that-- which 及表语
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先行词[在从句中的成分]决定引导词在从句中的成分。
I love the girl. The girl is a football player.the girl就是先行词，在从句里做主语。
变成定语从句时who 就是主语。
I love the girl who is a football player.I bought a book.The book was very interesting.The book是先行词，在从句中做主语。
变成定语从句时which就是主语。
I bought a book which was very interesting.I bought a book .He wrote the book last year. the book是先行词，在从句中做宾语。
变成定语从句时which就是宾语。
I bought a book which he wrote last year.that在定语从句里，可以用来替代who,whom,which.在定语从句中，关系代词which 和that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。
但在下列情况下值得注意：■■■只能用that而不能用which的情形■■■(1) 当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none 及some-, any-, no-, every- 与thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。
如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。
如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。
(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级（the most \the best）或序数词(first\second\third)修饰时，只能用that。
如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。
(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。
如：Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。
(5) that。
（简单记：当主句开头是there be时）如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。
(6) 当主句是以which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。
如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday？你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？（7）在固定结构the same...that...; so...that...; such...that...以及it is/was...that...的强调句型中,须用that同位语 This is the same museum that you once visited.（8）当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时，如果前一个已用关系代词which ，后一个关系代词宜用that ，避免重复。
但两个定语从句的结构如果平行，应重复同一个关系代词。
（平行结构中重复第一个关系代词。
同理——如果第一个用that ，后一个也用that 。
）I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders.He told me to read a book that is very short, and that is very interesting.（9）that 还可引导同位语从句,which 则不能He told me the news that they would come to see me.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~我是华丽丽的分割线~~~~~~~我割~我割~~~~~~~~~~~~~■■■只能用which 而不能用that 的情形■■■which 。
如：The pencil-case ，which I bought last week, is missing. 那个铅笔盒，我上周买的，现在不见了。
(2) 关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which 。
如把介词移至句末,可用that (可省略)。
如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。
This is the book(that)she was looking for.(3) 先行词为代词 that 或 被that 所修饰时，只能用 which 。
如：I don ’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。
（4）如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用whichLarry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.(先行词为story)（5）在"those+复数形式的名词"结构中,其后的关系代词多用whichA shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.*表语的概念 & 表语的用法一、什么是表语？表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。
它也可以说是一种主语补足语。
它位于连系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。
在系表结构中，连系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的是表语。
可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
1.名词作表语（1）What’s your nationality? 你是哪国人？（2）He still remains a farmer now. 他现在还是一个农民。
2.代词作表语（1）That’s something we have always to keep in mind.这是我们应当经常牢记的。
（2）——Who is there? 谁在那里？——It is me. 是我。
3.数词作表语（1）Seventy-four!You don’t look it. 七十四岁啦！你看起来不像。
（2）He is always the last to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。
（3）Five plus seven is twelve. 五加七等于十二。
4.形容词作表语（1）His hair has gone white. 他的头发已经白了。
（2）The performance was marvellous. 演出精彩极了。
5.分词作表语（表示主语的特征）（1）Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up. 时间紧迫，我们得抓紧。
（2）The situation is inspiring. 形势令人鼓舞。
一般来说现在分词（～ing形式）作表语表示主语的特征, 具有影响别人的能力；过去分词（～ed形式）作表语表示受到影响而呈现的状态。
动名词与现在分词作表语的不同就是前者是表内容, 后者是表特征。
[拓展]英语中有些表示感觉的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动，即“令人有某种感觉”。
现在分词与中心词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这类词一般都可作表语。
（1）The noise is very frightening. 那声音很恐怖。
（2）The story he told us was very amusing.他给我们讲的故事很有趣。
[归纳]这类动词有：amuse(有趣，给……娱乐)，satisfy(满意)，encourage(鼓励)，disappoint(失望），inspire （鼓舞），frighten(吃惊)，surprise(惊讶)，bore(使厌烦)，puzzle(使迷惑)等。
6.动名词作表语(表示主语的内容）(1)Her job is looking after the baby. 她的工作是照看孩子。
(2)To keep money you have found is stealing. 捡到钱不交等于偷窃。
7.不定式作表语(1)The problem is to find a solution. 问题是得找出一个解决办法。
(2)All I could do was to send him a telegram.我只有给他发个电报了。
[辨析]动名词和不定式都可以作表语，表示主语的内容。
一般说来，在表示比较抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词，在表示具体的某个动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。
(1)Their job is building house. (抽象情况)他们的工作是盖房子。
(2)Our task now is to increase food production. (具体行为)我们现在的任务是增产粮食。
8.副词作表语(1)We must be off now. 我们得走了。
(2)We are behind in our plan. 我们落在计划后面了。
9.介词短语作表语(1)She felt at ease and confident in the future.她感到很安心，对未来充满信心。
(2)He was in his early fifties. 他五十岁出头。
10.词组作表语(1)They are twice the size of chickens. 它们比鸡大一倍。
(2)That would be a great weight off my mind.这将会了却我一大心事。
11.从句作表语(1)This is where our basic interest lies. 这是我们的根本利益所在。
(2)My idea is that we should stick to our plan.我的意见是我们应按计划行事。
