Some Neurolinguistic Evidence Regarding Variation in Interlanguage Use the Status of the 'S

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to A"s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B"s utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.)解析：2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation; A was asking B"s opinion about a particular popular song, but B"s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation, B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.)解析：3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called "cooperative principle" : "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.)解析：4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.)解析：解析：（本题考查社会语言学的定义。

一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答1. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?__________A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2. ________ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Sapir3. Conventionally a ______ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme4. The word “hospitalize” is an example of __________.A. compoundB. derivationC. inflectionD. blending5. Constituent sentences is the term used in ___________.A. structural linguisticsB. functional analysisC. TG GrammarD. traditional grammar6. Cold and hot is a pair of ___________ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converse7. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some futurecourse of action are called________.A. commissivesB. directivesC. expressiveD. declaratives8. Speech variety may be used instead of _______.A. vernacular language, dialect, pidgin, creoleB. standard languageC. both A and BD. none of the above9.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology10. Discovering procedures are practiced by ________.A. descriptive grammarB. TC GrammarC. traditional grammarD. functional grammar11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade” is _________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative12. _________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. ParoleB. LangueC. SpeechD. Writing13. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred as _________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula14. ________ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words areformed.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonology15. “When did you stop taking this medicine?” is an example of _________in sense relationships.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. assumptionD. implicature16. Idioms are ________.A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units17. An illocutionary act is identical with________.A. sentence meaningB. the speaker’s intentionC. language understandingD. the speaker's competence18. In sociolinguistics, ______ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrainedby a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. community19. ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using itnaturally communicative situations.A. LearningB. CompetenceC. PerformanceD. Acquisition20. In which of the following stage did Chomsky add the semantic component to his TG Grammar forthe first time? __________A. The Classic TheoryB. The Standard TheoryC. The Extended Standard TheoryD. The Minimalist Program1. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy)as a means of controlling theforces which the belivers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform?__________A. interrogativeB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational2. Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? ___________A. InterchangeableB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness.3. Which of the following is not the major branch of linguistics? ___________A. PhonologyB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Speech4._______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called_________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones6. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? _________A. [z]B. [w]C. [h]D. [v]7.________ doesn’t belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A. AffixationB. CompoundingC. ConversionD. Blending8. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words9. ________ refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each other at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. Syntagmatic relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Co-occurrence relationD. Hierarchical relation10. According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, ________ contain all the informationnecessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.A. deep structureB. surface structuresC. transformational rulesD. PS-rules11. ________describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood12. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same ________.A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth13. ________ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context of use.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Semantics14. ________is the study of how speaker of a language use sentences to affect successfulcommunication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics15.______is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified byshared linguistic system.A. A speech community A. A raceC. A societyD. A country16.______variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal17. In first language acquisition children usually _________ grammatical rules from thelinguistic information they hear.A. useB. acceptC. generalizeD. reconstruct18. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate someof the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-word19. According to Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ________.A. ideational, interpersonal and textualB. ideational, informative and textualC. metalinguistic, interpersonal and textualD. ideational, interpersonal and referential20. The person who is often described as “'father of modern linguistics” is _______.A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky1. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? ___________- A nice day, isn’t it?- Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PeformativeD.Interpersonal2. Unlike animal communication systems, human language is __________.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest3. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among language?___________A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics4. __________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons5. Which vowel is different from the others according to the tongue position of vowels?___________A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[a]6. Liquids are classified in the light of __________.A. manner of articulationB. place of articulationC. place of tongueD. none of the above7. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational8. There are _______ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six9. In English, theme and rhyme are often expressed by ________ and ________.A. subject, objectB. subject, predicateC. predicate, objectD. object, predicate10. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word ________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of conceptB. is related to the thing it refers toC. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakersD. is the image it is represented in the mind.11. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a (n) ___________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction12. ________ found that natural language had its own logic and concludes cooperativeprinciple.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones13. _______ proposed that speech acts can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky14. ______ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. CanadaB. FinlandC. BelgiumD. Germany15. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in_____ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending16. ______ transfer is a process that is more commonly known as interference.A. AcquisitionB. PositiveC. NegativeD. Interrogative17. In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the _____ half of the child’s secondyear.A. earlyB. lateC. firstD. second18. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it seeslanguage in terms of ________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system19. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris20. At the _______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negativemeaning.A. prelinguisticsB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-word1. Which of the following is the most important function of language? ___________A. Interpersonal functionB. Performative functionC. Informative functionD. Recreational function2. In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal "狗", this shows thenature of ______ of human language.A. arbitrarinessB. cultural transmissionC. displacementD. discreteness3. The study of language as a whole is often called ____________.A. general linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics4. The study of language meaning is called __________.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphology D pragmatics5. In English, there is one glottal fricative. It is _______.A. [I]B. [h]C. [k]D. [f]6. The phonetic symbol for “voiced bilabial glide” is _________.A. [v]B. [d]C. [f]D. [w]7. In English -ise and -tion are called ________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes8. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and ______.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root9. The sense relationship between “John plays the violin”and “John plays a musicalinstrument” is ________.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. entailmentD. presupposition10. Conceptual meaning is ________.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. associativeD. affective11. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the_______.A. declarationsB. directivesC. sociolinguisticsD. Chomsky12. The violation of one or more of the conversational _______ (of the CP) can, when thelistener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicatures, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxim13. _______variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where aspeaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Register variety14. In a speech community people have something in common ______ -a language or aparticular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically15. The optimum age for SLA is _______.A. childhoodB. early teensC. teensD. adulthood16. In general, ________ language acquisition refers to children's development of theirlanguage of the community in which a child has been brought up.A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth17. Children follow a similar ________ schedule of predictable stages along the route oflanguage development across cultures.A. learningB. studyingC. acquisitionD. acquiring18. The theory of _______ considers that all sentences are generated from a semanticstructure.A. Case GrammarB. Stratificational GrammarC. Relational GrammarD. Generative Semantics19. _______ grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussingIndo-European language.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative20. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ______.A. Prague SchoolB. Copenhagen SchoolC. London SchoolD. Generative Semantics21. The relation between form and means in human language is natural.22. Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.23. Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.24. Phonology is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25. All consonants are produced with vocal-cord vibration.26. Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.27. The structure of words is not governed by rules.28. If a word has sense, it must have reference.29. “He didn't stop smoking” presupposes that he had been smoking.30. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.31. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning.32. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantfrom child to child, the particular sequence of stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a given language.33. It’s normally assumed that, by the age of five, with an operating vocabulary of more2,000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.34. “Tom hit Mary and Mary hit Tom”is an exocentric construction while “men andwomen” is an endocentric construction.35. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued thatphonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.36. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and functional linguistics.37. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity.38. Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds arevoiceless.39. The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.40. An illocutionary act is identical with the speaker’s intention.21. When language is used to get information from other, it serves an informative function.22. All the English words are not symbolic.23. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistics symbols.24. There are 72 symbols for consonants and 25 for vowels in English.25. The sound [z] is an oral voiced post-alveolar fricative.26. A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.27. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.28. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality.29. There is only one argument in the sentence “Kids like apples”.30. While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not alwaysobserve these maxims strictly.31. Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instance of commissives.32. Cohesion and coherence is identical with each other in essence.33. It has been recognized that in ideal acquisition situation, many adults can reachnative-like proficiency in all aspects of a second language.34. All roots are free morphemes while not all free morphemes are roots.35. In the Classical theory, Chomsky’s aim is to make linguistics a science. This theory ischaracterized by three features: emphasis on prescription of language, introduction of transformational rules, and grammatical description regardless of language formation. 36. Generative grammar is a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined wayassigns structural descriptions to sentences.37. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.38. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases formsentences, and so on.39. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the psycholinguistics.40. Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behindhis Function Grammar is systemic.21. Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.22. Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.23. General linguistics deals with the whole human language.24. Auditory phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.25. In English, there are two nasal consonants. There are [m] and [n].26. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.27. The meaning of the word we often used is the primary meaning.28. Meaning is central to the study of communication.29. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act becausethis kind of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.30. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in acertain context, pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of meaning study.31. If a text has no cohesive words, we say the text is not coherent.32. The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of “the younger the better”.33. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language,that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.34. The London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.35. Coarticulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence oftheir neighbors.36. Band morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves.37. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also knownas the Bloomfieldian Age.38. Paul Grice found that artificial language had its own logic and conclude cooperativeprinciple.39. Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is cultural transmitted. It is passedon from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.40. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s performance.21. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.22. Competence is more concrete than performance.23. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules oflanguage in general.24. The space between the vocal cords is called glottis.25. Stops can be divided into two types: plosives and nasals.26. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.27. The sentence “Tom, smoke!” and“Tom smokes” have the same semantic predication.28. The sentence that contains the same words is the same in meaning.29. A sentence is a grammatical unit and an utterance is a pragmatic notion.30. “John has been to Asia” entails “John has been to Japan”.31. Coherence is a logical, orderly and aesthetical relationship between parts, in speech,writing, or argument.32. Language acquisition is in accordance with language learning on the assumption thatthere are different processes.33. SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquire or learn an additional language afterthey acquired their first language.34. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play atsome point in a linguistic structure.35. American structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independentlyin the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.36. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and soundpatterns of his language.37. Phonetics has three sub-branches: acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics andarticulatory phonetics.38. The paradigmatical relation shows us the inner layering of sentences.39. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experiencedsome sort of social isolation, such as racial discrimination.40. Searle proposed that speech act can fall into six general categories.41. _______ is the actual realization of one's linguistic knowledge in utterances.42. Combining two parts of two already existing words is called ________ inword-formation.43. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _______.44. A ________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of wordsto form a complete statement, question or command.45. _______ studies the sentence structure of language.46. In semantic analysis, ________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.47. A speech _______is a group of people who share the same language or a particularvariety of language.48. In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. Thisprocess is called language _______.49. The development of a first or native language is called first language________.50. ________ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context of use.41. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed _________ or creative.42. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ___________ study.43. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the lips.44. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without___________.45. ________________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process ofshortening.46. For ______________________ antonyms, it is a matter of either one or the other.47. A ___________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in some speech community.48. A linguistic _____________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.49. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously andrequires little conscious _____________ on the part of adults.50. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) _________________ oriented functionallinguistics approach.41. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _______ over writing.42. ___________ is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.43. A word formed by derivation is called a ____________, and a word formed bycompounding is called a ___________.44. ____________ is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to formphrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.45. The ________________ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in asentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.46. The various meanings of a _____________ word are related to some degree.47. The pre-school years are a ____________ period for first language acquisition.48. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on ____________.49. _______________ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.50. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be definednot in terms of meaning but in terms of ________________.41. Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.42. Langue or competence is _________ and not directly observable, while parole orperformance is concrete and directly observable.43. The vocal tract can be divided into two parts: the oral cavity and the __________.44. The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words incalled _____________.45. The words of English are classified into native words and __________ words.46. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the ______________ attitudeconnoted in the language that is sexist.47. _____________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in thefirst language by using it naturally communicative situations.48. In first language acquisition children usually __________ grammatical rules from thelinguistic information they hear.49. The starting point of Chomsky's TG Grammar is his ___________ hypothesis.50. A ____________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to dowith it.51. discreteness52. competence53. triphthongs54. bound morpheme55.syntax51. design features52. performance53. minimal pair54. morpheme55. polysemy51. arbitrarinessngue53.vowel54. affixs55. reference51. language52. phonemes, phones53. backformation54.lexical semantics55.speech community56. How does a linguist construct a rule?57. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?58. Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.59. List the differences between surface structure and deep structure of a sentence.60. How does competence differ from performance?56. Explain the differences between langue and parole.57. Use examples to illustrate the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional constituent.58. Define the two terms: phonemes and allophones.59. What are the three types of distribution?60. How many types of linguistic knowledge does a native speaker possess? What are they?56.What are the five sub-branches of linguistics?57. What are the suprasegmental features are?58. What is the difference between cohesion and coherence?59. What is ethnic dialect?60. What is learner language and target language?56. What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?57. What are the functions of language?58.Explain the relationship between speech and writing.59. Analyze the word “disestablishment” by IC analysis:60.What does morphology study?61. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position?61. List the differences between surface structure and deep structure of a sentence.61. Define the three types of distribution respectively.61. Describe with examples various types of morpheme used in English.。

语言学1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. Morphology2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Phonetics3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? BA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clause4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stem5. Which of the following is true? __C__A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.6. “What’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Arbitrariness7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophones9. What is complementary distribution? __A__A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophones10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. V ocabularyC. RootD. Lexicon1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converse2. “I regret that I can’t help you.” This is an example of __C__.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissives3. What is the duality of the language? __D__A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaning4. “I bought some roses” __A__ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. Firth6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writingability, which is often referred to as acquired __C__.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphia7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’s8. What is phonology? __B__A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.9. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a (n) __D__.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme10. A phoneme is __D__.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? __A__A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. Baltic2. What is defined as “the study of sentence structure”? __D__A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first languageby using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __C__.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. Lexicography6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguageB. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. ArbitrarinessB. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. Fuzziness8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changeover various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be__D__.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilated10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. Russian1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. French2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language forrestricted purpose is __A__.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blends4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. “pin” and “bin”.