英美文学重要笔记.精华版doc
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美国文学史及选读(第二册)笔记The Literature of Realism陈银2014/3/28 Lecture 5 O.Henry-William Sydney Porter(1862-1910)Contents●Introduction●His Life●His Major Works and the Feature of His Storys●The Gift of the Magi●The Cop and the AnthemIntroduction● a prolific American short-story writer●wrote about the life of ordinary people in New York City●noted for their careful plotting, ironic coincidences, and surprise endings.His life (1)●William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. His fatherwas a physician. When William was three, his mother died, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother and aunt. William was an avid reader, but at the age of fifteen he left school, and then worked in a drug store and on a Texas ranch. He continued to Houston, where he had a number of jobs, including that of bank clerk. After moving in 1882 to Texas, he worked on a ranch in LaSalle County for two years.His life (2)●O. Henry's last years were shadowed by alcoholism, ill health, and financial problems.●O. Henry died of cirrhosis of the liver on June 5, 1910, in New York. Three morecollections, Sixes And Sevens (1911), Rolling Stones (1912) and Waifs And Strays (1917), appeared posthumously.●During his lifetime, O. Henry published 10 collections and over 600 short stories. Major WorksThe Gift Of The Magi -- 麦琪的礼物A Service Of Love-- 爱的奉献The Last Leaf -- 最后的常春藤叶The Cop And The Anthem -- 警察和赞美诗Lost on Dress Parade -- 华而不实An Unfinished Story -- 没有完的故事The Man Higher Up -- 黄雀在后After Twenty Years -- 二十年以后Stories●O. Henry stories are famous for their surprise endings, to the point that such an ending isoften referred to as an “O. Henry ending”. His sto ries are also well known for witty narration.Most of O. Henry’s stories are set in his own time, the early years of the 20th century. Many take place in New York City, and deal for the most part with ordinary people: clerks, policemen, waitresses.The Gift Of The MagiThe Gift of the Magi is the story of a young married couple and how they deal with the chalenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. For Christmas, Della decides to buy Jim a chain for his prized pocket watch given to him by his father's father. To raise the funds, she has her long, beautiful hair cut off and sold to make a wig. Mean while, Jim sell his watch to buy Della a beautiful set of combs made jewels for her lovely, kneel-length brown hair. Each is surprised to find the gift they chose rendered useless, yet each is pleased with the gift that they received, because it represents their love for one anotherThe Cop and the Anthem●Summary●the Plots●the Writing style●the ThemeQuestions before study●What is it telling?●Do you think it is an intereting story? why?●What's your view about the cop and the Anthem? or what 's their functions?The Summery●The character Soapy, is homeless, a member of the substantial army of underclass menand women who had flocked to New York City during the earliest years of the twentieth century. In an unstated day in late fall, Soapy faces the urgent necessity of finding some sort of shelter for the winter. As with many other homeless people in the United States, Soapy is psychologically experienced in thinking of the local jail as a homeless shelter.He therefore develops a series of tactics intended to encourage the police to classify him as a criminal and arrest him.Despite efforts at dwindling a restaurant into serving him as an expensive meal, vandalizing the plate-glass window of luxury shop, repeating his eatery exploit at a humble diner, sexually harassing a young woman, pretending to be publicly intoxicated and stealing another man’s , Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police. Disconsolate(绝望的), he pauses in front of a church, where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life—whereupon he is promptly charged for loitering and sentenced to three months in prison, exactly what he originally set to do.Scene 1●place: in Madison Square●Character: Soapy, - the reguar inhabitants of Madison Square●plot: when winter was coming, Soapy made his plan to enter the local jail as his shelter. Scene 2●Place: at a glittering cafe in Broadway●characters:Soapy; the head waiter●Plot: Soapy imagined to go into have free dinner, but the head waiter threw him outbecause his clothes looked like a bum'sScene 3●Place;at a corner of Sixth Avenue●Character: Soapy; a policeman; a man running to catch a car●Plot: Soapy broke the glass of a shop, and waited for arresting; the police refused toaccept Soapy even as a clue, then run after a man who was to catch a carscene 4●Place: a restaurant of no great pretensions on the opposite of Six Avenue●Character: Soapy; two waiters; a policeman●plot:Soapy had a free dinner at last, waiting to be sent to the police, but the waiter justhad some guys throw him out; and the policeman laughed to see this and walked away. Scene 5●Place: Five blocks●Characters: Soapy; a young woman of a modest and pleasing guise; a lager policeman ofsevere demeanor●Plot: Soapy designed to harrass the young woman, but she didn't call for the cops, andcaught Soapy's coat sleeve to ask him to buy a pail of suds for her.Scene 6●Place: on the sidewalk of the next corner●Characters: Soapy; the policeman●Plot: he acted drunk but the cop thought he was a college student celebrating a win in afootball gameScene 7●Place:in a cigar store●Characters: Soapy; a well-dressed man; a policeman●Plot: Soapy tried to steal another man's umbrella. But the victim of the umbrella theftrelinquishes the item without a struggle. Because it is also not his umbrella. The policeman just looked at them curiousely and then go to assisst a tall blonde across the street.Scene 8●Place:near an old church on an unuasually quiet corner●Character:Soapy●Plot: The Sabbath anthem exerted an wounderful influence on his soul, Soapy decidedthat on the very next day he will seek out this potential mentor and apply for employment.However he was arrested this time for standing around.the Main Characters●Soapy: tagic destiny, abnormal psychology●the cop: the right and wrong were confused in capitalist society.●Anthem: just give spiritual comfort; but cannot change one's misfortuneThemesA. The Cop and the Anthem is a tragic comedy to expose that the police tolerate the crimes and punish the person who do nothing sinful.B. The sarcasm on the law and the corruption of the policeC. He shows sympathy for the poor people.Figures of speech1. Simile●“Don’t you figure out that I might have had something to do with it ?” said Soapy,not without sarcasm, but friendly, as one greets good fortune(正如他交着桃花运一样)2. metaphor●That was Jack Frost’s card3. metonymy●Soapy, having decided to go to the Island, at once set about accomplishing his desire4. personification●Jack is kind to the regular denizens of the Madison Square and gives fair warning of hisannual call杰克对麦迪逊广场的常住居民非常客气,每年来临之先,总要打一声招呼5. euphemism●Jack is kind to the regular denizens of the Madison Square and gives fair warning of hisannual call . At the corners of four streets he hands his pasteboards to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of all Outsiders , so that the inhabitants thereof may make ready●Wherefore it is better to be a guest of the law, which though conducted by rules, does notmeddle unduly with a gentleman’s private affairs6. Irony●Arrest seemed but a rosy dream●Soapy had confidence in himself from the lowest button of his vest upward7. Pun---(polysemy词语的多义性)●(1) and when Soapy moves uneasily on his bench in●the park , you may know that winter is near at hand.●(2) At the corners of four streets he hands his pasteboard●to the North Wind , . . .●(3) If not in coin you must pay in humiliation of spirit for●every benefit received at the hands of philanthropy.●(4) The pleasantest was to dine luxuriously at some expensive restaurant ; and then , afterdeclaring insolvency , be handed●over quietly and without uproar to a policeman.●(5) Would never a policeman lay hands on him ?●(6) Soapy felt a hand laid on his arm.To sum up●O.Henry’s short stories are noted for their careful plotting ,ironic coincidences andsurpring ending.Henry James(1843-1916)Henry James’life●Wealthy cultured family in New York (1843)●Unusual upbringing.●Harvard Law School (1862).●Settle down in London (1876)● A naturalized British citizen (1915).●Order of Merit (1916)The International Theme●“The international theme” refers to the moral and psychological complications when theAmerican innocence encountered the European sophistication●The typical Americans in James: fresh, enthusiastic, eager to learn, and basically “good” ,disregard of the conventions, stand for morality●The Europeans in James : highly cultivated, elegant in manners, but sophisticated. standfor mannersJames’s psychological novel●James changed the method of presentation in a novel, shifting the centre of gravity fromaction to its intellectual and fantastic aspects:●external circumstances lose significance before the inward events that take place in a soul. Literary Features of James●The cultural conflict between Europe and America●The psychological activities of character●Dramatic effect●Ambiguity in attitude towards many thingsThree Periods of James’literary Career●Early period (1865-1882): “international theme”(American innocence in face ofEuropean sophistication)major works: The American (1877), Daisy Miller (1878), The Europeans (1878), The Portrait of a Lady (1881)●Middle period (1865-1895): experiments with different themes and forms (subtle studiesof inter-personal relationship)major works:The Bostonians (1886), The Private Life (1893), The Death of a Lion (1894)●Late Period (1895-1916): a revival of the theme of innocence in a corrupted world and“the international theme”.major works:1895-1990: The Turn of the Screw (1898), What Maisie Knew (1897), etc.1900-1904: The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902)1904-1916: The American Scene (1907), etc.Henry James and Realism●An strong advocate of realism:The Art of Fiction1)“Art without life is a poor affair”; “the only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life”, etc.2) “It is art that makes life”●Psychological approach to his subject matter:forerunner of the 20th-century “stream-of –consciousness”novels and the founder of psychological realism (“historian of fine consciences”)Features of James’successful novels●“the international theme”: American innocence Vs. European sophistication●His narrative with the limited point of view (“center of consciousness”):The narrator tells the story in the third person, but stays inside the confines of what is perceived, thought, remembered and felt mainly by a single character within the story, such as Strether in The Ambassadors, Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a LadyCharacterization and Theme●Isabel Archer:naïve and innocent; intelligent and perceptive; strong-willed; spirit of self-sacrifice●Madame Merle:●cynical and pretentious●Theme: the conflict of innocent America and European cultureHomework●Act out the eight scenes in the Cop and the Anthem●Appreciate the Portrait of A Lady(think what's you view about Isabel Archer's characterand her choose.)●Pre-study Jack London and his works。
英美文学背诵笔记川师大英语学科教学英美文学重点英国文学(上)只需要熟悉目录,作家能够对应作品即可。
(2014年川师大真题)Give a brief introduction to sonnets with illustration.As one of the most popular of traditional poetic forms, the sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter. Sonnet may vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but they usually express a single theme or idea. Shakespeare's sonnets is very famous, which includes 154 altogether in number. The 154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126. The first group was addressed to Mr.W.H. People have been making guesses as to who this Mr.W.H. was. It is very likely that he was a noble man. The second group was addressed to a Dark Lady. Shakespeare's sonnet 18 expresses a very bold idea: that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach their eternity; and literature is created by man, thus it declares the eternity. The poem carries the spark of European Renaissance movement. It is obvious that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets partly in conformity with the popular vogue, but we must admit also that in some of them he revealed his innermost thoughts and feelings, made topical allusions to certain contemporary events and to his own life.英国文学(下)是考试的重点,关注真题,川师大考试的重复率很高。
