英国文学简史复习重点12年
PART ONE: EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE
Chapter 1: The Making of England
At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
Chapter 2: Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》
It is Beowulf, the national epic of English people （民族史诗）
Features of Beowulf
1.Most striking feature: the use of alliteration --- in alliterative verse, certain accented（重读
的）words in a line, begin with the same consonant sound.
(There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.)
2.Other features: the use of metaphor and of understatements （隐喻和委婉）
Chapter 3: Feudal England
Best known English Romance（英国骑士文学代表作）: Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》
The Class Nature of the Romance
1.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance, as loyalty
was the corner-stone of the feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.
2.They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized
（保护，赞助）by the noble.
Chapter 5: The English Ballads
The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.
Best representative of English Ballads: The Geste of Robin Hood.《绿林好汉罗宾汉》
Chapter 6: Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer（拼写）is the founder of English poetry.
Major work: The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》
Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies in the fact that
1.He introduced from France the rhymed stanza（节）of various types, esp. the rhymed
couplets（对句；两行诗-两行构成一节的诗体）of 5 accents in iambic meter（抑扬格五音步）[ the “heroic couplet”（英雄诗双行体）] to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse（头韵体）
2.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech
PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Chapter 1: Old English in Translation
The Renaissance sprang first sprang in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement:
1. A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature
2.The keen interest in the activities of humanity
Humanism is the key-note of Renaissance Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world opening before it. According the humanists, both man and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.
Thomas More（摩尔）: Utopia《乌托邦》
Edmund Spenser（斯宾塞）: The Faerie Queene（拼写）《仙后》
The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.（斯宾塞诗体）
Chapter 4: Drama
Four types of English plays during Renaissance: The Miracle Play（奇迹剧）, The Morality Play （道德剧）, The Interlude（幕间剧）, The Classical Drama（古典剧）
Chapter 5: Marlowe
The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.
Marlowe's best includes Tamburlaine 《帖木耳》, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》, Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》
Theme: in Tamburlaine it is ambition, in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth, in Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge
Chapter 6: Shakespeare
Born on April 23, 1564,
died on April 23, in 1616
Four great tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello《奥赛罗》, King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth 《麦克白》
The Mature Histories:
1.The principal idea of plays of history is the necessity for national unity under one king.
2.Shakespeare believed in a wise and humane king who would live to serve his country.
The hero of Henry IV is Henry V.
The Melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet
1.It is said not without reason that the keynote of Hamlet’s character is melancholy, and
there can be no Hamlet without melancholy. But his melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.
(personality)
2.He seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the
problem that trouble and upset him. Revenge is easy, but it is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose the root of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society. (sense of responsibility for transforming the society)
3.Thus, Hamlet’s mental world has gone through the shock of a personal wrong to an
awakening of his great responsibility in reforming the world as a whole. But to realize his
ideal in his own time was beyond him. This and this only, is the cause of Hamlet’s profound melancholy and his delay in revenge. So Hamlet’s profound beginning shows, in a way, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. (crisis of humanism)
PART THREE: THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION
Chapter 2: Milton
John Milton: Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
Chapter 3: Bunyan
John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress 《天路历程》
Chapter 4: Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
The works of the Metaphysicals（玄学派）are characterized by mysticism（神秘主义）in content and fantasticality（空想，变化无常）in form.
PART FOUR: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Chapter 1: The Enlightenment and Classism in English Literature
The Enlightenment
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequity, stagnation（思想僵化）, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism（封建遗存）. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.
Chapter 2: Addison and Steele
Steele and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:
1.Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century
3.In the bands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as
literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.
Chapter 4: Swift --- Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》; A Modest Proposal《一个温柔的建议》
Chapter 5: Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel
Daniel Defoe（笛福）: Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》
Chapter 6: Richardson
Samuel Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.（道德说教者）Pamela was a new thing in three ways:
1.Firstly, it pictured the life and love of ordinary people.
2.Secondly, its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.
3.Thirdly, it described the characters’secret thoughts and feelings, and therefore was the
first English psycho-analytical novel.（由上层到平民；由娱乐到说教；由外到内）
Chapter 7: Fielding
Fielding’s first novel was written in connection with Pamela of Richardson.
Chapter 10: Johnson
Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary
1.It marked an epoch in the study of the English language
2.It also marked the end of English writers' reliance on the patronage（以恩赐的态度施与的
恩惠）of noblemen for support
Chapter 13: Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism（我们班没有此重点）
Sentimentalism（感伤主义）
By the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalists came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. They were dissatisfied with reason [classicists appealed to] and appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart”.
