浅谈建筑给排水 浅谈建筑给排水设计中存在的问题

Discussion on building water supply and drainage construction of commonproblems and Solutions浅谈建筑给排水施工中的常见问题及解决孙峰Abstract:Building water supply and drainage construction quality directly affects the building use function. In this paper, combined with the supervision of water supply and drainage engineering practice, for building water supply and drainage of common problems in construction were summarized and analyzed.Key words: building water supply and drainage construction qualityOur country national economy actual strength increases ceaselessly, construction industry develops rapidly, and constantly improve the level of overall construction of buildings. Construction equipment perfection degree and design level is the embodiment of building construction quality and an important symbol of modernization level, inside of the building water supply and drainage engineering is an important part of construction equipment, its technical level and advanced directly affects the using function of building, and people life, health, the environment, security. With the improvement of people's living standard, people in addition to the building safety, durability and economy have certain requirements, at the same time on the construction of the comfort, use requirements are also more attention, especially for the residential building energy saving and new energy utilization, Chuwei technology, pipeline technology, environment and security technology etc have higher requirements, these requirements in addition to the design and materials, equipment selection, construction greatly need assurance of installation quality. The quality of construction quality, directly affects the normal operation of the building water supply and drainage system. China's economic construction and development, various types of residential lots, building water supply and drainage technology of rapid development. However, with the increase of water supply and drainage engineering, also appeared some problems needed to be paid attention to, if not handled properly, will give householder brings a lot of unnecessary trouble. Therefore, the study on how to avoid water supply and drainage construction problems easy to occur is verynecessary. In the actual construction of water supply and drainage engineering construction, except in the raw materials and so on the objective factor to control the quality of water supply and sewerage works, improve employees' professional level, in strict accordance with the rules and regulations, standard operation, can be less problems, control of water supply and drainage project construction quality. Due to the level of management of construction enterprises, construction of personnel quality, building water supply and drainage construction quality is put in very big difference. Here in the construction process should pay attention to the problem is discussed:1 Living water supply systemAt present construction is widely used in aluminum-plastic composite pipe and polypropylene random copolymerization polypropylene ( PP - R ) tube. Plastic pipe has the advantages of light weight, no rust, scale, manufacturing, low energy consumption, smooth inner wall, hydraulic condition is superior, quality health, no pipeline two pollution, low labor intensity, saving installation of comprehensive construction cost advantages. PP - R water pipe connecting method is the use of fusion welding, aluminum-plastic composite pipe made of copper connection. The former applies for surface mounting, the latter applies to the dark. But there are some problems in the construction of which need special attention.(1) In the vertical tube lead-out branch tube three through parts arranged at the supporting point, the intermediate support is still in accordance with the provisions set. In the installation of pipelines should be considered in the pipeline of linear expansion, PP - R plastic water supply pipe expansion coefficient than the metal tube, wall concealed piping due to wall finally with cement mortar cement mortar filling pipeline, friction and plastic pipe special good creep effect, so that the shaft extension into radial change, therefore, block wall pipeline, can be considered linear expansion. For the pipeline, when the distance is longer, should consider adopting a telescopic device and the angle of natural compensation(2) Outdoor installed plastic water supply pipe must have reliable shading or heat preservation measures, through the pipeline settlement joints for compensating treatment. Because plastic pipe anti aging performance have certain limit, when exposed to install, long-term sun exposure can accelerate aging of plastic material, it should be considered to take effective shading or insulation measures. In addition the pipeline settlement joints shall be taken compensation measures, or easy to make pipeline rupture, appeared the phenomenonof water leakage(3)In the kitchen, Wei bovine apparatus for concentrating bathrooms, should adopt the water separator. Using plastic tube as a cold, hot water pipe concealed in floor slab of concrete in plastic pipe, due to the linear expansion coefficient of metal pipe to relatively large, because the water temperature or the ambient temperature changes, the expansion and contraction of the length change of large value. For branch pipe or pipe joint pipe, the higher chance of leakage. Water separator is a kind of multiple branch joint water distribution, it uses multiple unidirectional cloth tube, each a water distribution pipe through the water and sanitary ware and the tap connection, to reduce or cancel the concealed pipes used in branch pipe or pipe joint.(4) pipeline crossing roof slab should be set casing, through the roof should be used when the metal casing, height must meet the standard requirements. The casing and the cracks without perfusion of fine stone concrete, shall not use the asphalt in Yau Ma Tei wire packing seal. Otherwise, if the floor area of water sewage easily along the pipe wall infiltration into the submucosa.