英美文学选读笔记+考题Lecture 1 William Shakespeare1. Introduction of the course(1) This course is called Selected Readings in English and American Literature, a compulsory course for you. It will be finished in 12 weeks. And in each week we'll meet each other two times.(2) In this course, you will have to read some original works taken from English and American classics. It may be a little bit difficult for you. However, it's also a chance for you to know some great treasury in world literature and I'll help you understand them.(3)Comparing with the literary history courses, this course mainly focuses on original productions. The course book is a nice one with classical works and detailed notes.(4) For the final test, 10% will be decided by your attendance, 20% by your homework and 70% by the test paper. About the homework, after we finish each writer, I'll give you a name list of recommended works written by the writer. In the whole semester, you should choose at least one piece of English writer's works and one piece of American writer's works recommended by me. And then you should write a small paper on the piece of works you chose. That means you should turn in two papers in the whole semester.(5) A very important suggestion: preview the productions before the class; otherwise it'll be very difficult for you to catch me in the class.2. William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)(1) Historical BackgroundA. Queen Elizabeth I: a powerful England with the fast development of capitalismB. Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another is the humanism, which means the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.C. Shakespeare lived in such a period and also such a period made him the most famous and most important English writer.(2) Life(Read paragraph 1 and 2 on page 1 after class. These two paragraphs are the introduction of the great writer's life.)A. His complete works include 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.B. He is mainly famous for his great plays, especially the outstanding "Four Great Tragedies". ("Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth") He is also the author of some other famous plays, such as "Romeo and Juliet", but today we'll learn the excerpt from one of his great comedies - "The Merchant of Venice", which we'll talk about a little bit later.C. Shakespeare's sonnets are also very good. We'll first introduce Sonnet 18, the most famous sonnet written by Shakespeare.(3) Sonnet 18A. A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. It was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. (It is a very popular poem form and used widely in English literature. In the Elizabeth era, Edmund Spenser was also famous for his sonnets. And later, John Milton, Byron and Keats all contributed excellent sonnets.)B. Though the sonnet is a fixed form, but the rhyme scheme of the sonnet is not fixed. (few minutes for students to find out this poem's rhyme scheme.)Answer: abab cdcd efef gg. This is a typical rhyme scheme used by Shakespeare in all his sonnets.C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.temperate: moderate or mild; rough winds: strong winds; darling: lovely; lease: 租约;complexion: appearance; dim: darken with cloud; brag: boast;D.(discuss) Theme: expressing the deep love to his friend(4) The Merchant of VeniceA. Famous comedy written by Shakespeare in his youthB. Setting: Venice, the Middle AgeC. Characters: Bassanio, Antonio, Shylock, Portia (let students discuss the characters)Portia: Shakespeare's ideal woman, beautiful, intelligent, cultured, gracious, independent, a daughter of RenaissanceShylock: most successful character, a Jew, a greedy and merciless usurer and also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution (sympathy)D. Plot: Read the introduction from P3 to P4.E. (Discuss)Theme: Mercy wins over malice.F. The selection is the most famous scene of the whole play and also the climax of the play. (Ask students to read it thoroughly after the class.) In the class, we'll learn a short part taken from the scene. (P10 to P11, the famous statement about mercy made by Portia)G. (the last but not least) form of the play: verse drama written in blank verse mostlyblank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. Soon after blank verse was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets, such as John Milton, also employed this form to write their long poems.(5) Recommended ReadingSonnet 29; Sonnet 73; Sonnet 116; Four great tragedies; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream3. Homework1. Preview the next chapter about John Milton.2. Find out the form and rhyme scheme of the poem "To Cyriack Skinner" on P23.Lecture 2 John Milton (1608 0 1674)(Comparing with William Shakespeare, few people read his great productions today. However, he is also a classical writer in English Literature.)1. Historical Background(Discussion: Any important event happened during Milton's life time in Britain )English Bourgeois RevolutionThe conflicts between King (James I and then Charles I) and the ParliamentProfound conflicts: the Old Feudalism and New CapitalismIn religion: The Anglican Church and the PuritanThe consequence of those contradictions: the Civil War (1642 - 1649)The King was executed in 1649 and monarchy was abolished.Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship (1649 - 1660)The Restoration: Charles II and then James IIGlorious Revolution (1688)2. Lifeborn in a rich and cultured family - handsome and hardworking - graduated from Cambridge University and got master degree - six years' private study and the most knowledgeable poet in Britain - writing pamphlets for the Commonwealth - blind in 1652 - arrested and fined after restoration - produced three great poems in plain lifeMost important works - three great poems: Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)Besides three great poems in his late years, he also wrote some excellent sonnets including the one we'll learn today.3. To Cyriack Skinner(Ask the questions of homework) (Answer: Sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd)(1) Form: Sonnet(2) Rhyme scheme: abba abba cdcdcd (different with William Shakespeare's sonnets)(3) Explain the poem sentence by sentence(4) (Discussion) Theme: the author's positive attitude towards his blindness (another sonnet on blindness seems more discouraged.)4. Paradise Lost (《失乐园》)(1) Milton's masterpiece; greatest epic written in the English language*epic(史诗): it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. Notice the differences between traditional epics and literary epics. Paradise Lost is a literary epic.(2) It's a long epic including 12 books. The plot is taken from the Old Testament of Holy Bible.*Holy Bible对于理解西方文化最重要的经典,分为《旧约》(The Old Testament)和《新约》(The New Testament)两部分,这两部分写于不同的时期,而且使用的文字不同,《旧约》主要用希伯莱语写成,《新约》则用希腊文写成.圣经最早曾被翻译成希腊文,然后是拉丁文,在欧洲各国通行.《圣经》英译始自8世纪,但各种版本都不算通行,直到Martin Luther宗教改革之后,1611年出现的Authorized Version至今通行,对英国的语言和文学影响极大.推荐阅读英文版《圣经》节选或房龙《圣经的故事》中文版.Plot: (paragraph two on P24) revolt of Satan and some other angels 0 their defeat and throwing into the Hell 0 temptation of Adam and Eve 0 expulsion of Adam and Eve(3) Theme: "to justify the ways of God to man" (submission to the Almighty) (Discussion: Is this the real theme of the poem )Real theme: praising the rebellious spirits against the despot(4) CharacterizationGod: the despot, selfish, cruel and unjust (King of Britain)Satan: real hero, dare to revolt against the despot, persevering but not discouraged after the failure (Republicans including Milton)(Milton is a pious Christian. This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief. )(5) (P26 Learn a short excerpt from Paradise Lost) Form: blank verse(6) Explain the excerpt sentence by sentence.(7) (Do you think John Milton's works difficult ) Miltonic style: to express the sublimity of thought, sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur style(Latin words and Latin sentence structure, inversion, archaism, long sentence and mostly formal words, thus the style formed and his English rather difficult)5. Recommended ReadingJohn Milton's two sonnets: On his blindness; On his deceased wife6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter including the life of Daniel Defoe, the introduction of Robinson Crusoe and the excerpt Chapter VIII from P33 to P37.Lecture 3 Daniel Defoe (1660 0 1731)(He is a very famous novelist around the world because of his popular novel Robinson Crusoe.) 1. Historical Background(1) Comparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.(2) The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The Tory and the Whig, as two major parties in England, competed with each other in politics. (Discussion: What do you know about the Whig and the Tory )* 辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党.1679年,当议会讨论詹姆士公爵(即后来的詹姆士二世)是否有权继承英国王位时,议员们展开了激烈争论.赞成的人被对方称为"托利",反对的人则被对方称为"辉格".渐渐地,双方各自都以此自称.后来,双方的观点都发生了变化,辉格党对君主不再持完全的否定态度,因为"光荣革命"后英国君主的权力已经受到种种限制;托利党也逐渐改变了坚决拥护专制君主制的立场,因为他们几次恢复旧王朝的企图都因遭到了大多数人的反对而失败.久而久之,国王发现,无论是辉格党还是托利党,当其中一个在议会中占多数时,就最好任命这个党的成员为内阁大臣,内阁就不会同议会闹矛盾.18世纪上半期,辉格党在政治上占优势,是议会多数党,故此,辉格党执政近半个世纪.18世纪后半期,托利党才得以执政.工业革命以后,两党的主张发生一些变化.大约在19世纪30年代,托利党改称保守党(Conservative),辉格党改称自由党(Liberal).不过在现在的英国自由党的势力已经衰落了,现在英国的两个主要党派是保守党和工党,英国现任首相布莱尔即是来自工党(Labor Party)的.(3) England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century. In a series of wars, England proved her power of naval force.(4) (Discussion)With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes:A. Political writing: depending on patrons to working for either party in order to help them win more votes;B. Newspapers and journals: for parties and also for the rising middle classC. Due to the development of science and philosophy, (Issac Newton) reason rather than emotion played a more important role in the age. Thus the age was called the Age of Reason. Church's influence was greatly weakened.(5) The rise of the English novel①The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes' "Don Quixote". (西班牙,塞万提斯,《唐吉诃德》)②The rise and growth of the realistic(现实主义作家,以描写现实生活为主要目的) novel is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature. And from Defoe, the pioneer novelist in English literary history, we will meet several great novelists in the following chapters. (Forerunner of English realistic novels)2. Life (P29 Paragraph 1 and 2)(1) born in a butcher's family; father was a dissenter(2) graduated from a dissenting academy but did not want to be a clergyman(3) once a prosperous merchant; bankrupt and got into a heavy debt(4) writing all kinds of books including political pamphlets and trade books for a living(5) questionable political character because served both parties(6) versatile person contributing a lot to journalism ("The Review"; father of modern journalism) and trade(7) When he was 60 years old, he published Robinson Crusoe and then a series of novels which made him a major novelist in English literary history.3. Major works: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders etc. (P30)most important: Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders (1722)Moll Flanders: Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature. And it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center of attention in order to expose how the social system victimized them. The heroine is a woman living by stealing and cheating. It is also a tradition in English novel but the author's purpose is not showing her tricks. His purpose is satirizing the social system.4. Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(1) Background: a real incident; 1704, Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship. He lived there alone for 5 years. Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information.The first translation wad done by Lin Shu in 1905 and became quite popular in China.(2) Plot: run away from home →become a sailor →a planter in Brazil →to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck →made a living there all by himself →save a negro named Friday who became his servant →back to England →visit the remote island again and Friday was killedOriginal name of the novel: The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoea picaresque novel with a little change (main character is different)(3) (Discussion) Robinson Crusoe's characterization: typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles(4) (Discussion) Theme: praising labor and man's courage and effort to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery (Friday)(5) (Ask some questions about the excerpt)What is the first thing mentioned in the excerpt done by Robinson (The first paragraph) (keeping his calendar)How Robinson made a home for himself step by step on the remote island(Finding some useful thing from the wrecked ship - making a little pale around his tent - making a hut with the roof - enlarging his cave and making it like a storehouse - making a chair and a table - making large shelves - keep everything in order(6) (Discussion) Style: journalistic truth with many vivid details, simple and plain sentence structure and language, first person point of view, natural order in narration, making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classes5. Recommended Reading: Robinson Crusoe (the complete novel)6. HomeworkPreview the next chapter, especially the Chapter VIII from P50 to P56. Try to answer question 4 and 5 on P59 after your preview.Lecture 4 Jonathan Swift (1667 0 1745)(He is a master satirist famous for his Gulliver's Travels.)1. Life(He lived in the same age with Daniel Defoe, so we needn't introduce the historical background again.)①He was born in a poor family in Dublin, Ireland. His father died before his birth.②He graduated from Trinity College in Dublin but he was a rebellious student there. He didn't want to join the church.③He worked in a nobleman's house (Sir Temple, his distant relative) and it was a bitter experience for him because he was treated as a servant.④He first supported Whig and then Tory and then left the political circle. He was good at political writing and once a very popular character. (Review the introduction of Whig and Tory.)⑤After he left political circle he returned to Ireland and became a dean. He wrote a lot of pamphlets to protest the unjust policies of English government to Ireland.⑥Because of a brain disease, Swift became insane and died miserably.2. Works(Read the first paragraph on P43)①"A Modest Proposal"?Climax of his pamphlets on Ireland?It was a bitter satire and in this small book Swift suggested the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich. (Irony)?这本小册子除了是对英国政府对爱尔兰的剥削政策的讽刺之外,也是对一些projectors的讽刺,Swift在写这本小册子时就以一个projector(献策者)自居.本文流传很广,是Swift最有名的政论文章,也是历来英国散文选必选之文章.