The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to t ake universitylevel courses and receive a university degree. They follow university courses through textbooks,TV and radio broadcast,correspondence,video,and a network of study centers.13. the BBC:the British Broadcasting Corporation.,affectionately referred to as the Beeb of Auntie Beeb,is Britain’s main public service broadcaster.14．Trooping the Color:when the Queen’s official birthday is officially celebrated with ‘Trooping the Color‛ around Buckingham Palace in London,which is also know as the Queen’s Birthday Parade.ke Poets:（湖畔诗人）:Refers to the English Romantic movement in nineteenth-century earlier produced a genre.who lived in the Lake District to explore nature.16. stream os consciousness（意识流）:the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page.Writer who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the character’smental and emotional reactions to external events,rather than the events themselves 17. Absurd Theater:（荒诞派戏剧）:the plays are concerned with human suffering and survival,and the characters are struggling with meaninglessness and the world of the Nothing 18. Anglo-Irish Agreement（英爱协定）:This agreement gave the Irish government a consultative role in the administration of Northern Ireland.It also reaffirmed that the six northern countries would remain part of Britain so long as it was favored by the majority of the citizens.19.Canada:The name Canada is said to have derived from the Huron word Kanata ,meaning‛village‛20. Quebec Act（魁北克法案）:In 1744 the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act ,which granted the people of Quebe Linguistic and religious freedom,and guaranteed the use of French civil law and British people and unite them into one country.21. Suez Crisis（苏伊士危机）;Also known as the Suez War or the Second Middle East War.Canadian diplomat and politician Lester Pearson wom the Nonel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing a peacekeeping force to defuse the Suez Crisis22. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.（石油输出国组织）:September 10, 1960, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad,decided to jointly deal with Western oil companies, maintenance of oil revenues. 14, the five countries announced the establishment of the organization of Petroleum Exporting23 North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）:Trade treaty signed in 1992, provides for the gradual elimination of the United States,Canada, Mexico clearance between products and services most tariffsand other trade barriers24 cultural mosaic（文化马赛克）:And the melting pot contrast, refers to a combination of cultural elements froma variety ofcultural form sIn this cultural forms, the various culturalelements are preserved in their own characteristic csand traditions, and not because of time or other reasons to integrate together25. CAEL Assessment:Canadian Academic English Language Assessment. It is the test non-English speaking students in English-speaking countries plan to continuelearning in university or college level English。
英语国家概况英文作文The United States is a diverse and vast country located in North America. It is known for its rich history,cultural diversity, and technological innovation. From the bustling city streets of New York to the serene natural beauty of Yellowstone National Park, the US offers a wide range of experiences for visitors.The population of the US is over 300 million, and it is made up of people from all over the world. This diversityis reflected in the country's cuisine, music, and traditions. Whether you're craving a classic American hamburger or want to try authentic Mexican tacos, you can find it all in the US.The US is also a global leader in technology and innovation. Silicon Valley, located in California, is home to many of the world's largest technology companies. From smartphones to social media platforms, many of the products and services that we use every day were created in the US.In terms of natural beauty, the US has it all. From the stunning beaches of Hawaii to the majestic mountains of Colorado, there is no shortage of breathtaking landscapes to explore. The country is also home to many national parks and protected areas, making it a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts.The US is a melting pot of cultures, ideas, and opportunities. It is a place where people from all walks of life can come together to pursue their dreams and build a better future. Whether you're interested in history, technology, or nature, the US has something for everyone.。