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switching5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pair6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16th7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morpheme8. __D__ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm orrefute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. Behaviorism9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction are called __C__.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*10. A __C__ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phoneme1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular language2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. Assimilation4. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. Cooperative9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. root10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. sign1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Linguistics2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so on are called __A__ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. without4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisition5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle English6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllable7. The semantic features of the word “woman” can be expressed as __C__.A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALE8. __A__ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialect9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. Sociolinguistics10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind1.According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions andpatterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness2. Which of the following is true? __D__A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsD.The first language was invented by Adam, the first man.4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as __B__.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolect5. “Your money or your life?” is an example of __C__.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissives6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voiced7. __D__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.Morphology8. __C__ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis9. An example of __C__ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevation10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammar1. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of __D__ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.Malinowski3. V owels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.central4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing5. __D__ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalist6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics7. Creativity refers to __B__.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language8. Fossilization is a process _ A_.A. in which incorrect linguistic features became a per manent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemD.A and C are correct9. “Competence” refers to __B__.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s uncon scious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. Fossilization1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. reference2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronic3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function words4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed”? __B__A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymy5. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right? __B__A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a __B__.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes8. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by __D__ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative10. __A__ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. Interference1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. taboo4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in __D__.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context6.__C__ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivity7. Traditional grammarians begin with __B__ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptive8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. Roman10. Japanese is the only major language that uses __D__ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabic1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable “center” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. Collocation2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Boas3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivation4. What is the se nse relation in the sentence “M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” __B__A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. Inconsistent5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.Aspiration7. __C__ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. Creole8. Which of the following country are those loanwords “garage, champion, beauty, parliament” borrowed from__D__.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.French9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stop2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blending3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in__C__.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called __C__.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, __C__ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy6. A __A__ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargon7. __C__ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. Articulation8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose”? __C__A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. Polysemy9. The function of the sentence “How are you?” __D__A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic10. Homonyms __C__.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a __D__.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pair7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. Labov8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TG9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefix10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence “Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.” used to bet belongs to __A__.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declaration1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntax3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. none4. “Love” and “hate” are __C__.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication6. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is __B__.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguistics8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy10. __C__ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. critical2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. word5. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed __C__.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called __A__.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysis9. __B__ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire10. Of the following words, __A__ is an initialism.A. UNB. NA TOC. BASICD. UNESCO。

9.1. Displcement means that human languages enable their users to _____ .A. symbolize objects, events and concepts that are presentB. communicate in an arbitrary mannerB. SociolinguisticsD. Pragmatics3. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his _____ . And _____ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.A. intercultural communicative comp etence ….. performance4. All monomophemic words are ______ . And polymorphemic words are called _____.pounds …… free compoundsC. stems and prefixesD. words formation and backformation6. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words andB. propositionD. configuration7. Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of converse antonymy?A. buy, sellC. uncle, nephew-formation”.B. edit →editorD. possible →impossible9. /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning. Therefore they are ___ .B. in complementary distributionD. allophonesB. IntonationC. StressD. ToneA. become, run, feelC. clever, green, beautiful12. The word “politician” differs from the word “statesman” in its _______ .A. conceptual meaningC. referential meaningB. The Philosophy of GrammarD. Language----- this is the main idea of _____ .C. the Politeness PrincipleD. semantics15. In order to red uce the ambiguity of the term “word”, the term _____ is postulated as the ____ unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.。