(《英国文学名篇选注》)*Irony(反讽):This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term "irony", there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects. ②"Gulliver's Travels"(《格列佛游记》)?Background: famous as a book for children but actually an important satirical book; took the form of a travel book because this form was popular at that time?Central character: Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship?Four voyages: Lilliput to Brobdingnag to Laputa to the country of Houyhnms (Read the introduction on P43)?(Discussion) Do you think Swift designed these strange stories only for fun(Answer: no, the purpose is making a bitter satire on English politics and other vices in the society at that time.)?(Turn to P50 and see the excerpt) This is a chapter taken from the last part of the book. It is mainly about the country of Houyhnms. In Gulliver's Travels, before each chapter begins, you can find several sentences telling you the main ideas of the chapter.(Answer the question 4 and 5 on P59.)(Discussion) What are the implied ideas the author tried to convey by this chapter(The author believed Reason was very important for human being. If human's desires aren'tcontrolled by reason, human will become disgusting like yahoos one day in the future. Notice the special historical background of the book - Age of Reason.)?(Discussion) Style of Swift's prose: His prose style is simple, clear and vigorous. His famous saying "Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style" influenced a lot later writers.3. Recommended ReadingGulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal4. HomeworkPreview chapter 6 (P70 A Red, Red Rose) and chapter 7 (P75 London).Lecture 5 Robert Burns and William Blake(Today we will meet two interesting poets. They lived in the later part of the 18th century and each has some special characteristics which make them have a peculiar position in the English literary history.)1. Robert Burns (1759 0 1796) (罗伯特彭斯) (He was called the national poet of Scotland. But he mainly lived a hard life and died when he was only 37 years old.)(*Scotland: 1707 为英格兰吞并,1745发生过大规模反英起义,曾经是一个独立的国家,有自己独特的民族传统,著名电影Brave Heart)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 on P69)A. He was born in a poor peasant family and only received two and a half years of regular schooling.B. He has been a poor peasant for nearly half of his life.C. He had an intimate knowledge of Scottish folk songs and ballads.D. He decided to go to Jamaica to make a living. He published his poem collection for passage money. The collection called Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect became popular soon so Burns cancelled his plan.E. He has been a lower rank official in the rest of his life. And he collected and published lots of Scottish folk songs and ballads but refused any payment.F. He died when he was 37. All his life he lived in poverty and illness.(2) Poems(His poems can be divided into several groups according to their themes.)A. On love and friendship"A Red, Red Rose", "Auld Lang Syne"(友谊地久天长)etc.B. On patriotism"Scots Wha Hae" etc.(3) Sample: "A Red, Red Rose"A. Background: wrote in 1794 and published in 1796, based on a Scottish folk song, a famous English love poemB. (Discussion) Q1: Rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Who is speaking in the poemQ3: To whom is the poem addressedQ4: What is the theme of the poemC. (Answers) Q1: "ballad meter": in each stanza the odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic trimesters and the rhyme scheme is abcbQ2: first-person "I", a person in love with a girlQ3: the lover, girlfriend of the poetQ4: showing the deep love to the loverD. Explain several difficult points of the poemA Red Red RoseO, my luve is like a red, red rose, (luve即标准英文中的love,这里是苏格兰方言)That's newly sprung in June,(sprung是spring的过去式,发芽的意思)O, my luve is like the melodie,(melodie: sweet music)That's sweetly play'd in tune.(in tune: harmoniously)As fair art thou, my bonie lass,(fair美丽;art thou: are you;bonie lass: pretty girl)So deep in luve am I,And I will luve thee still, my dear,(still: always, forever)Till a'the seas gang dry. (until all seas become dry; a': all; gang: go)Till a'the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o'life shall run. (as long as I live; sand指古代计算时间用的沙漏)And fare thee weel, my only luve, (fare you weel也就是farewell or good-bye to you)And fare thee weel, a while!And I will come again, my luve,Tho' it were ten thousand mile! (tho': though)一朵红红的玫瑰(王佐良译)啊!我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;啊!我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏的合拍又和谐.我的好姑娘,多么美丽的人儿!请看我,多么深挚的爱情!亲爱的,我永远爱你,纵使大海干涸水流尽.纵使大海干涸水流尽,太阳将岩石烧作灰尘,亲爱的,我永远爱你,只要我一息犹存.珍重吧,我惟一的爱人,珍重吧,让我们暂时离别,但我定要回来!哪怕千里万里!E. (Discussion) Features: using of Scottish dialect; form of folk song and ballad (rhyme scheme and repetition); musical quality; plain but passionate language(4) Recommended Reading"Auld Lang Syne"; "John Anderson, my jo" or some other poems written by Burns2. William Blake (1757 - 1827)(1) Life (Paragraph 1 and 2 on P73)A. born in a poor family in London; received a little formal education on drawingB. first an apprentice of an engraver and later an engraver himself nearly all his lifeC. a pious Christian and died in obscurity and poverty(2) WorksA. Songs of Innocence (1789): pictures of merry nature and innocent children; everything in harmony; only some minor vicesB. Songs of Experience (1794): contrast; pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the poor; showing the change of the author's world view and also showing the change of the social background(3) Sample: London (P75)A. (Discussion) Q1: Do you think this poem is taken from Song of Innocence or Song of ExperienceQ2: Did the author love the London described in the poemQ3: What is the rhyme scheme of the poemQ4: What is the theme of the poemB. (Answer) Q1: Song of ExperienceQ2: No. (He once loved London very much and wrote such lines "golden London and her silver Thames" but London gradually degenerated in the poet's heart)Q3: abab; iambic tetrameterQ4: criticizing the dark sides of English society and showing the sufferings of common people (The poem has been called "mightiest brief poem" because it employs only several images to describe some deep-rooted social vices vividly.)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.* Chinese version伦敦(王佐良译)我走过每条独占的街道,徘徊在独占的泰晤士河边,我看见每个过往的行人有一张衰弱,痛苦的脸每个人的每声呼喊每个婴孩害怕的号叫每句话,每条禁令都响着心灵铸成的镣铐多少扫烟囱孩子的喊叫震惊了每座熏黑的教堂不幸士兵的长叹像鲜血留下了宫墙最怕是深夜的街头又听年轻妓女的诅咒它骇住了初生儿的眼泪又带来瘟疫,使婚车变成灵柩D. Features: vivid images to make the poem picturesque; short, clear and concise; simple and fresh words; mysterious atmosphere and difficult symbolism in some poemsE. Conclusion: a precursor of Romanticism (pay more attention on inspiration and emotion rather than reason and neat form of the poem)(4) Recommended ReadingThe Chimney Sweeper; The Tyger; Holy Thursday etc.3. HomeworkPreview Chapter 8 (Composed upon Westminster Bridge) and Chapter 12 (On the Grasshopper and Cricket).Lecture 6 William Wordsworth and John Keats1. Age of Romanticism(1) Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)(2) Essence: shift from reason to emotion(3) Historical BackgroundFrench Revolution (1789 Bastille) and American Independence War (1776 win): revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)": great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor(4) FeaturesA. Subjectivism ("Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"): poetry expresses poets' minds.B. Spontaneity: opposing rules and regulations, free choice of formC. Enlarging the subject matter: countryside life; supernatural; natural beauty etc.D. Simplicity of languageE. For English literature, it was an Age of Poetry. (lots of famous poets)2. William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)(1) Life (P79 Paragraph 1 - 4)A. born in a lawyer's family but lost both of his parents when he was youngB. was educated in a school in the beautiful lake district thus developed an interest in natureC. graduated from Cambridge and a supporter of French RevolutionD. gradually grew conservative and became Poet Laureate*lake poets: three poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey; they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. They were friends and traversed the same path in politics and in poetry.(2) PoemsA. Collection: Lyrical Ballads (1798) (cooperated with Coleridge) (in the Preface proposed some different views on poetry) (mark the beginning of romanticism)B. Two categories according to themeHe is mainly famous for his poems on nature, such as "I wandered lonely as a cloud".He also wrote lots of poems on common people's life, such as "The solitary reaper", "She dwelt among the untrodden way", "We are seven" etc.(3) Sample: Composed upon Westminster Bridge (P82)A. (Discussion) Q1: form and rhyme scheme of the poemQ2: Tell the name of the city and the river described in the poemQ3: What is the theme of the poemQ4: Did the beautiful scenery of the city influence the authorB. (Answer) Q1: sonnet; abba abba cdcdcd (note 1 on P83)Q2: London; ThamesQ3: praising the beauty of the scenery of London in morningQ4: It made the author felt a deep calm. (This can be found from the poem)C. Explain the poem sentence by sentence.*西敏寺桥上人间没有比这更美好的景象,它是那样庄严,又那样辉煌谁能经过它身边而无动于衷这城市此刻批着美丽的晨光像穿着睡衣;坦露而又安详,那些船舶,楼阁,剧院,教堂,直伸向田野,又深入高空一切在明朗的空中熠熠闪光璀璨的朝阳从未这样美丽地照耀过大地上的峡谷和山冈我从未看到或感到这般沉静河水正在欢快的自由流淌亲爱的主啊!万物似在安睡那伟大的心灵也停止了跳荡D. (Discussion) Question 2 on P83(Answer) different social position of the poet; different aspect to observe London(4) Recommended Reading"I wandered lonely as a cloud", "The solitary reaper" or other poems written by Wordsworth.3. John Keats (1795 - 1821)(He was a genius in poem creation but lived a short and tragic life.)(1) LifeA. He was born in a poor family. And when he was very young, both his parents died.B. He had been an apprentice to a surgeon and then assistant in hospital.C. He loved to read poems. After two collections of poems' publication, Keats gave up his career in hospital.D. Because of Keats' friendship with those radical writers such as Hazlitt, Hunt and Shelley, his works were severely attacked by conservative critics.E. All his life time, Keats lived in poverty. And because he took care of his brother who got consumption, he himself was stricken by same kind of disease, which cannot be cured at that time. And because of the disease, Keats cannot marry the girl he loved deeply. All the misery made a shadow in Keats' poetry.F. In 1821, when Keats died in Rome because of consumption, he was only 26 years old.(2) Poems(Keats wrote some nice long poems, but he was mainly famous for his short poems.)①SonnetsKeats' famous sonnets include "When I have fear", "Bright Star", "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "On the Grasshopper and Cricket" and so on.②Odes* Odes: A lyric poem of some length, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanza structure. 颂诗His famous odes include "Ode to Autumn", "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and so on.。
英国篇英国历史上著名的三次入侵:1. in 43AD, Roman conquest.2. in late 8th century, Scandinavian Vikings Conquest3.in 1066, Norman Conquest(Battle of hastings转折点)Easter Rising(复活节起义,名词解释):The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means. The leaders of the rebellion were executed(执行死刑).Provisional IRA(临时爱尔兰共和军):(IRA:Irish Republican Army)It is a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials. It is this group which has continued the conflict for the last 30 years, and it is them that are usually referred to by talking about the IRA.两个协议:1.The Anglo-Irish Agreement: It was emerged in 1985. Under the agreement, the Dublin government on matters affecting the northern,2.The Good Friday Agreement: It is also known as Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland .英国自由的起源:Magna Carta(英国大宪章):It was a gang of feudal barons and the church which opposed some of king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as British’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the crown.英国政治的核心机构:议会parliament(了解各自特征)包括House of lords(上议院):It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. They sit in the lords either because they have inherited the seat form forefathers or because they have been opined by the sovereign(统治者), at the suggestion of the Prime Minister. In parliament, they speak and vote as individuals. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.House of Commons(下议院):It currently consists of about 646 membersof Parliament (MPs) elected by the people to represent them. MPs are only allowed to sit for the lifetime of the parliament, MPs receive a salary of about £64766 a year.They also receive allowance for secretaries and researchers, travel and so on. The House of Commons is the real center of British political life. It is the place where elected representatives make and debate policy.1869英国权利法案(The Bill of Rights):It limited the right of the king and established the British constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制).详记美国权利法案:英国有几个政党?简述各自的主张:The Conservative Party: the major right-wing party in British, supported by middle class or up classes such as landowners, businessmen and nobles(贵族),representingthe interests of the monopoly bourgeois. Supporting free enterprise and opposed to nationalization and to extending social services.The Labor party: the principal left party in England, Scotland and Wales since the 1920s, representing the interests of the working class as against the interests of the employers(雇主,老板),in favor of nationalization as key industries. Its policies are connected with those of the trade union movement.The Liberal Democrats: they emphasize the need for change in British’s constitutional arrangements to make government more democratic and accountable(有责任的).不信任案no-confidence motion: A special form the Parliament to supervise the government. It is usually put forward when the Parliament disagree the policies and guidelines of the government.The leader of the Liberal party described the 1980s as a time of “private affluence and public squalor”The Canterbury T ales by Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟)莎士比亚的作品:《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》伊丽莎白时期最主要的艺术形式:Drama浪漫主义时代的诗人:William Wordsworth《The Prelude》Samuel Taylor Coleridge《The Rime of Ancient Mariner》。