Chapter 14: Blake
Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
1.Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children. Blake
succeeded in depicting the happy condition of a child before it knows anything about the pains of existence.
2.In Songs of Experience, a much mature work, entirely different themes are to be found, for
in this collection of poems the poet drew pictures of neediness（悲伤；贫困）and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable.
3.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance.
It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life.
Chapter 15: Burns
Robert Burns is a Scottish peasant poet. （农民诗人）
(Burns also achieved success in the field of satire. The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.)
PART FIVE: ROMANTICISM IN ENGLAND
Chapter 1: The Romantic Period
Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.
Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in social and political attitudes, they split into two schools（流派）:
1.Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by
the way against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. the “merry old England”, as their ideal, or “frightened by the coming industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature for protection.
They were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists（消极浪漫主义者）including Wordsworth（华兹华斯）, Coleridge（柯勒律治）, Southey（索西）, who have also been called the Lake Poets（湖区诗人）
2.Others expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal,
though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists （积极浪漫主义者）: Byron, Shelley, Keats
Chapter 2: Wordsworth
In 1798, Coleridge and Wordsworth jointly published the Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》
In the Preface of the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”（好的作品是强烈情感的自然流露）
Chapter 3: Coleridge and Southey
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《老水手吟》; Kubla Khan《忽必烈可汗》
George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 《恰尔德柴尔德游记》, Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelly: Queen Mab《麦布女王》, The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰起义》, and Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》
Chapter 6: Keats
John Keats: Ode to Autumn《秋日颂》, Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》, Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》, and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》（to---献给…; on---关于…的思考）
Chapter 7: Lamb（兰姆）
Charles Lamb: The Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》; Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔》
Lamb was a romanticist, seeking a free expression of his own personality and weaving romance into the daily life. But his romanticism is different from that of Wordsworth. Wordsworth was the romanticist of nature, and Lamb the romanticist of city. While Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes, Lamb’s imagination was fired with the busy life of London.
PART SIX: ENGLISH CRITICAL REALSIM
Chapter 1: The Rise of Critical Realism in England
English Critical Realism
1.English Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and the early fifties
2.The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of
the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a domestic viewpoint.
3.With striking force and truthfulness, critical realism creates pictures of bourgeois
civilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people.
Chapter 2: Dickens
Major works: The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》; Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》; American Notes
《访美杂记》; David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔德》; Bleak House《荒凉山庄》; Hard Times 《艰难时世》; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》; Great Expectations《远大前程》
Chapter 3: Thackeray（萨克雷）
William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair《名利场》
Chapter 4: Some Women Novelists
Jane Austen: Sense and Sensibility; Pride and Prejudice; Emma
Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre
Emily Bront?: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》
Mrs. Gaskell was one of the first English writers to describe in a novel the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists in the Hungry Forties
George Eliot（男性笔名，本人是女性）: Adam Bede《亚当比德》; The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
PART SEVEN: PROSE WRITERS AND POETS OF THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURY
Chapter 7: Literature Trends at the End of the Century
Naturalism（自然主义）
1.It is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second
half of the 19th century.
2.According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly
reproduce real life, including all its details without selection. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”.
3.But by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only represent the
external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life.
PART EIGHT: TWENTIETH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE
Chapter 2: English Novel of Early 20th Century
Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》; Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》
Henry James: Daisy Miller《女大学生》; The Ambassadors《使者》
Chapter 3: Hardy
Thomas Hardy（哈代）: Tess of the D’Urbervilles（拼写，不可缩略）
Chapter 8: Modernism in Poetry
Two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century
W.B. Yeats = William Butler Yeats（叶芝）
T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land《荒原》; The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrok
Chapter 9: The Psychological Fiction
Modernism in English literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique in writing.
(Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.)
D.H. Lawrence: Son and Lovers《儿子与情人》; Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》; Lady Chatterley’s Lover《查特莱夫人的情人》; the Rainbow《虹》
The “stream of consciousness”（意识流）is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and independently of the person’s will”.
James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的画像》; Ulysses《尤利西斯》; Finnegans Wake《芬里根的苏醒》
Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》; To the Lighthouse《去灯塔》; The Waves《海浪》
PART NINE: POETS AND NOVELIST WHO WROTE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Chapter 9: George Orwell
George Orwell: Animal Farm《动物庄园》; Nineteen Eighty-Four
Chapter 10: William Golding
William Golding: Lord of the Flies《蝇王》
Chapter 11: Doris Lessing
Doris Lessing: The Grass Is Singing《小草在唱歌》; The Golden Notebook《金色笔记本》
1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey； ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题)
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe. 2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. 3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements. 4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest) 5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero. Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table 6. The Class Nature of the Romance The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble. 7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. 8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事 9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟 The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form 三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂 10.The Renaissance and Humanism The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features
I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages :the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
The father of English poetry.