(5) the role of automatic exhaust valve. In no time delay self-closing valve of the squat toilet building water supply system, such as schools, hotels, office buildings and other force in water supply pipe system, if the top with self-closing valve can well control the flow of water, but not very good control of airflow. When the system is cut off, water pipes often accumulate a large amount of air. System after water supply pipe, air may be compressed to the tube at the top of water to form a compressed air zone. When someone is pressed delay self-closing valve button, then the compressed air with water gushing out of the closet, often within the dirt blowing to above ground, even spilled onto the clothes closet.2 Drainage system(1)The UPVC pipe wall is white, very susceptible to pollution, so the use of the process should pay attention to protection, in the pipeline in place should be promptly after the plastic packaging bag, to be removed after the completion of the project.(2) Drainage pipe out door horizontal pipe and vertical pipe connection should be used when the two45. Elbow instead of90. Elbow, which is beneficial to the drainage. There are also some engineering design for the three plus examination export method. In some projects, product quality, leading to the three links are often damaged, inconvenient repair. So in thevertical pipe and main pipe is connected with the fixed support, parts. Vertical pipe through floor roof should be fixed as supporting points, and with sheath.(3) In the legislative branch, floor, to do the protection work. For UPVC tube light weight, should be timely plugging holes in floors, planted bracket. There are a number of projects, because there was no time to fill the hole plugging holes, civil engineering, causing destruction and pipeline slope and verticality of affected. The correct approach is to stand pipe after completion of construction, straightening and planted bracket, with a good fine stone concrete plugging hole. Branch floor, planted set hanger and plugging holes. Because the floor, floor drain and the straight tube exposed to the ground, easily damaged, precautions should be taken. The specific approach is: in the floor drain and the straight tube around the100arm UPVC tube saw small short circle in the floor drain and straight around, with a fine stone concrete protection, height of not more than civil screed. For ease of maintenance, pipe water trap should be above the floor slab, for apparatus with water storing bend. Because the UPVC pipeline is light weight, thin tube wall, should pay attention to using a muffler noise reduction function fitting.(4)Installed to meet the requirements. The interior floor is mounted high above the surface, will cause the water leakage is too low, on the ground to form a pit, affect the surface clean and inconvenience in walking.(5)Air nozzle shall be located in a building ( such as eaves cornice took part, balcony and canopy ) above, otherwise cause odor accumulation. In accordance with the relevant standard requirements, the people often activity of roof, roof vent pipe extends the height of not less than 2m, and try to set bracket.(6)High-rise building in the UPVC ~ B pipe, without taking the measures to prevent fire from spreading. According to the" hard vinyl chloride building drainage pipeline engineering" ( cJJ / T29 - 98) Regulations: high-rise buildings indoor drainage pipelines that apply settings and big diameter or equal to 11Omm, in vertical pipe through the floor should be set to fire the casing or fire blocking ring, to prevent the fire spreading to the upper layer through a pipeline.(7)The floor drain and trap with. No provisions for floor drain must set up a trap, but it can affect users. The general water supply and drainage standard atlas will take seal circular bell type floor drain to a, B, C, Ding Si, although the standard of water seal section height to makespecific provision, but there is a water storage, water due to water evaporation and destroyed. Manufacture and installation and often fails to meet the design requirements. All indoor undertake a fecal sewage drainage floor drain, shall be set the trap, this can effectively prevent odor phenomenon.(8) Sewage emergency discharge tube. For kitchen and toilet adjacent residential, kitchen, toilet is if separate drainage system, is straight at the bottom of two system for emergency discharge unicom. The correct approach is to lead a floor drain from the kitchen and toilet pipe or by a toilet to kitchen pipe system. Its purpose is to once - side discharge pipe suddenly jam, still discharge sewage overflows when the ground floor drain into another system from the outside, but not to the other indoor room large area sewage soaks inundates.3 Fire water supply system(1) The design of automatic sprinkler system for pipeline connection made the trench should be used to clamp connections, or wire joint, flange connection. The current widespread use of the automatic sprinkler system, generally with galvanized steel pipe galvanized pipe, and larger in diameter than the5Omm, pipe parts of poor quality, construction difficulty. Diameter of1OOmm welding work, will destroy the galvanized layer, causing the two galvanized, the effect is not ideal. As the hoop connection parts, to avoid the above problem, and the construction is simple, without welding, and the grooves can be precast. Now the groove type clamps connecting piece is stereotypes products, mature technology, spare parts complete, quality assurance. When the proposed pipeline diameter is larger than 50mm, the groove type clamps connecting piece.(2) As the applicator interface diameter is 15mm, so some construction spaces using15ram galvanized steel pipe small vertical tube connected with the nozzle, effects of fire extinguishing water ability, should adopt the25mm diameter pipe with different diameter pipe hoop. Some engineering support, support installation is not standardized, not according to the specified distance setting, defenseless and Akira bracket, directly affect water effect, should be strictly in accordance with the relevant standard, set Branch hanger.(3) Network to carry out maintenance and leakage test of strength test is performed in two steps. Some construction unit only to the network leakage test or test the pressure does not meet the requirements of design and codes, this will give the normal operation of the system brings hidden trouble.