英国文学笔记整理英国文学史考试要点听课笔记(2006)1、it is ―Beowulf‖,the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》(Beowulf),又译贝奥武甫,完成于西元八世纪,约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗,长达3000行。
故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇,在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。
贝奥武夫(Beowulf)乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作,也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
该诗中并未提及英国,但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。
全诗凡三千一百八十二行,以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。
虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人,但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。
Features of ―Beowulf‖:The most striking feature i n its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of ―Beowulf‖ are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成,押头韵而不押尾韵,用双字隐喻而不用明喻。
全诗内容分为两部分:第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王(King Hrothgurs)宏伟的宫殿,在前后十二年中,半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴(Grendel)每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。
此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹(Geats)王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访,协助除害。
国王当晚设宴款待,熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现,捉食一名济兹战士,贝奥武夫与之格斗,贝氏扭断其臂,妖怪落荒而逃,因受重伤致死。
第二天晚上,格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇,其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国,被拥为王,前后五十年,举国大治。
最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年,杀一喷火巨龙,但其个人亦因而身受重创,终於身死。
英美文学重点知识归纳Old En glish: 450-1066Medieval English : 1066 - middle huma nity)<Beowulf > the national epicof the An glo-Sa onsChaucer-thefatherofEn glishpoetry<The Can terbury Tales > first time touse ' heroiccouplet 'The R en aissa nee Period : 14th —mid 17thstarted inItaly 1. 2. 3.series of historical rediscovery of new discoveries the religiousThe Ren aissa nee Huma nismeve nts: ancientRoman &in geography & Greek culture astrology(占星学)reformation & economic expansionrebirth or revivalthe esse nee of the Ren aissa nee, the dig nity ofhuman being & the importa nee of the prese ntlifeBest represe ntatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare The Elizabetha n drama: the real mai nstream of En glish Ren aissance14th centuryGeoffrey (wisdom, humorre, Ben Jonson5 quality:sple ndid imag in ati on4)a lofty (高尚的) moral purity and serious ness <The Shepherdes Calender > lament (哀 悼) over the loss of Rosali nd<The FaerieQuee ne>主角:Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloria na- the Fairy Quee nThe themeisnot “Arms and the man,” butsomething moreroma ntic — “ Fierce warres andfaithfullloves”READING excerpt from The Faerie Queenef 山后er of En glishdrama Hyperbole (夸张)Most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeathe poets' poet1) a perfect melody2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a5)a dedicated idealismContent:Redcrosse Knightset out on his adve ntures.Christopher Marlowe“ Uni versityWits ”,thepioneSpenserMarlowe's achieveme nt: 1)blankverse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力)and grandeur(伟into the bla nk verse with his “mighty lines , ” which ca rry stro ng emotio ns.2)his creatio n of the Ren aissaneehero for En glish drama.(not strong in dramatic con struetion.)pion eer of En glish drama3 tragedies: <Dr. Faustus > the human passion for kno wledge,power and happ inessvTamburlaine > 帖木耳大play about an ambitious and pitiless overpoweri ng ki ng.<The Jew of Malta >马尔他的犹太人non-drama <The Passi on ate Shepherd to His Love> pa storal(田园的)life ,the most beautiful lyrics(抒情诗)READING: 1. excerpt from Dr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the Germa n legendContent: Faustus is a scholar who has a stro ng desire to acquire kno wledge. By conjurati on(念咒文召唤)he call up Mephistophilis, the Devil 's serva nt. He makea bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in returnfor24 yearsof life in which Mephistophilis to give him everyth ing hedesires. Devil ' s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is huma n rather tha n religious2. ThePassi on ate(热情的)Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem iscon sidered to be one of the most beautifullyrics ( 抒情诗) inEn glish literature.The shepherd(牧羊人) enjoy an idealcountrylife, cherish ing( 珍爱) a pastoral(田园的)and pure affecti onforhis love. Str ongemoti onis conveyed through the beauty ofn ature.prese nt time)<The Merchant of Venice >, < Twelfth Night > … Tragedy:vRomeo and Juliet > romantictragedy.To praise the faithfu In ess of love and the spirit ofpursuing happ in ess.WilliamShakespeare pla ywright & poet (above all writersin thepastand inthe1. <He nry W >, vRichard2.vRichard n >, <Henry IV >, <Henry V >, <Ki ng Joh n>Comedies: vA MidsummerNight 's Dream>,3. Four tragedies -<Hamlet>, <Othello>, vKing Lear> & <Macbeth>4. tragicomedies : <The Tempest〉Achieveme nt:A. exploring the characters ' s inner mind.soliloquy(独白) or mono logue - fully reveal the inner con flict of the charactersgon trasts - br ing vivid ness to the charactersB. adroit (精巧的)plot con structi onC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguiseis an importa nt device to create dramaticir ony.D. the Ian guage.READING 1. So nnet 18 (14 line)vSonnet 18> eternal or immortal (不朽的)beauty, have a faith in the perma nence of poetryA nice summe r s day is usuallytran sie nt(短暂的),but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of Venice<The Merchant of Venice > to praise the frien dship betwee n A ntonioand Bassa nio, to idealize Portia ahero ine of great b eauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the in satiable (不知足的)greed and brutality of theJew.Double plot:(1) Bassa nio ask Antonio for a loa n so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Anton io borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. S hylock make a strange bond that requiresAntonio to surrendera pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within acerta in period of time. Portiadisguised as a young lawyer in structed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there isno men tio n of blood in the bon d. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be con fiscated( 充公)accord ing tohe law of Veni ce.3. Excerpt from Hamlet<Hamlet> hesitate betwee n fact and ficti on, Ian guage and act ion, too sophisticated (复杂的)to degradehis nature tothe conven tionalrole of a stage revengercontent: Hamlet, the prin ce, appeari ng in a mood of world-w eari ness (厌世) occasi oned by his father 'sdeath and his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father 's brother. Hamlet is in formed thatClaudius has murdered his father and the n tak en over both his father ' s thr one and widow. Thus Hamlet i surged to seek reve nge.r to die; to suffer or to take acti onby experienee. D ifferent ways adoptedn dati on for moder n scie nee example ofthat genre inEn glishHis Essays is thefirstliterature.Bacon's essaysare famous for their brevity, compact ness & powerfu In ess, well-arra nging and en rich in gby Biblicalallusiofouessayist, lay the and cade nee (韵律).ns (典故),metaphors (隐喻)Fra ncis—philosopher, scie ntist, agin atio nand creatio n,and philosophy to man s reas on.<Novum Organum> written in Latin on methodology 方法论Bacon suggests the in ductive reasoning 归纳法(i.e. proceed ingfrom the particulartothe gen eral) in place of Aristotelia nmethod, the deductive reas oning 法(i.e.proceed ingfrom the gen eral totheparticular)READING: Of Studiesf three to<Of Studies > uses and ben efitsparts: history 演绎 Note: To be, or not to beto live on in this world<The Advancement of Learning> man s understanding consists o man smemory, poetry to man s im of study — studies serve for delight, fororn ame nt, and forability.Studiesperfectn ature, and are perfectedby differe nt people to pursuestudies - studies and experienee are compleme ntary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to read in gbooks -to weigh and con sider. How studies exert in flue nee over hum an character - read ing maketh a fullma n, conference a ready man, and writi ng an exact man."Metaphysical poetry ” (玄学诗)-break away from love poetry, the diction(用语)i s simple, theimagery is from the actual, the form isfrequently an argument with the poet' s beloved, with God, or withhimself.A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论)Poetry 早期:< The Songs and Sonn ets > holds that the n ature of love is the union of soul and body.晚期:<Holy Sonnets><A Hymn to God the Father> religious poemProse: his serm ons, which are both rich and imag in ativeREADING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud( a sonn et,14 lin es)<The Sun Rising > the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhereafter the Greek style i n En glish.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lostadow of death. Death on ly lasts a mome nt, our life after death is eternal. The morepleasure the death gives people,not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'w hom the godslove die youn g'. Though death is usually con sid ered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's bodyand a birthfor his soul.from death.When you are living,you arealways in the shAchieveme nt: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose (散文)3)thelast great poemsElegy (挽歌)-< lycidas >利西达斯 (his early work ) Epic (史诗)-<Paradise Lost > < Paradise Rega in ed> Dramatic poem (诗剧)- <Sams onAgoni stes >力士参 John | Milton 孙 the most perfectvDeath,Be Not Proud 〉 whatever you are,you can not escapeexample of the versedramavParadise Lost > the only gen erally ack no wledged epic in Engl ish literature since Beowulf. The conflict isbetween human Iove and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the ke ysto ne of Milt on 's creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testame nt, the theme is the “ Fall of Man”:Satan rebel against God and are driven fromHeaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(弓丨诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree ofKnowledge against God s instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.The | Neoclassical Period : 1660-1798 with the publicati on of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth an dColeridge- a revival of in terest in the old classical works,order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)&accuracythe Age of Enlightenment/Reason —the movement was a furth erance of the Ren aissa nee of the 15th a nd 16th cen tries,a progressive in tellectual moveme nt, reas on (ratio nality), equality& scienee (the 18th century)modern English novel - newly rising literary form 现实主义小说诞生(the mid-century )Gothic novel (哥特式小说)- mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the end of cen tury)John | punyan.REAING: The Vanity Fair 名利 场 an excerpt form The Pilgrim ' s <The Pilgrim's Progress >, a religious as a journeyone of the first to in troduce rati on alismto En gla nd, forhim the supreme value was orderREADING: excerpt fromA n Essay on Criticism (论批评)<AnEssay on Criticism> apoem writte ninheroic couplets(对句),criticizethe prese ntpoem lack oftruetaste& callAlexa nderPope on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers forProgress (天路历程)allegory(its purpose is to urge peopleto abide by Christia ndoctri nes and seek salvatio n(拯 救) throughcon sta nt struggleswiththeir ownweaknesses and all kinds ofsocial evils. Its predo minantmetaphor — lifeguida nee, true wit which is bestset in a plain (simple & clear) style.eople, rnacular(thehis Ian guage方言).first writer study of theis smooth, easy, colloquiala ndREADING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe<Rob inson Crusoe > praise the human laborlower-classand themostlyPuritanvefortitude (清教徒坚韧).T an adve nture story, Robinson, n arrates how he goes to s ea, gets shipwrecked and maroon ed(放逐)ona Ion ely isla nd, struggles to live for 24-years there and fin ally gets relieved and returns to En gland.T Robinson grew from a na?ve and artless youth into a sh rewd and harde ned man, tempered bynumeroustrials in his ev en tful life.Jon atha n SwiftIn his opi nion, human nature is seriously and permanently f lawed (缺点)Achieveme nt:1)amaster satirist . < A Modest Proposal >vGulliver's Travels >2) one of the greatest of En glish prose, he defi ned a good Europea n life.<The History ofthe Adve nturesof Joseph Andrews … > (约瑟夫•安德鲁)<The History of Jon atha n Wild the Great > (伟大的乔纳森•怀尔德) <The History ofTom Jones, a Foun dling> a masterpiece on the subject ofhuman nature<The History of Amelia > the iun fort un atelife of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) pictureofthesociallifeat thetime.style. He n arrati onadopted “ thethird-pers ond styleas “ Proper words inproper placesREADING: excerpt from Gulliver ' s Travels (格列佛游记) vGulliver'sTravels > fictionalwork, four partsLilliput,Brobd ingnag,Flyi ng Isla nd& Houyhnhnm(小人国)大人book iscriticismsand 飞岛)one satiresof theof all(有人类理性的马 most effective aspects inand devastat ing thethenEn glishanto write 诗),thefirst to give the moder n structure andHenry | Fielding was the firstno vel its aaREADING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “ Prose Home”In a way, Tom and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring(旅行的) Everyma n, who is expelled from the paradisea nd has togo through hard experienee to gain a knowledge of himselfand fin ally to approach perfect ness.SamueJohnson - the author of the firstE nglish dicti onarylby an En glishma n, the last n eoclassiciste nlighte ner.