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
英美文学复习资料 English Literary History 1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. 2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 4. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets’ poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age. 6. Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the “University Wits”. His masterpieces are T amburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. 7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies. 8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist. 9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.” 10. The neoclassical period,that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism. 11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel. 12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress. (最成功的宗教寓言诗) 13. Alexander Pope’s best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志). 14. Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. 15. Jonathan S wift was a master satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model. 16. Henry Fielding is regarded as “father of the English Novel”. He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. 17. Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman –A Dictionary of the English Language. 18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy. 19. Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.” 20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of
基础英语考研（英美文学简史）考研复习考点归纳 一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记 1.1 复习笔记 早期英国文学 Early English Literature Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成） 1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年） A. Brief Introduction（简介） Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
1.Romanticism（P210) *At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French revolution. *Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations and pay attention ti the spiritual and emotional life of man ; *Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb ,Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hunt. *Lake Poets:they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives. 注：Wordsworth，Coleridge，Southey是逃避现实的浪漫主义诗人； Byron，Shelley，Keats是激进的浪漫主义诗人； Lamb，Hazlitt，Leigh Hunt，De Quincey是写散文的。 Scott是写小说的。 #Wordsworth(P212)) Lyrical Ballads (most) Lines Written in Early Spring To the Cuckoo I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud My Heart Leaps Up Intimations of Immortality Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey #Coleridge(P217) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(1798) Kubla Khan(1797) Christabel(1797-1800) #Southey(P221)) Joan of Arc(1793) Wat Tyler(1794) The Fall of Robespierre(1794)(with Coleridge) The Inchcape Rock The Battle of Blenheim My Days among the Dead Are Passed The life of Nelson(1813) Thalaba the Destroyer(1801) Madoc(1805) The Curse of Kehama(1810) Roderick,the Last of the Goths(1814) #Byron(P222) Song for the Luddites(1816) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1809) Giaour(1813) The Bride of Abydos(1813) The Corsair(1814) Lara(1813) Parisina(1816)
本文供考研英国文学复习第二遍和第三遍的时候使用，第一遍要把教材细读一遍。 很多人觉的文学学的乱七八糟，主要是因为脑子里没有一个清晰的纲领，在临考前脑子里要对文学有很清晰的纲领，这样就算复习的差不多了。有人又问？什么是纲领？比如说英国文学吧，你要知道英国文学大致分为多少个时期，每一个时期有什么总体特点，有什么总体的literary trend，然后这个时期有那些重要的作家，每一个重要的作家都写过什么重要的作品，这些重要的作品大致内容是什么，有什么意义，有什么写作特色，除了这些之外，再对基本的文学术语有所了解就差不多了。当然如果要求选读的，选读作品得另看。 Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements（此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance（名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in
英国文学 Charles Dickens查理·狄更斯 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿(first true novel);Hard Times艰难时刻;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectations远大前程;Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传;David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔;Bleak House荒凉山庄 Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代 Under the Greenwood Tree在绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特乔市长;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德;A Pure Women诱奸 美国文学 Part 1. The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期文学 Puritanism对美国文学最有影响力的一种文学形式 The American puritans: a group of serious, religious idealists, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. Basic Puritan Beliefs:①total depravity (concept of Original Sin)②unconditional election(concept of predestination)③limited atonement④irresistible grace⑤Perseverance of the "saints" Part 2. National Literature民族文学(启蒙文学) Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林 The Autobiography自传 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩(爱国主义作家) Common Sense常识;The American Crisis美国危机 Thomas Jefferson(在其主持领导下，通过了独立宣言) The Declaration of Independence独立宣言 Part 3.Romanticism (stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war) 早期浪漫主义作家①Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文幽默大师、散文大师 A History of New York纽约外史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;The Sketch Book见闻札记;Rip Van Wrinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 ②James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀(关注西进运动) Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集(5部长篇小说：The Deerslayer杀鹿人; The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人; The Pathfinder探路者; The Pioneer拓荒者; The Prairie平原) ③William Cullen Bryant布莱恩特 Thanatopsis死亡随想;To a Waterfowl;致水鸟(被Matthew Arnold誉为英国语言中最完美的一首短诗) Transcendentalis m①oversoul超灵②believe firmly in democracy, and insisted on an intense individualism③nature Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and society. ①They believe the inherent goodness of both man and nature. ②They believe that society and its institutions ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual.③They believe that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.