(4) Banned the use of plastic water supply pipe for fire water supply pipe, or in a building plastic water supply pipeline and fire water supply pipeline. Because plastic pipe heating after reduced intensity, fire will cause the pipeline damage, will not play the role of fire water supply. Plastic water supply pipe and fire pipes, fire, damage to the plastic pipe, easy leakage, there is no guarantee that a fire water and hydraulic pressure.(5) Must be in conformity with the requirements of fire hydrant installation. Some concealed in brick wall of fire hydrant boxes above the hole without lintel, by loading body is deformed, causing the box door is open. In addition the construction of some units to randomly change the fire hydrant at the end position of a preformed hole, and welding and cutting hole, leading to the installation, hydrant mouth can not be with the wall into 45or 90degree angle; or with the surrounding distance is too small, causing the fire hose cannot be installed to a fire hydrant or the tape to form bending effect of water.4 Water supply and drainage noise solutionIn addition to the requirements of water supply and drainage pipe and equipment layout should be consistent and building structure, water supply and drainage noise reduction. During construction, attention to details, can effectively reduce the noise generation.(1) In order to reduce the water hammer occurrence possibility, the outlet valve Shuizui and not using the rapid opening and closing of the water supply fittings.(2) In order to reduce the flow induced vibration noise, according to the condition of the water supply pipe and selection of density of sanitary ware, and according to the standard setting of pipe support and hanger. Different pipes with different support spacing requirements; design pipeline fixing bracket, also should consider from pipeline temperature changes caused by the expansion and contraction force.(3) To reduce the cavitation noise of ascending and descending pipe, for heating system of water distribution pipe top and to elevation of the pipe section should be equipped with automatic exhaust valve; downfeed system can use the highest water distribution point when a branch is deflated splitting meter, in the water vertical tube top with automatic exhaust valve.(4) Drainage system reduces the vertical pipe and horizontal branch connection angle, or a branch connecting the upper part special parts, reduce the horizontal branch pipe to water flow, to avoid the water jump phenomenon, thereby reducing the drainage noise.(5) Drainage pipe and drainage standpipe connection should be45 degrees,60 degreeselbow, three links, or set up a special accessories. Connections of the elbow should be composed of 2to 45 degrees elbow, and shall be on the elbows set supporting pier or bracket. In this way, can slow down the drain pipe and the drain pipe of the water flow in the water flow and vertical draining pipe wall impact noise.(6) To increase the horizontal trunk pipe and vertical pipe and horizontal trunk pipe connecting bend radius of curvature, or installed with reduced height of hydraulic jump, stable drainage pipe pressure function lower special accessories, to improve the horizontal trunk pipe drainage condition.5 Conclusion:Living, live as the mankind indispensable material conditions, is restricted by social productivity, at the same time, is also the social productivity development level indicates one of. From the initial human ancestor looking for natural caves and trees do sacrifice body are today a multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings and supporting a full range of public facilities of residential area, residential construction technology, marked the social productive forces to a new level. Today, our life has stridden to well-off, residential construction quality, indoor and outdoor environment improvement, so that our country's housing situation in recent years have varying degrees of change. In residential construction, although our country starts later, but the government has pledged, formulate corresponding policies, government departments to organize and mobilize all aspects involved in residential development plan, planning, design, construction and management. No doubt, this is a huge task, need government, the construction industry and the vast majority of the practitioners, down-to-earth to make unremitting efforts. Upgrade and improvement of our people 's living environment and living conditions. With the water supply and drainage pipe of continuous improvement, we should constantly sum up the design and installation of the experience lesson in the process, improve the general level of the installation. Professional supervision engineer shall be in this play a greater role in the. In the new century, building water supply and drainage will shoulder the historical responsibility, facing new challenges. Building water supply and drainage will be more prominent in the people-oriented principle, and will focus on the adjustment to the civil and industrial construction to pay equal attention to both, public buildings and residential buildings, water supply and water supply and water, water pressure, and water quality to pay equal attention to, direction, into a comprehensive, balanced,practical, safe development road.References[1] Li Wenqing, Shao Zhuang. Building fire water supply and some problems in construction. Heilongjiang water conservancy science and technology,2006(4).[2] Chen Zhentie. Building water supply and drainage specialty on the coordination [J ]. Water supply and drainage, l996(11).[3] king growth. Building water supply and sewerage engineering ( Fifth Edition ) [ M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press,2005[4] GBJ242 82heating and sanitary engineering code for construction and acceptance of.[5] CJJ / T29 - 98building drainage pipeline project technical specification of hard vinyl chloride.[6] GB5026l96automatic sprinkler systems code for construction and acceptance of.浅谈建筑给排水施工中的常见问题及解决孙峰摘要：建筑给排水施工质量的好坏直接影响建筑物的使用。