<A Dictionary of the English Language> 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield<To the Right Hono rable the Earl of Chesterfield > the lette r is writte n in a refined and very politela nguage, with a bitter un dert one of defia nee and an ger. The seem in gly peaceful retrospecti on, reas oningand questio ning express, to thebest satiric effect, the author ' s stro ng in dig nati on at the lord ' s fame-fishing.Sherida n the only importa nt En glish dram of the 18th cen turyatist<The Rivals > and <The School for Scan dal > are regarded as important links between the masterpiecesof Shakespeare and th ose of Ber nard Shaw.READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Joseph Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in love with Maria, Sir PeterTeazle is lovedby Lady Sn eerwell. The lady in stigates(教唆) Joseph to pursue Maria For her Mon ey.Joseph secretly se duce(弓丨诱)Lady Teazle, Sir Peter' s young wife. The play ends with great disgrace forJoseph and Charles wins his loves and the in herita nee of his rich un cle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(堕落)of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th E ngla nd.Thomas Gray|the leader of the sen time ntal(悲情的) poetry of the day ,especially “ The Graveyard School”READING Elegy Writte n in a Cou ntry Churchyard<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard > reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries ofhuma n life with a touch of his personalmelancholy. He sympathized for thepoor and the unknown, butmocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(破坏)on them.The RomanticPeriod△ Roma ntic emotio n over reason, spontan eous发)emotio n, a cha nge from the outer world of socialcivilizat ion to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry shouldbe free from all rules, imag in ation, n ature,com mon place△ The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each ind ividual ' s mind.△ The romantic period began with : in 1798 the publicationof Wordsworth and Coleridge's vLyricalBallads >end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott 's death△ two major no velists of the Roma ntic period are Jane Austen (realistic)and Walter Scott (roma ntic).William Blake poet & engraver(雕刻家)vSongs of Innocence >: a happy and innocent world from child ren's eyevSongs of Experienee > : a war and repressi on with world of misery, poverty, disease, a mela ncholy (忧有E的)tone from men eyes. Childhood, paradoxes, a pairi ng of oppositesvMarriage of Heaven and Hell > marks his entry into maturity2. The Chimney Sweeper (from3. The Tyger (from Songs of Experienee )Robert SoutheyREADING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<The book of Urizen >(先知书)prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images.Symbolism is also adisti nctive feature of his poetry.READING: 1.The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence )Songs of Experienee )the lead ingfigureof theEn glishroma ntic poetry,simple,spontan eous( 自发的), “ worshipper ofnature ”He definesthe poet as a 'ma n speak ing to men', and poetry as 'the spontan eous overflow of powerfulfeeli ngs, which orig in ates in'emoti on recollected in tranq uillity'.“Lake PoetsWilliam Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge &<The Prelude >(序曲)his masterpiece <To a Skylark > <TinternAbbey><I Wan dered Lon ely as a Cloud > the poet is very cheerfulwith recalli ng the beautiful sights. In thepoem on the beauty ofnature, the readeris presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils (水仙)andpoet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802vComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of abeautiful morni ng in London, sile nt, bright, glitteri ng(闪烁的),smokeless & mildly (柔和的). It is sotouch ing a sight that the poet expressed hisreligio n piety (虔诚)for n ature.3. She Dwelt Among theUn troddenWays4. The Solitary Reaper<The Solitary Reaper〉 tha nks to poet's rich imag in ati on, themass of associati ons, this com mon placehappe ning becomes a s triking eve nt, the poet succeeds in making the reader's sha re his emotion. Thepoem also shows the poet's passi on ate lo ve of n ature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - super natural, remoteWilliam Wordsworth and Coleridge: < Lyrical Ballads >Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的(super natural) & the con versati onal-The dem onic group in cludes 3 masterpieces: <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner >, < Chrisabel >, < Kubla Khan>老水手之nge territory<Don Juan> (唐璜)READING: 1.Song for the Luddites 克丽斯塔贝尔忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, dem onism with str ong imag in ati on, a straConversational poem: < Frost at Mid ni ght > < The Nighti ngale READING: Kubla KhanGeorgeByron |'Byronic hero': is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of n obi e orig in, aga inst tyrannical (暴君的)rules ormoral prin ciples. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 怀尔德•哈罗德游记(the masterpiece of Byro n, long satirical poem, comic epi c) by make use ofJuan 's adve ntures, to prese nt a pan oramic (全面)view of differe nt types of society.vSong for the Luddites > 'will die fighting,or live free' Byron show his support of the Luddites whodestroyed the mach ines in their protest a gainst un employme nt. The poet's great sympathy of the worker sin their struggle aga inst the capitalists is clearly show n.2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan )Shelley1) Lyrics (抒情诗)<The Cloud> <Ode to the West Wind 〉<To a Skylark >云雀 颂 the bird, suspe nded betwee n realitya nd poetic image 2) poetic drama (诗居 U)vPrometheus Un bou nd> 解放了的米罗普修斯 READING: 1. A Song: Men of England <Men of England > It is not only a war cry calling upon allwork ing people of En gla nd to rise up aga in sttheirpoliti<The Isles of Greece> song by a Greeksin ger atthe wedding of Don Jua n and Haidee.'Fillhighthebowl with Samia nwi ne'? Bycon trastingthe fr eedom of an cie nt Greece andthe prese nt en slavement,thepoetappealed to people to struggle for liberty.Percy Bysshecal oppressors, but also an address to point out to themthe in tolerable injusticeof econo micexploitati on.2. Ode to theWest Wind<Ode to theWest Wind 〉 terzarima,destructive-c on structivepote ntial, hopeful, 'I fall upon thethor nsof life!I bleed!','IfWin tercomes, can Spring be farbehi nd?'The author express his eager nessto enjoytheboun dless freedomfrom thereality.<Ode to a Night in gale >, < Ode toPsyche >希腊古瓮颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urn<Northa nger Abbey 〉<Ma nsfield Park> <Emma> <Persuasi on>4 great odes :< Ode on Melancholy >, < Ode on a Grecia n Urn>,夜莺颂<Ode on a GrecianUrn> the contrastof art and the tra nsie nee (短暂)of 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those 'Beauty is truth,truth beauty'6 no vels: <Se nse and Sen sibility> <Pridebetwee n the perma nence huma npassi on, un heard are sweeter',and Prejudice>JohnAuste n诺桑觉寺蔓斯菲尔德公园T Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her no vels.T 3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage:A)who would marry for material wealth and social posi tionB)who would marry just for beauty and passi onC)who would marry for true love with a con siderati on of the partner ' s personal merit and hiseconomical andsocial status.T con cer ning 3 or 4 Ian ded gentry families with their daily routi ne life: relatio nships with members of theirow n family and with their frien ds, dancing parties, tea parties, pic n ics, and gossips.READING: excerpt from Pride and prejudice1. Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy : in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.2. Colli ns & Charlotte Lucas: see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid thewretche dness(不幸)of agingspinsterhood (未婚妇女身份).3. Lydia & Wickham: show n the dan gers of feckless (不负责任的) relatio nshipsun supported bym oney.4. Mr.Mrs. Benn et, Mr.Colli ns,Lady Catheri ne de Burgh: comicharactersc Mar> shook Periodand •k •k •k GodGeorge list that:1836-1901 moral propriety (规 became the predominant preoccupation. all con cer nedabout the fateoftheCriticalre com mon p<The Origin the traditi onalEliot, of Species > andfaith,everything<The Descent of iscreatedbythe pioneering woman, was astarted putt ing all the acti onsThomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not criticize all sorts of social iniq uities,to questi on and attack the Victoria n thefirstnove■■ I力in sideonly expose butfi nallyconven ti ons and als.Robert Brow ning created the verse novel ,andcame morrevel and study characters 'innerworld (psycho-a nalytical )y, the daughter Catheri ne)- Heathcliffriters of theVictoria nAgehis works1) child characters 2) horrible and grotesque(可笑的) characters 3) broadly humorous orcomicalcharacters-characterizedby amingling (混合) ofhumor andpathos (悲伤)pathos: little Nell <The Old Curiosity Shop> , little Paul vDombey and Son>Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of n ature.Charlesone of the greatestcritical realistday,as Oliver asked formore food, he wasse nt towork as an appre ntice and the nran away …Thenovelisfamous for its vivid descripti ons of theworkhouse and lifeof thvOliver Twist > is a boy broughtup in the workhouse.Onee un derworld (下层社会) in 19th Lon don.-Character-portrayal isthe most disti nguish ingfeature of<A Tale of Two Cities > READING: excerptfrom Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 The Bron teThe Bron te SistersCharlotte, Emily & AnneCharlotte, is a writer of realism comb ined with roma nticism.Her works are famous for the depicti on ofthe life of themiddle-class work ing wome n, particularly governesses (家庭女教师).READING: 1. excerpt from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte<Ja ne Eyre> 简•爱Jane Eyre, plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, charity school. There shesuffer a lot and8 years later she left school and became a gover ness at ThornfieldHall. There she falls ini ove with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is no ted for its sharp criticism of the existingsociety, e.g. charity in stitutionsuch as Lowood Schoolsuccessful in troducti on to the Englishnovel the first govern ess heroine,whom represents those middle-class work ingwome n struggli ng for recog nitionof their basic rights andequality as a human being.2. excerpt from Wutheri ng Heights by Emily Bro nte vWutheri ng Heights >呼啸山a story about 2 families and an in trud ing( 闯入stranger.The Earnshaw family (Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son HindleThe Linton family ( Mr. Linton, his wife son Edgar, daught er Isabellay, the daughter Catheri ne)- Heathcliff。
⾃考英美⽂学读书笔记Reading Comprehesion (British and American Literature)Edit By CKMid of 2009Catalog第⼀章英国⽂学 (4)1.1上古世纪及中世纪英国⽂学简介 (4)1.2T HE R ENAISSANCE P ERIOD(⽂艺复兴时期) (5)1.2.1Edmund['edm?nd] Spenser(埃德蒙.斯宾赛) (6)1.2.2Christopher Marlowe(克⾥斯托夫.马洛) (8)1.2.3William Shakespeare(威廉.莎⼠⽐亚) (9)1.2.4Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯.培根) (10)1.2.5John Donne(约翰.邓恩) (12)1.2.6John Milton(约翰.弥尔顿) (13)1.3T HE N EOCLASSICAL P ERIOD(新古典主义时期) (13) 1.3.1John Bunyan(约翰.班扬) (14)1.3.2Alexander[??liɡ'zɑ:nd?] Pope(亚历⼭⼤.蒲柏) (15)1.3.3Daniel['d?nj?l] Defoe[di'f?u] (丹尼尔.笛福) (16)1.3.4Jonathan['d??n?θ?n] Swift(乔纳森.斯威夫特) (17)1.3.5 Henry Fielding(亨利.费尔丁) (17)1.3.6 Samuel['s?mju?l] Johnson(塞缪尔.约翰逊) (18)1.3.7Richard Brinsley Sheridan(理查.⽐.谢⽴丹) (18)1.3.8 Thomas Gray(托马斯.格雷) (19)1.4T HE R OMANTIC P ERIOD(浪漫主义时期) (20)1.4.1William Blake (威兼.布莱克) (20)1.4.2 William Wordsworth(威廉.华兹华斯) (21)1.4.3 Samuel Taylor Coleridge(塞.泰.科勒律治) (22)1.4.4 George Gordon Byron(乔治.⼽登.拜伦) (23)1.4.5Percy Bysshe Shelley (波.⽐.雪莱) (24)1.4.6 John Keats(约翰.济慈) (24)1.4.7 Jane Austen['?:stin] (简.奥斯汀) (25)1.5T HE V ICTORIAN[VIK'T?:RI?N]P ERIOD维多利亚时期 (26) 1.5.1 Charles Dickens(查尔斯.狄更斯) (27)1.5.2 The Bronte Sisters(布朗蒂姐妹) (27)1.5.3 Alfred Tennyson['?lfrid] ['tenisn] (阿尔弗雷德.丁尼⽣) (28)1.5.4 Robert Browning(罗伯特.布朗宁) (29)1.5.5 George Eliot['elj?t] (乔治.艾略特) (29)1.5.6 Thomas Hardy(托马斯.哈代) (30)1.6T HE M ODERN P ERIOD(现代主义) (31)1.6.1 George Bernard Shaw(乔治.萧伯纳) (33)1.6.2 John Galsworthy['ɡ?:lzw?:ei] (约翰.⾼尔斯华绥) (34)1.6.3 William Butler Yeats[jeits](威廉.巴特勒.叶芝) (34)1.6.4 T.S. Eliot['elj?t](T.S.埃略特) (35)1.6.5 D.H. Lawrence['l?r?ns] (戴维.伯特.劳伦斯) (36)1.6.6 James Joyce[d?eimz] [d??is](詹姆斯.乔伊斯) (37)第⼆章美国⽂学 (40)2.1T HE R OMANTIC P ERIOD(浪漫主义时期) (40)2.1.1Washington Irving['?:vi?](华盛顿.欧⽂) (40)2.1.2Ralph Waldo Emerson[r?lf] ['w?:ld?u]['em?sn] (拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默⽣) (41) 2.1.3Nathaniel Hawthorne[n?'θ?nj?l] (纳撒尼尔.霍桑) (42)2.1.4 Walt Whitman[w?:lt] ['witm?n](华尔特.惠特曼) (43)2.1.5 Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔) (44)2.2T HE R EALISTIC P ERIOD(现实主义时期) (45)2.2.1 Mark Twain(马克.吐温) (46)2.2.2 Henry James(亨利.詹姆斯) (47)2.2.3 Emily Dickinson(艾⽶莉.狄⾦森) (48)2.2.4 Theodore Dreiser(西奥多.德莱塞) (49)2.3T HE M ODERN P ERIOD(现代时期) (50)2.3.1 Ezra Pound(埃兹拉.庞德) (50)2.3.2 Robert Lee Frost(罗伯特.弗洛斯特) (51)2.3.3 Eugene O’Neill(尤⾦.奥尼尔) (52)2.3.4 F.Scott Fitzgerald(司各特.菲兹杰拉德) (52)2.3.5 Ernest Hemingway(欧内斯特.