当前位置：文档之家 › Functional Diversification within the Family of

Functional Diversification within the Family of

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：1.94 MB
  • 文档页数：13

FunctionalDiversificationwithintheFamilyof

B-GATATranscriptionFactorsthroughthe

Leucine-Leucine-MethionineDomain1[C][W][OPEN]

CarinaBehringer,EmmanouilBastakis,QuirinL.Ranftl,KlausF.X.Mayer,andClausSchwechheimer*

PlantSystemsBiology,TechnischeUniversitätMünchen,85354Freising,Germany(C.B.,E.B.,Q.L.R.,C.S.);and

MunichInformationCentreforProteinSequences,InstituteforBioinformaticsandSystemsBiology,Helmholtz

ZentrumMünchen,GermanResearchCenterforEnvironmentalHealth,85764Neuherberg,Germany(K.F.X.M.)

ThetranscriptionoftheArabidopsis(Arabidopsisthaliana)GATAtranscriptionfactorsGATA,NITRATE-INDUCIBLE,CARBON

METABOLISM-INVOLVED(GNC)andGNC-LIKE(GNL)/CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVEGATAFACTOR1iscontrolledby

severalgrowthregulatorysignalsincludinglightandthephytohormonesauxin,cytokinin,andgibberellin.Todate,GNCandGNL

havebeenattributedfunctionsinthecontrolofgermination,greening,floweringtime,floraldevelopment,senescence,andfloralorgan

abscission.GNCandGNLbelongtothe11-memberfamilyofB-classGATAtranscriptionfactorsthatarecharacterizedtodatesolely

bytheirhighsequenceconservationwithintheGATADNA-bindingdomain.Thedegreeoffunctionalconservationamongthevarious

B-classGATAfamilymembersisnotunderstood.Here,weidentifyandexamineB-classGATAsfromArabidopsis,tomato(Solanum

lycopersicon),Brachypodium(Brachypodiumdistachyon),andbarley(Hordeumvulgare).WefindthatB-classGATAsfromthesefour

speciescanbesubdividedbasedontheirshortorlongNterminiandthepresenceofthe13-aminoacidC-terminalleucine-leucine-

methionine(LLM)domainwiththeconservedmotifLLM.Throughoverexpressionanalysesandbycomplementationofagncgnl

doublemutant,weprovideevidencethatthelengthoftheNterminusmaynotallowdistinguishingbetweenthedifferentB-class

GATAsatthefunctionallevel.Inturn,wefindthatthepresenceandabsenceoftheLLMdomainintheoverexpressorshasdifferential

effectsonhypocotylelongation,leafshape,andpetiolelength,aswellasongeneexpression.Thus,ouranalysesidentifytheLLM

domainasanevolutionarilyconserveddomainthatdeterminesB-classGATAfactoridentityandprovidesafurthersubclassification

criterionforthistranscriptionfactorfamily.

GATAfactorsareevolutionarilyconservedtran-

scriptionalregulatorswithatypeIVzincfingerdomain

(C-X2-C-X17-20-C-X2-C)thatbindstotheconsensusDNA

sequenceWGATAR(whereWisTorAandRisGorA;

Reyesetal.,2004).WhereasGATAfactorsfromnonplant

speciesoftencontainmultipleGATAdomainswithloops

ofvariablelength,all30previouslyclassifiedGATA-like

zincfingerproteinsfromArabidopsis(Arabidopsisthaliana)

containonlyonezincfinger(http://www.arabidopsis.org;

Reyesetal.,2004).GATAfactorsfromArabidopsisand

rice(Oryzasativa)weresubdividedintofourclassesbased

ontheirsequencesimilarity,thepresenceorabsenceof

additionalrecognizableproteindomains,andtheirexon-

intronstructure(Reyesetal.,2004).ThisclassificationalsoincludesB-GATAsthatsharehighsequencesimilarities

betweentheindividualfamilymembersbutaredevoid

ofanyasyetidentifieddistinguishingsequencefeatures

outsideoftheGATADNA-bindingdomain.

Todate,fourofthe11membersoftheArabi-

dopsisB-GATAshavebeenexaminedinsomedetail:

thefunctionallyredundantGATA,NITRATE-INDUCIBLE,

CARBONMETABOLISM-INVOLVED(GNC;AtGATA21),

CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVEGATAFACTOR1/GNC-LIKE

(CGA1/GNL;AtGATA22;hithertoGNL),HANABA

TARANU(HAN;AtGATA18),andGATA23(AtGATA23).