分析建筑给排水设计的常见难点及解决策略水是生命之源，是生态环境的控制性因素之一，是人类赖以生存和社会经济发展的命脉。

人在日常生活中需要喝水，洗漱需要用水，可见水在人们的生活中发挥着不可替代的作用。

水在建筑中也一样发挥着重要的作用，建筑给排水工程的意义是为居民提供生活用水，也将建筑内部所有的生活污水及时排出。

给排水工程是建筑能够正常发挥功能的基础保证。

一、建筑给排水设计的常见难点我国城市的建筑都具有面积大、用电设备多、供电要求高、人员集中等特点，这些都给建筑给排水设计的安全性及可靠性提出了很高的要求。

但是，在实际中，建筑给排水系统常会出现一些普遍性问题，需要我们在进行合理分析后，才能提出有效的设计对策。

（一）给水的大压力缩短了管材与卫生器具的寿命多层建筑中的给水需要的压力较小，可以在选择管材与卫生器具时就降低设计标准。

而高层建筑中的差异较大，一些设计人员仅仅利用水泵机组的高压区与低压区开展分组设计，并未综合思考小区内分区给水压力，进而造成水压较高的情况，不但浪费了大量电能，还降低了管材与卫生器具的寿命。

（二）给水管道材质影响了水质管网是给水系统的重要组成部分，其作用是把经水厂净化后的符合国家相关标准的水输送至用户。

传统的给水管道的材质基本都是铸铁，但是铸铁在使用的过程中会因为氧化而发生水锈，引起的“红水”问题，它降低了输水能力，增加了供水成本，严重影响着供水水质，给用户感官上带来不悦，是用户普遍投诉的问题。

为了提高供水质量，更换了给水管道的材质，使用塑料材质，大大的减少了对水质的污染，在一定程度上提高了人们的生活水平。

虽然塑料材质的管道减少了对水质的污染，但是噪声却比铸铁材质大很多，尤其是将管道设计在客厅或者卧室等位置的建筑中，严重影响了居民的生活。

（三）给水支管布置与敷设给水管道的敷设主要有明装和暗装两种。

明装其实是指管道外露，这种方式安装维修方便，所需的成本较低，也会直接影响到外部美观性，容易出现表面结露等不足的问题。

建筑给排水设计常见问题及图示给排水专业常见问题1.给水1.1.承接用水器与配水件出水口空气间隙不够，而且不采取措施游泳池、水景观赏池、循环水冷却池、洗涤池（槽）等的配（补）水口空气间隙不够，且不采取措施。

违反了《建筑给水排水设计规范》GB50015-2003第3.2.4条。

（强制性条文）“3.2.4生活饮用水不得因管道产生虹吸回流而受污染”生活饮用水管道的配水件西湖水口应符合下列规定：1.出水口不得被任何液体或杂质所淹没；2.出水口高出承接用水器溢流边缘的最小空气间隙，不得小于出水口直径的2.5倍；3.特殊器具不能设置最小空气间隙时，应设置管道倒流防止器或采取其他有效的隔断措施。

1.2未设置倒流防止器在规范要求的位置上，未设置倒流防止器或其他有效的防止倒流污染的装置。

违反了《建筑给水排水设计规范》GB50015-2003第3.2.5条（强制性条文）“3.2.5从给水管道上直接接出下列用水管道时，应在这些用水管道上设置倒流防止器或其他有效的防止倒流污染的装置：1.单独接出消防用水管道时，在消防用水的起端；（注：不含室外给水管道上接出的室外消火栓）2.从城市给水管道上直接吸水的水泵，其吸水起端3.当游泳池、水上游乐池、按摩池、水景观赏池、循环冷却水集水池等的充水或补水管道溢流水位之间的空气间隙小于出口管径的2.5倍式，在充（补）水管道上；4.由城市给水管道直接向锅炉、热水机组、水加热器、气压水罐等有压容器或密闭性容器注水的注水管上；5.垃圾处理站、动物养殖场（含动物园的饲养展览区）的冲洗管道及动物饮水管道的起端；6.绿地等自动喷灌系统，当喷头为地下式或自动升降式时，其管道起端；7.从城市给水环网的不同管段接出引入管向居住小区供水，且小区供水管与城市给水管网形成环状管网时，其引入管上（一般在总水表后）。

”按照规范要求，更改后见图下：1.3生活饮用水水池（箱）与其他用水水池（箱）合用生活与消防合用违反了《建筑给水排水设计规范》GB50015-2003第3.2.8条。