海明威) (53)2.3.6 William Faulkner(威廉.福克纳) (54)第⼀章英国⽂学1.1上古世纪及中世纪英国⽂学简介古英⽂学范围:450-1066,罗马征服英国古英诗分为两类:宗教类和世俗类Beowul(贝奥武夫),古英国民族史诗例⼦赞扬骑⼠或其它英雄的浪漫史:中世纪乔叟的坎特伯雷集:第⼀次描写中世纪英国社会现实乔叟介绍来⾃法国的押韵诗节,来代替英国的头韵诗节乔叟:英国诗歌之⽗乔叟把⾓⾊提到⼀个⽴体的⾼度,有个⼈独特的⽓质中世纪的英国⽂学是⼀个空洞的(barren)时期1、The period of old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the yearof the Norman Conquest of England.2、Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be dividedinto two groups: the religious group and the secular['sekjul?]世俗的 one. 3、Beowulf[?bew?lf] 贝奥武夫(⼀个英雄名), a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic史诗 of the Anglo-saxons.['??ɡl?u's?ks?n][pl. ]盎格鲁撒克逊族(古英国⼈的⼀个种族)盎格鲁撒克逊语(⼜名古代英语Old English)4、Romance浪漫史 which uses narrative['n?r?tiv]叙述的 verse诗句 or prose散⽂to sing knightly骑⼠的 adventures or other heroic[hi'r?uik]deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval[?medi'i:v?l] period.5、The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, acomprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and createda whole gallery⾛廊 of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likelyGeoffery Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales.['d?efr?] 乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集6、C haucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas [raim]押韵诗节 of varioustypes to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse ?`l?t?r?t?v]adj.头韵的, 头韵体的7、C haucer was called the father of English poetry.7501.2The Renaissance Period(⽂艺复兴时期)⽂艺复兴时期:中世纪⾃现代的中间转折期(14世纪到17世纪中叶)⽂艺复兴时期,古罗马和希腊⽂学的重新发现⽂艺复兴时期的本质:⼈道主义⽂艺复兴的重⼤改⾰:圣经的传播⽂艺复兴的宗教改⾰:阶段⽃争英国⽂学家认为Petrarch彼德拉克是⽂学的根源⽂艺复兴早期,诗歌和戏剧是最突出的形式,代表⼈物Ben Johnson, William Shakespeare.伊丽莎⽩戏剧是⽂艺复兴的主流⽂艺复兴影响英国⽐较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲⼤陆,还因为英国的内乱⽂艺复兴的本质是⼈⽂主义者摒弃封建主义,推动新思想的⼀场运动⽂艺复兴是英国的⽂学黄⾦时期1、The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to modern world.Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.2、The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revial, is actually a movementstimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology占星术, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.3、Humanism is the essence['esns]本质 of Renaissance.⼈道主义是⽂艺复兴时期的本质4、One of the major results of Reformation was the fact that the Bible in Englishwas placed in every church and services were held in English so that people could understand.5、T he religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class strugglewaged by the new rising bourgeoisie[?bu??wɑ:'zi:]资产阶级 against the feudal 封建的 class and its ideology[?aidi'?l?d?i]观念学6、Petrarch['petr:k] was regarded as the fountainhead根源 of literature byEnglish writers.英国作家认为彼特拉克是⽂学的根源7、In early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic[p?u'etik]drama were themost outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.本-琼森13008、Eliabethan[i?liz?'bi:θ?n] drama is the mainstream of the English Renaissance.伊丽莎⽩时代的戏剧是英国⽂艺复兴的主流。
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音,类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗,anaphora首语重复法,repetition, juxtaposition并列,oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone:Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis :In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青,是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先,奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散,不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助,没有得到一句鼓励,没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇,因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识,这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
English1.An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 上古及中世纪英国文学简介The period of Old English :450~1066Genesis A创世纪甲本,Genesis B 创世纪乙本and Exodus出埃及记based on the Old Testament 旧约全书The Dream of the Rood 十字架之梦comes from the New Testament新约全书Beowulf 贝奥武甫the national epic poemThe Wanderer, Deor流浪者,狄奥尔;The Seafarer航海者, The Wife’s Complaint 妻子的抱怨Medieval period 中世纪from 1066 up to the mid-14th centurySir Gawain and the Green Kinght 高文爵士与他的绿衣骑士John Gower 约翰·高厄Piers Plowman 农夫皮尔斯William Langland 威廉·兰格伦The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集Geoffrey Chaucer吉奥弗雷·乔叟The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇;The Legend of Good Women好女人的故事John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿called Chaucer the father of English poetry2.The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Ⅰ.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552-1599)The Shepheardes Calender 牧人日记Epithalamion 新婚喜歌The Faerie Queene 仙后The five main qualities of Spenser’s poetry are 1)a perfert melody;2)a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4)a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and 5) a dedicated idealism, he also uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increases the rustic effectⅡ.Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) 克里斯托夫·马洛Tamburlaine (1587-1588)帖木儿Dr. Faustus (1589)浮士德博士的悲剧The Jew of Malta(1590) 马耳他岛的犹太人Edward II(1592-1593)爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安得耳The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘Translation : Amores 爱的艺术---Ovid奥维德Ⅲ. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 威廉·莎士比亚Frist period – five history plays:Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III 亨利六世(上,中,下);Richard III 理查三世;Titus Andronicus 泰托斯·安东尼;four comedies:The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧;The Two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那二绅士;The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记;Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳;Second period – five histories: Richard II 理查二世;King John 约翰王;Henry IV, Parts I and II 亨利四世(上,下);Henry V 亨利五世;six c omedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;Much Ado About Nothing 无事生非;As YouLike It 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们;two tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶;Julius Caesar 裘利斯·凯撒Third period – his greatest tragedies:Hamlet 哈姆莱特;Othello奥赛罗;King Lear 李尔王;Macbeth 麦克白;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利奥佩特拉;Troilus and Cressida 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达;Coriolanus 科里奥拉那斯and his so-called dark comedies:All’s well That Ends Well 终成眷属;Measure for Measure 一报还一报The last period – principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles 伯里克利;Cymbeline 辛白林;The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事;The Tempest 暴风雨;two final plays: Henry VIII 亨利八世;The Two Noble Kinsmen 两位贵族亲戚Two long narrative poem: Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯(1593);The Rape of Lucrece 鲁克里丝受辱记(1594)Sonnet 18 第18号十四行诗one of the most beautiful sonnetsⅣ.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 弗兰西斯·培根philosopher scientist and essayist The Advancement of Learning (1605) 学术的进展Novum Organum(1620)新工具an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning Essays 散文集of Studies 论读书the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essaysApophthagmes New and Old (1625) 新旧格言集The History of the Reign of Henry VII(1622)亨利七世的统治The New Atlantis新大西岛;unfinishedMaxims of Law 法律原理The Learned Reading upon the Statue of Uses(1642) 法令使用读本Ⅴ. John Donne(1572-1631)约翰·邓恩metaphysical poetry 玄学派诗歌The Elegies and Satires 挽歌与讽刺;The Songs and Sonnets 歌与短歌Farewell to Love 告别爱情Holy Sonnets圣歌集;A Hymn to God the Father 圣父赞美诗The Sun Rising 升引的太阳Death, Be Not Proud 死神,休得狂妄written in the strict Petrarchan pattern 彼特拉克Ⅵ.John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)Paradis Lost (1665)失乐园the only generally acknowledge epic in English literature since BeowulfParadise Regained (1671)复乐园Samson Agonistes (1671)力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in EnglishLycidas (1637)利西达斯composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King Areopagitica (1644) 论出版自由his most memorable prose3.The Neoclassical Period★Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiences.Ⅰ.John Bunyan约翰·班杨(1628-1688)The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程The V anity Fair 名利场Ⅱ. Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲柏(1688-1744)The Dunciad 群愚史诗An Essay on Criticism(1711) 论批评The Rape of the Lock (first version 1712) 夺法记An Essay on Man(1733-1734) 论人类Eloisa to Abelard(1717) 埃洛伊斯致亚伯拉德Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)Translate: Homer’s Iliad(1720)荷马伊利亚特Odysey(1726) 奥德赛;some Shakespeare’s plays(1713-1726)Ⅲ.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)丹尼尔·笛福The Shortest Way with the Dissenters(1702)成为异教徒的捷径The True-born Englishman(1701)地地道道的英国人Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记Captain Singleton (1720) 辛利顿船长Moll Flanders(1722)莫尔·弗朗德斯Colonel Jack(1722) 杰克上校Roxana(1724)罗克萨那A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) 灾疫之前的日记Great Plague in 1664-1665 1664年到1665年大瘟疫Ⅳ.Jonathan Swift(1667-1745) 乔森特·斯威夫特A Tale of a Tub (1704)桶的故事The Battle of the Books(1704)书籍的战斗Gulliver’s Travels(1726)格列佛游记The Drapier’s Let ters(1724-1725) 德莱皮尔的信A Modest Proposal(1729)一个温和的建议Ⅴ.Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 亨利·菲尔丁Coffee-House Politician (1730)咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)悲剧中的悲剧Pasquin (1736)巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737) 1736年历史年鉴The Historical of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams (1742) 约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记written in imitation of the manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)伟大的乔纳森·怀尔德传记The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)汤姆·琼斯,一个弃儿的故事The History of Amelia(1751)阿米莉亚传记Ⅵ.Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔·约翰逊(1709-1784)London(1738)伦敦The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749)人类欲望的虚幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759) 拉塞拉斯的历史,阿比西尼亚王子Irene (1749)艾琳The Rambler and The Idler随笔闲谈Lives of the Poets(1779-1781) 诗人传A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)英文大词典the author of the first English dictionary by an EnglishmanTo the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信Ⅶ.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)理查德·比·谢拉丹The Rivals (1775)情敌The School for Scandal(1777)造谣学校St.Patrick’s Day = the Scheming Lieutenant (1775)圣帕特里克日The Duenna (1775)杜安纳The Critic (1779)批评家Pizarro(1799)皮扎罗Ⅷ.Thomas Gray (1716-1771)托马斯·格雷Horace Walpole 沃尔波The Old Castle of Otranto奥特兰多古堡Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751)写在教堂墓地的挽歌the Graveyard School 墓地诗歌Ode on the Spring (1742)春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College(1747)伊顿公学展望Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (1748) 爱猫之死Hymn to Adversity(1742)逆境的赞歌Translation : The Descent of Odin (1761);奥丁的血统The Fatal Sisters (1761)命运姐妹4.The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期Ⅰ.William Blake(1757-1827)威廉·布莱克Poetical Sketches(1783) 诗草The songs of Innocence(1809)天真之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩His Songs of Experience (1794) 经验之歌“The Chimney Sweeper ”扫烟囱小男孩Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) 天堂与地狱的结合The Book of Urizen(1794) 尤莱森之书The Book of Los(1795) 洛斯之书The Four Zoas(1796-1807) 四个挪亚Milton(1804-1820) 弥尔顿The Tyger 虎Ⅱ. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 威廉·华兹华斯Lake Poets 湖畔诗人Robert Southey ,Samuel Taylor Coleridge;Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒津治and WordsworthA Phantom of Delight (1802)快乐的化身Descritptive Sketches, an Evening Walk(1793) 描绘速写,黄昏漫步The Prelude(1790-1805)序曲Poems in Two Volumes (1807)双卷诗Ode: Intimations of Immortality 颂歌:永存的暗示;Resolution and Independence 决心与独立autobiographical narrativeThe Excursion (1814)远足Poems: The Sparrow’s Nest麻雀巢;To a Skylark 致云雀; To the Cuckoo 致杜鹃; To a Butterfly 致蝴蝶; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如行云独自游;An Evening Walk傍晚漫步; My Heart Leaps up我心飞动;Tintern Abbey厅特恩教堂;The Thorn荆棘; The Sailor’s Mother水手的母亲; Michael 麦克尔;The Affliction of Margaret 玛格丽特所受的折磨;The Old Cumberland Beggar老坎伯兰的乞丐The Idiot Boy 白痴男孩;The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者;To a Highland Girl致高地的姑娘;The Ruined Cottage 被摧毁的茅屋Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802 威斯敏斯特桥即景1802年9月3日Lucy pomes 露西:She Dwelt Among the Untrodden ways 独自幽居Ⅲ. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)塞·特·科勒津治Lyrical Ballads (1798)抒情歌谣集The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古航海家之歌Kubla Khan忽必烈汉Christabel克丽斯塔贝尔Frost at Midnight子夜寒霜The Nightingale 夜莺Dejection, an Ode沮丧,一段颂歌Remorse 忏悔(1813)tragic dramaBiographia Literaria (1817)文学传记proseⅣ. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)乔治·戈登·拜伦Edinburgh Review爱丁堡评论周刊Hours of Idleness 闲散的时光(1807)English Bards and Scotch Reviewers(1809)英格兰诗人与苏格兰诗评家Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812)恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记Oriented Tales 东方故事集Childe Harold 哈洛尔德游记The Prisoner of Chillon(1816)齐伦的囚犯Manfred(1817)曼弗雷德Don Juan(1818-1823)唐·璜The Isles of Greece 哀希腊Cain (1821) 该隐verse dramaThe Island (1821)岛narrative poemThe Vision of Judgment (1822)审判的幻景attack on Southey ,political satireSong for the Luddites 路德党人之歌Ⅴ.Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822) 珀·比·雪莱The Necessity of Atheism(1811)无神论的必然性The Spirit of Solitude(1816) 孤独之精神Hymn to Intellectual Beauty(1816) 内秀之咏Mont Blanc(1816) 蒙特·布兰卡Julian and Maddalo (1818)朱利安与麦达罗The Revolt of Islam(1818) 伊斯兰的起义The Cenci (1819)钦契一家Prometheus Unbound(1819)解放的普罗米修斯Adonais (1821)阿多那伊斯Hellas(1822)赫拉斯A Defence of Poetry (1822)诗辩Love for freedom and hatred toward tyanny: Ode to Liberty 自由颂; Ode to Naples 那不勒斯颂Sonnet: England in 1819十四行诗:英格兰1819;Men of England致英格兰人民--- greatest political lyricsThe Cloud (1820)云之歌To a Skylark(1820)致云雀Ode to the West Wind (1819)西风颂Ⅵ. John Keats(1795-1821)约翰·济慈O n First Looking into Chapman’s Homer(1816)读恰普曼译荷马published in ExaminerSleep and Poetry(1817)睡与诗Endymion(1818)安狄弥翁Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and Other Poems(1820)拉米亚·伊莎贝拉,圣阿格尼斯节前夕及其他诗歌:Ode on Melancholy; 忧郁颂Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Psyche普赛克颂;To Autumn秋日颂;Hyperion 希波里恩(unfinished)Ⅶ.Jane Austen(1775-1817)简·奥斯汀Sense and Sensibility(1811) 理智与情感first novelPride and Prejudice (1813)傲慢与偏见=First ImpressionsMansfield Park(1814)曼斯菲尔德花园Emma (1815)埃玛Persuasion(1818)劝告Northanger Abbey(1818)诺桑觉寺Incomplete works: The Watsons (1923)沃特森一家Fragment of a Novel (1925)小说的未完稿Plan of a Novel(1926)小说的构思5.The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Ⅰ.Charles Dickens(1812-1870)查尔斯·狄更斯Sketches by Boz(1836) 勃兹的速写The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传(1836-1837)Oliver Twist(1837-1838)雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby(1838-1839)尼古拉斯·尼克尔比The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield(1849-1850)大卫·科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1845)马丁·瞿述伟Dombey and Son(1846-1848)董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities(1859)双城记Bleak House(1852-1853)荒凉山庄Little Dorrit(1855-1857)小多利特Hard Time(1854)艰难时刻Great Expectations(1860-1861)远大前程Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865)我们共同的朋友Ⅱ.The Bronte Sisters 勃朗蒂姐妹Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)夏洛特·勃朗蒂Emily Bronte (1818-1848)艾米丽·勃朗蒂Ann Bronte(1820-1849) 安妮·勃朗蒂The Professor 教授(1847);Charlotte;rejected by the publisher;1857 published posthumously Jane Eyre(1847)简·爱CharlotteAngrian 安格里昂Charlotte and their brother BranwellGondal 刚朵儿Emily and AnnePoems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell 科勒尔·艾丽斯·贝尔特诗集(1845)Charlotte Emily Anne Wuthering Heights (1847)呼啸山庄EmilyAgnes Grey(1847)阿格尼斯·格雷AnneThe Tenant of Wildfell Hall(1848) 维尔德费尔·霍的佃户Shirley 雪莉(1849)CharlotteVillette 维莱特(1853)CharlotteⅢ.Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Poet Laureate桂冠诗人(1850)Chiefly Lyrical (1830) 抒情诗集Poems (1832)诗集Poems (1842)诗集Ulysses 尤利西斯dramatic monologue; Morte d’ Arthur 摩尔特·亚瑟epic narrative;Dora朵拉exquisite idylls; The Gardener’s Daughter 园丁的女儿The Princess (1847)公主blank verse 无韵体;Tears, Idle Tears 泪水,无聊的泪水;Come down, O Maid来吧,美人;The Splendor Falls壮美的瀑布;Sweet and Low 甜蜜与低缓In Memoriam(1850)悼念Maud 摩德抒情短歌集monodramaRizpah 里兹帕Enoch Arden 伊诺克·阿顿Merlin and the Gleam 魔法师与灵光Crossing the Bar跨越沙洲the fearlessness towards deathIdylls of the King 国王诗歌集(1842-1885)Break, Break, Break 浪花啪、啪、啪in memory of Tennyson’s best friend Arthur HallamⅣ. Robert Browning (1812-1889) 罗伯特·布朗宁Pauline(1833)保林Sordello(1840) 索德罗Dramatic Lyrics(1842)戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(1845)戏剧浪漫诗与抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates (1846)铃铛与石榴树Men and Women (1855)男人与女人Dramatic Personae(1864)戏剧人物The Ring and the Book(1868-1869)指环与书Dramatic Idylls(1880) 戏剧田园诗Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Mrs.BrowningDramatic monologue 戏剧独白: Pippa Passes 匹帕·帕索斯;My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人; Fra Lippo Lippi芙拉·丽波·丽匹; The Bishop Orders His Tomb主教下令修陵; Porphyria’s Lover波菲莉娅的情人; A Grammarian’s Funeral语法学家的葬礼; The Ring and the Book 指环与书;Meeting at Night夜晚幽会Parting at Morning清晨告别Ⅴ.George Eliot(1819-1880)乔治·艾略特translation :Leben Jesu(life of Jesus) 耶稣的一生;Ethics 伦理学Spinoza; Das Wesen des Christentums(The Essence of Christianity)基督教的精髓Scenes of Clerical Life 牧师生活一瞥Adam Bede(1859)亚当·贝德The Mill on the Floss(1860)弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner(1861)织工拉斯·马奈尔Romola (1863)罗摩拉Felix Holt, the Radical 菲利克斯·霍特,一个激进派only novel on English politicsMiddle march (1872) 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda(1876)丹尼尔?德隆达a preachment against anti-SemitismⅥ.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) 托马斯·哈代Desperate Remedies(1871)计出无奈Under the Greenwood Tree(1872)格林伍德的绿林荫下Far from the Madding Crowd(1874)远离尘嚣Tess of the D’U rbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896)无名的裘德The Dynasts 列王a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic WarsThe Return of the Native(1878)还乡The Trumpet Major(1880)号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders(1887)林地居民6.The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ.George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳(1856-1950)Cashel Byron’s Profession(1886) 卡歇尔·拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931) 九十年代的英国戏剧Widower’s Houses(1892) 鳏夫的房产Mrs . Warren’s Profession(1893~1898)沃伦夫人的职业Candida(1895)堪迪达Caesar and Cleopatra(1898) 凯撒与克利奥佩特拉St . Joan (1923) 圣女贞德Man and Superman(1904) 人与超人Back to Methuselah(1921) 回归玛士撒拉The Apple Cart(1929) 苹果车about politicsJohn Bull’s Other Island(1904) 约翰·布尔的另外岛屿about racial problemPygmalion(1912) 皮格马利翁about culture and artabout the problem of family and marriage:Getting Married (1908) 结婚;Misalliance(1910) 不合适的婚姻;Fanny’s First Play (1911) 法妮的第一场戏The Doctor’s Dilemma (1906) 医生的进退两难about the ignorance,incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical professionToo True to Be Good(1932) 难以置信How He Lied to Her Husband 他是怎样欺骗她的丈夫的Ⅱ.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)约翰·高尔斯华绥From the Four Winds (1897)来自四位吹奏者a volume of short storiesThe man of Property(1906)财主The Silver Box (1906)银盒The Forsyte SagaⅠ弗尔塞特世家三部曲Ⅰ: The Man of Property财主;In Chancery(1920) 骑虎难下;To Let (1921)出租;The Forsyte SagaⅡ: A Modern Comedy(1929)现代戏剧The Forsyte Saga Ⅲ: End of the Chapter (posthumously 1934)篇章末尾Ⅲ. William Butler Yeats(1865-1939) 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝The Lake Isle of Innisfree 茵尼斯弗莉的湖中沙洲The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland 梦想仙境的人No Second Troy 没有第二个特洛伊September 1913 1913年9月Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭Leda and the Swan 丽达与天鹅The countess Cathleen(1892) 凯瑟琳伯爵夫人Cathleen ni Houlihan(1902) 凯瑟琳·尼·霍利翰The Land of Heart’s Desire(1894) 心欲的土地The Shadowy Waters(1900)布满荫影的水域Purgatory(1935)炼狱Down by the Salley Gardens 来到柳园= An Old Song Resung老歌新唱Ⅳ. T.S.Eliot (1888-1965)T·S·艾略特The Criterion(1922)标准the editor; Nobel Prize; the Order of MeritThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1915) J·A·布鲁富劳克的情歌The Egoist(1917-1919)自我主义者The Waste Land(1922)荒原Poems 1909-25(1925)1909至1925年诗歌总集Prufrock and Other Observation(1917) 布鲁富劳克与其它情况Prufrock 布鲁富劳克a poem of dramatic monologueGerontion 衰老The Hollow Men 空洞的人Ash Wednesday(1930)星期三的烟灰Four Quartets(1944)四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral(1935)教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion(1939)家人团圆The Cocktail Party(1950)鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk(1954)机要人员The Elder Statesman(1959)年长的政客Tradition and Individual Talent传统与个人天才essayⅤ.D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930)戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯Sons and Lovers(1913)儿子与情人autobiographical novelThe White Peacock(1911)白孔雀The Trespasser(1912)过客The Rainbow(1915)虹Women in Love(1920)恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod(1922) 亚伦神杖Kangaroo(1923)袋鼠The Plumed Serpent(1926) 羽蛇Lady Chatterley’s Lover(1928)查泰莱夫人的情人Short stories:St. Mawr 圣摩尔;The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿;T he Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿;The Captain’s Doll 船长的娃娃;The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官;The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉卜赛人The Lawrence trilogy: A Collier’s Friday Night(1909)矿工的周五夜晚;The Daughter-in-Law(1912)儿媳;The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed(1914)守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人Ⅵ.James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941)Dubliners(1914)都柏林人Araby阿拉比A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man(1916)艺术家年轻时代的肖像Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯Finnegans Wake(1939)菲尼根斯·韦克American1.The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期Ⅰ. Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)early Romantic writer in the American literary history and Father of the American short storiesThe Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, Gent.(1802-1803)江奈生·欧德斯黛尔先生书信集A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)自古至荷兰人占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book(1819-1820)见闻札记“Rip Van Winkle”瑞普·凡·温克尔”The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的传说Bracebridge Hall(1822)布雷斯桥之厅堂Tales of a Traveler (1824)一个旅行者的故事The Alhambra(1832)艾尔哈布拉Spanish Sketch bookⅡ.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生a transparent eyeball 透明眼球Nature(1836)论自然first little bookThe Dial日晷edit for a time the Transcendental journalEssays(1841)散文集”The American Scholar”(1837)论美国学者;”Self-Reliance”论自助;”The Over-Soul”论超灵Second Series(1844) 散文续集”The Poet”论诗人;”Experience”论经验Thoreau (1817-1862) embraced Emerson’s idea Walden(1854)沃尔登Ⅲ.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)interior of the heart ;most ambivalent writerTwice-Told Tales(1837)尽人皆知的故事a collection of short storiesMosses from an Old Manse(1846)古屋青苔The Scarlet Letter(1850)红字The Custom-House 海关----an introductory note to The Scarlet LetterThe Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales(1851)雪的形象及其他尽人皆知的故事The House of the Seven Gables(1851)有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance(1852)福谷传奇The Marble Faun(1860)玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown 小伙子布朗T he Minister’s Black Veil 牧师的黑面纱The Birthmark胎记Rappaccini’s Daughter拉帕西尼的女儿Ⅳ.Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892) both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil WarLeaves of Grass 草叶集Drum Taps(1865)鼓点When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 小院子丁香花开时There was a Child Went Forth 有个孩子在长大Cavalry Crossing a Ford骑兵过河the Drum-Taps sectionSong of Myself 自我之歌Ⅴ.Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔(1819-1891)Moby-Dick(1851)白鲸Chapter 135 . The Chase – Third Day第135章:追鲸----第三天Billy Budd 比利·伯德(1924)Typee(1846)泰比Omoo(1847)奥穆Mardi(1849)玛地Redburn(1849)雷得本semi-authobiographicalWhite Jacket(1850)白外衣Pierre(1852)皮埃尔Bartley, the Scrivener 文书巴特勒比Short storyBenito Cereno 本尼托·切利诺novellaThe Confidence-Man自信人(1857)2.The Realistic Period现实主义时期Local colors: Mark Twain; Sarah Orne Jewett沙拉·奥恩·朱威特; Joseph Kirkland约瑟夫·克科兰德; Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰德;Ⅰ. Mark Twain 马克·吐温(1835~1910)H.L. Mencken consider “the true father of our national literature”The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country (1865)加拉维县有名的跳蛙frontier tale Innocents Abroad (1869) 傻瓜出国记Roughing It (1872) 含辛茹苦The Gilded Age (1873) 镀金时代The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 汤姆·索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi(1883)密西西比河上的生活Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)哈克贝利·芬历险记A Connection Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) 亚瑟王宫廷中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894) 布丁·海德威尔逊的悲剧The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger (1916) 神秘的陌生人Ⅱ.Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯(1843~1916) the first American writer to conceive his career in international termsThe American(1877) 美国人Daisy Miller (1878) 黛西·米勒In The Europeans(1878) 欧洲人The Portrait of A Lady (1881) 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians (1886) 波士顿人The Princess Casamassima (1886) 卡撒玛西玛公主Short fiction:The Private Life(1893) 私生活;The Death of a Lion (1894) 狮之死;The MiddleYears (posthumously 1917)中年Another Short fiction:Turn of the Screw(1898) 螺丝在拧紧;The Beast in the Jungle (1903)丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows(1897)梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove(1902)鸽翼The Ambassadors (1903)专使The Golden Bowl (1904)金碗Essay: The Art of Fiction 小说的艺术Ⅲ.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)艾米莉·狄金森1775 poems ,only seven appeared during her lifetime; letter to the worldThis is My Letter to the World 这是我给世人的书信I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---我死时----听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣I like to see it lap the Miles---我喜欢看它舔食着一路向前Because I could not stop for Death—因为我不能为死神停下Ⅳ.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛(1871-1945) one of American’s literary naturalistShort fictions: Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫;Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗高姆和他的特丽萨; Sister Carrie(1900)嘉莉妹妹The Way of the Beaten:A Harp in the Wind失败者之路:寒风中的竖琴Jennie Gerhardt (1911)詹妮·杰哈特TRILOGY of Desire: 欲望三部曲The Financier(1912) 金融家;The Titan (1914) 巨头;The Stoic (posthumously 1947) 斯多葛The Genius(1915)天才An American Tragedy (1925)美国悲剧Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)德莱塞眼中的俄国3. The Modern Period 现代时期Ⅰ. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉?庞德(1885-1972)Imagist Movement 意像主义运动The translations of Ezra Pound (1953) 埃兹拉?庞德译诗集Confucius (1969)孔子Shih-Ching (1954) 诗经The Cantos (1917-1959)诗章Collect of Early Poems of Ezra Pound (1982) 埃兹拉?庞德早期诗集Personae (1909) 人物Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) 休.赛尔温.莫伯利In a Station of the Metro地铁站一瞥The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter 河商的妻子A Pact 盟约Critical essays :Make It New (1934) 推陈出新;Literary Essays (1954) 论文散文集;The ABC of Reading (1934) 阅读入门;Polite Essays(1937) 论礼教文集Ⅱ.Robert Lee Frost罗伯特?李?弗洛斯特(1874~1963) Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasionsThe Road Not TakenA Boy’s Will (1913) 一个男孩的愿望North of Boston (1914)波斯顿以北Mending the Wall 补墙Home Burial 家葬Mountain Interval (1916)山间低地“The Road Not Taken”没有走的路“Birches”白桦;New Hampshire(1923)新罕布什尔“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”雪野林边停First Pulitzer PrizesWest-Running Brook (1928)西流之溪Collected Poems (1930) 诗集Second Pulitzer PrizesA Further Range (1935)更远的境界Third Pulitzer PrizesA Witness Tree (1942)证人树“The Gift Outright”直率的礼物Fourth Pulitzer PrizesA Masque of Reason (1945)理性假面剧A Masque of Mercy (1947)怜悯假面剧After Apple-Picking 摘苹果后The Road Not Taken未选择的路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边停Ⅲ. Eugene O’Neill尤金?