GNCwasoriginallyidentifiedasanitrate-induciblegene

withanapparentroleinthecontrolofgreening(Bietal.,

2005;Hudsonetal.,2011;Chiangetal.,2012).TheGNC

paralogGNLwasalsodesignatedCGA1basedonits

transcriptionalregulationbycytokinin(Naitoetal.,

2007).FurtheranalysesshowedthatGNCandGNLare

functionallyredundanttranscriptionfactorswhoseex-

pressionisalsocontrolledbytheDELLAregulatorsofthe

GAsignalingpathway,thelight-labilePHYTOCHROME

INTERACTINGFACTORS,theAUXINRESPONSE

FACTORSARF2andARF7oftheauxinsignalingpath-

way,andthefloweringregulatorSUPPRESSOR-OF-

constans1(Richteretal.,2010,2013a,2013b).Moreover,

GNCandGNLwereproposedtobedirectlyrepressed

bythefloraldevelopmentregulatorsAPETALA3and

PISTILLATA,anditwassuggestedthatthisrepression

servestopreventgreeninginArabidopsispetals

(Mara1ThisworkwassupportedbygrantsfromtheDeutscheFor-

schungsgemeinschaft(nos.SCHW751/9–1andSCHW751/10–1in

theSPP1530toC.S.andno.SFB924toK.F.X.M.).

*Addresscorrespondencetoclaus.schwechheimer@wzw.tum.de.

Theauthorresponsiblefordistributionofmaterialsintegraltothe

findingspresentedinthisarticleinaccordancewiththepolicyde-

scribedintheInstructionsforAuthors(www.plantphysiol.org)is:

ClausSchwechheimer(claus.schwechheimer@wzw.tum.de).

[C]Somefiguresinthisarticlearedisplayedincoloronlinebutin

blackandwhiteintheprintedition.

[W]TheonlineversionofthisarticlecontainsWeb-onlydata.

[OPEN]Articlescanbeviewedonlinewithoutasubscription.

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.114.246660

合集下载

公司战略_英文教材(2篇)

公司战略_英文教材(2篇)

第1篇

Section 1.1: Definition and Importance of Corporate Strategy

Corporate strategy refers to the comprehensive plan of action that a

company undertakes to achieve its long-term goals and objectives. It

involves the allocation of resources, the development of competitive

advantages, and the creation of sustainable value for the organization

and its stakeholders. The importance of corporate strategy cannot be

overstated, as it serves as the guiding framework for decision-making at

all levels of the organization.

Section 1.2: Scope and Levels of Strategy

Corporate strategy encompasses a broad scope and operates at different

levels within an organization. The strategic hierarchy typically

includes corporate-level strategy, business-level strategy, and

functional-level strategy.

- Corporate-Level Strategy: This involves determining the overall

strategy_relate使用

strategy_relate使用

strategy_relate使用

Strategy Related: A Comprehensive Guide to Effective

Strategic Planning

Introduction

In today's competitive business landscape, strategic planning

plays a crucial role in the success of any organization. A well-defined strategy helps businesses set clear goals, make

informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and adapt

to changing market conditions. This article aims to provide a

comprehensive understanding of strategy-related concepts

and their relevance in strategic planning.

1. Understanding Strategy

Strategy refers to a set of actions and decisions taken by an

organization to achieve its long-term goals. It involves

analyzing the internal and external environment, identifying

strengths and weaknesses, and formulating plans to leverage

opportunities and overcome challenges. Effective strategies

什么是职业发展英语作文

什么是职业发展英语作文

什么是职业发展英语作文

A professional development essay in English typically

explores various aspects of career growth, including

personal goals, skills enhancement, networking, and

adapting to changes in the workplace. Here's an essay on

this topic:

---。

Title: Navigating the Path of Professional Development。

In today's dynamic and competitive world, the pursuit

of professional development is imperative for individuals

striving to excel in their careers. This journey

encompasses a spectrum of endeavors, from honing one's

skills to cultivating a robust network of connections

within the industry. In this essay, we delve into the

significance of professional development and strategies to

navigate its path effectively.

Setting Clear Goals: A crucial step in professional

development is establishing clear and achievable goals.

开题报告里的英文译文

开题报告里的英文译文

开题报告里的英文译文

Introduction:

This report aims to provide an analysis of the current market

conditions and potential opportunities for expansion in the pet food

industry. The pet food industry has seen remarkable growth in

recent years, driven by the increasing pet ownership rate and

changing consumer preferences toward premium and natural pet

food products. Understanding the prevailing market trends and

identifying areas of untapped potential can help businesses in

making informed decisions and developing effective strategies to

thrive in this competitive industry.

Market Overview:

The pet food industry has evolved significantly over the past years,

with consumers increasingly treating their pets as family members

and becoming more conscious about their health and well-being.

This shift in consumer behavior has led to an increased demand for