奥尼尔(1888~1953)the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel PrizeBound East for Cardiff (1916) 驶向东边的卡尔笛福Beyond the Horizon (1920)天外边First Pulitzer Prize 普利策文学奖The Straw (1921) 草Anna Christie (1921)安娜?克里斯蒂1920-1924 symbolic expressionism 象征表现主义:The Emperor Jones(1920) 琼斯皇帝;The Hairy Ape(1922) 毛猿;All God’s Chillun Got Wings (1924) 所有上帝烟斗都有翅膀;Desire Under the Elms (1924) 榆树下的欲望Non-realistic forms非现实主义:The Great God Brown (1926) 伟大的布朗;Lazarus Laughed (1927) 拉扎拉斯笑了Strange Interlude(1928)奇怪的幕间戏Third Pulitzer PrizeThe Iceman Cometh (1946)冰人来了Lon g Day’s Journey Into Night (1956) 直到夜晚的漫长的一天Ⅳ.F .Scott Fitzgerald F.司格特.菲茨杰拉德(1896~1940)Literary spokesman of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise(1920)人间天堂The Beautiful and Damned(1922) 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby(1925)了不起的盖茨比Tender Is the Night(1934)夜色温柔The Last Tycoon (1940)最后的巨头unfinishedShort-story: Flappers and Philosophers (1921)吹捧者与哲学家;Tales of the Jazz Age (1922)爵士时代的故事; All the Sad Young Men (1926)所有悲惨的小伙子; Taps and Reveille (1935)里维尔的鼓点; Babylon Revisited重访巴比伦Ⅴ.Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威(1899~1961)In Our Time (1925) 在我们的时代里The Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照样升起first true novelA Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海Men Without Women (1927)没有女人的男人,collection of short stories, “The Undefeated”战不败的人;”The Killers”杀手;”Fifty Grand”五十个大人物;In Death in the Afternoon (1932)死在下午The Green Hills of Africa(1935)美国的绿山The Snow of Kilimanjaro (1936)乞力马扎罗之雪Have and Have Not (1937) 有钱人和没钱人Indian Camp印第安人营地one of fourteen short stories collected under the title of In Our Time. Ⅵ.William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳(1897~1962)The Marble Faun(1924) 玉石雕像Soldiers’ Pay (1926)士兵的薪水Sartoris (1929) 萨托黑斯The Sound and the Fury(1929)喧哗与骚动As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际Light in August(1932)八月之光Absalom, Absalom!(1936) 押沙龙,押沙龙!Wild Palms(1939)疯狂的手掌The Hamlet (1940)小屋Two novels consisting of stories which are thematically interwoven: The Unvanquished (1938)未被征服者;Go Down, Moses(1942)摩西,走下去Intruder in The Dust (1948)红尘入侵者;anti-racist;Nobel PrizeRequiem for a Nun(1951) 修公安魂曲The Fable (1954)寓言The Town (1957)城镇The Mansion(1959)豪宅A Rose for Emily 给爱米莉的玫瑰。
英美文学重要笔记,精华版,流泪推荐!Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer 乔叟- the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父<The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集> first time to use'heroic couplet' 英雄偶句诗The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity 尊严of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets' poet 诗人中的诗人<The Faerie Queene>仙后Christopher Marlowe - University Wits大学才子最有才华的, the pioneer of English drama 英国戏剧先驱Blank verse,无韵体诗hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情牧人致心爱的姑娘> pastoral life田园生活William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗, King Lear 李尔王& Macbeth麦克白<Sonnet 18第十八号十四行诗> eternal or immortal不朽的beauty<The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty忠诚, to expose the insatiable贪得无厌的,不知足的greed and brutality 无情<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated 复杂的to degrade 降低his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy独白or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the charactersFrancis Bacon - brevity,简洁compactness 紧密& powerfulness, 强有力his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose英国散文发展的重要里程碑Inductive method 归纳法in place of取代deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies论读书> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament,装饰and for ability.Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies 不同的人有不同的阅读方法-studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider.权衡和思考How studies exert施以影响influence over human character - reading maketh a full man读书使人完美, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John Donnemetaphysical poetry玄学诗歌- break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodssyllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising升引的太阳> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with 干涉other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>死神,休得狂妄whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost失乐园> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. 继贝奥武夫之后唯一的一部公认的英国文学中的史诗The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion againstGod with his unconquerable 压制不了的will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 古希腊诗剧体在英文中的完美体现Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracy准确Enlightenment - a progressive进步的intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel哥特式小说- mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair名利场> from <The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程>, a religious allegory宗教寓言, pursue the truth追求真理Alexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism论批评> a poem written in heroic couplets英雄偶句诗, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe鲁滨孙漂流记>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satirist 讽刺大师In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed有缺陷的Proper words in proper places在恰当的地方用恰当的词<A Modest Proposal>一个温和的建议<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput小人国, Brobdingnag,大人国Flying Island 飞岛国& Houyhnhnm 慧驷国Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, 英国小说之父Prose Homer荷马散文Comic epic in prose 散文体喜剧史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯传>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language英文大辞典><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>致切斯特菲尔勋爵的信Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century英国十八世纪唯一一位重要戏剧家<The Rivals>情敌and <The School for Scandal>造谣学校are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.上承莎士比亚,下接萧伯纳Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>写在教堂墓地的挽歌Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的小男孩> from <Songs of Innocence天真之歌> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience经验之歌> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression压制with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyesChildhood, paradoxes悖论, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>老虎William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature自然崇拜者'Lake Poets'湖畔诗人- William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical 神秘的thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge威敏斯特桥即景, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering闪闪发光的, smokeless & mildly柔和的. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways>独自幽居<The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割女> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural,超自然remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic魔力诗(supernatural) & the conversational对话诗The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌>, <Chrisabel克里斯特贝尔>, <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical暴君的rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>哈罗尔德游记.<Song for the Luddites路德党之歌> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece哀希腊> from <Don Juan唐璜> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem讽刺诗), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England>致英格兰人民<Ode to the West Wind西风颂> terza rima三行诗节押韵法, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,对春天的渴望,和对未来美好世界的憧憬'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂>, <Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂>, <Ode to Psyche普塞克颂><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion,'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>骄傲与偏见The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species物种起源> and <The Descent of Man人类的由来> shook the traditional faith&everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practicedCritical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记<Oliver Twist>雾都孤儿The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre>简爱<Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄Alfred Tennyson - invents发明dramatic monologue戏剧独白, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break浪花啪,啪,啪> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with 与,,形成对比the carefree, 无忧无虑innocent joys of the children and theunfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>渡沙洲we can feel his fearlessness毫不畏惧towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife后世.'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses>尤利西斯not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life,无法忍受平和平凡的日常生活old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book指环与书> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited,自负的cruel and tyrannical 残暴的man<Meeting at Night>夜晚幽会<Parting at Morning>清晨告别George Eliot:乔治艾略特As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny 命运of women<Middlemarch> 米德尔马契a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 持续American Romantic Period美国浪漫主义时期Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book见闻札记> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass草叶集>, alsocalled 'the American Renaissance'美国文艺复兴文学特点Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, 美国短篇小说之父the American Goldsmith美国的金匠Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced完善了美国文学古典主义风格First novel <A History of New York>纽约外史<The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van winkle>, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement新英格兰超验主义运动<The American Scholar>美国学者, <Self - Reliance>,论自助<The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic (美学的)problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> 论经验a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, 美国请教European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature>论自然is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior内部的of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse 唤醒it to activity<The Scarlet Letter>红字<Young Goodman Brown>小伙子布朗Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse自由体诗, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth有个孩子在长大> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry 骑兵Crossing a Ford浅滩> 渡河的骑兵a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself>自我之歌Whitman is a man (bubbling with)充满着energy and(laden with )充满着ideas, spontaneous自发的expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory隐喻and symbolism象征主义, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick>白鲸the first American prose epic,散文史诗Ishmael both as a character and a narrator 叙述者, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac狂热者Realistic period 现实主义时期- the Gilded Age镀金时代, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism地方主义色彩, social Darwinism社会达尔文主义, bestiality兽性, beyond man's controlMark Twain 马克吐温- the true father of American literature真正的民族文学之父Local colorist, vernacular方言, simple sentence, 'the damned human race该死的人类' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James -按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家international theme, psychological realist 心理现实主义Stream of consciousness,意识流interior monologue,内心独白free association自由联想<Daisy Miller黛西米勒> the narrator is an American expatriate,移居国外的人named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing 动物质化it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death -因为我不能为死神停下> personify 拟人化death and immortality 不朽(so as to)以便make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛- America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism 决定论(heredity biological生物遗传& environment), survival of the fittest适者生存, the jungle law 丛林法则Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲- <The Financier>金融家, <The Titan巨头>, <The Stoic斯多葛><Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹> 'who shall cast the first stone?'An american tragedy :美国悲剧The social pressure that marks clyde's downfall inevitable.Style: lack of concision不简练,his writings appear more inclusive ,and less selective.Language: communication rather than an art form.Borke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.The modern period现代时期- the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement移民潮, the Lost Generation迷惘的一代, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present,现实享乐主义spiritual wasteland, 精神荒原collective unconscious,集体无意识psychoanalysisImagist movement意象运动, Jazz Age爵士时代Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'意象主义运动代表<The Cantos>诗章<In a Station of the Metro在地铁车站> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim 昏暗的light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.湿漉漉黑色粗枝上的花瓣<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter长干行><A Pact契约> agreement with Whitman's free verse惠特曼的自由体诗Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking>摘苹果之后<The Road Not Taken>未选择的路<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>雪夜林边停Eugene O'Neill尤金奥尼尔:唯一获过若贝尔文学奖的戏剧作家- founder of the American drama, 美国喜剧之父won thePulitzer Prize four times 普利策奖<The Hairy Ape>毛猿F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, 爵士时代代表Dollar Decade, 金钱堕落1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style冰山风格, Code hero,:the lost generation, 迷失的一代grace under pressure压力下的尊严<Indian Camp印第安人营地> from <In Our Time在我们的时代里> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth,南方imprisonment in the past对过去的沉湎Stream of consciousness, 意识流multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country 约克纳帕塔法县<A Rose for Emily给艾米丽的玫瑰> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.历史遗迹。