初中语法要点
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动词
动词的种类 行为动词 及物 可以直接跟宾语 see film
不及物 不跟宾语 he often come back early.
若跟需加介词 laugh at sb.
系动词 表示感官的look, sound, feel, taste, appear, seem
表示保持或变成某种状态 become, remain, get.
助动词 时态助动词
情态助动词 can, could, be able to / shall, should / Will, would /
may / must, have to / need / had better的用法
规则动词的基本形式 原形 单三 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
时态
语态
动词不定式
一、情态动词
can 表能力,译为“会、能够” I can speak English.
表请求,译为“可以”常被may代替 can I use your bike?
表猜测,常用在否定和疑问句中 译为“会” Can the news be true?
Could
Be able to 表能力时用法和can可互换,但can只有过去式,没有将来式和完成式;
be able to 则有更多的时态:No one is able to do it.
No one was able to answer the question.
In a few weeks, you will be able to speak some English.
The baby has been able to walk.
Shall 用在第一人称后表“将来”或“决心” I shall leave to Beijing.
用在第二人称后表“警告、允诺、命令” you shall not leave your post.
You shall get the answer tomorrow.
you shall do as I say.
用在疑问的第一、三人称时,征询对方意见或请求指示 shall he come to see you?
Shall we go for a walk?
Should 译为“应当”、“推测(应该)”you should know her address.
Will 表将来、表意愿、疑问句中表征询意愿、表自然倾向或习惯fish will die out of water.
May 表“许可”;它的否定有两种may not 或must not.疑问句表询问时否定回答用mustn’t.
表可能或猜测。That may be so.
表祝愿,常倒装句。 May you be happy! May you succeed!
Must Have to
必须 说话人的主观意志 说明客观需要
否定回答时用 Needn’t don’t have to 时态多,有过去、将来、单三
表推测时“一定、准是”
Need 译为必要,通常用于否定或疑问句。肯定回答用must,否定回答needn’t 、don’t have to.
还可作行为动词,译为需要。此时后面常接带to的不定式。They need to make a plan.
表能力时可用can, could, be able to;
表猜测时可用can, may, must, should.
表征求意见时可用can,could,may,will,shall. 二、时态
1.以here, there 开头的句子,一般用现在时而不用进行时。
Here comes liming. =Liming is coming.
There goes the bell.= the bell is ringing.
2.如果强调已经终止的习惯时用used to do, I used to take a walk after supper.
3.表示状态、感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作,因此不能用于进行式。
See, hear, notice, like, love, know, hate, agree, believe等。
Have作“有”讲时不能用于进行式
作“吃饭、开会、玩得愉快”等意时,可用进行式。We are having a good time.
4.现在完成常与just, already, ever, never, yet等或表一段的时间连用。
延续性动词和非延续性动词(open, go, come, die, leave, arrive, begin, return, stop)均可用于完成式,但后者不接表一段的时间状语。我们不说
She has joined the team for two years. She has been in the team for two years.
5.have been to 表示“到过某地”现在已经回来(指某人的经历)
Have gone to 表示“去了某地”(还没有回来,人现在不在这)
6.there be 句型有完成式,there have been + for a long time.
三、语态
主动 被动
work Am / is / are + worked
worked Was / were + worked
Will work Will +be +worked
Would work
Would +be +worked
Am / Is / are working Am/is/are + being + worked
Was/were +working Was/were + being + worked
Have worked Have been worked
Had worked
Had been worked
Must work(含有情态动词) Must be worked
Open the door(祈使句) Let the door be opened.
被动语态的否定是在第一个助动词之后+not, 一般疑问是把第一个助动词前提。
固定结构变被动时 be going to, used to, have to, had better,只需在后面加be,并将其后的动词变为分词即可。如the old man had better be examined at once.
四、不定式
形式为to +动原,有时to 可省略。否定形式在to 前 +not.
两个或以上的不定式并列时,第一个带to,后面的往往省略。但若用于对比时则不能省。如
It’s kind of you to come and see me. It’s important for us to study English.
It’s better to laugh than to cry.
It’s kind + of you to do 表主观情感或态度的adj. 如good, honest, wise, rude, right, careful.
Of句型还可以转换成一个不定式作状语。You are kind to help me.
It’s easy + for you to do 表客观情况的adj. 如:hard, necessary, possible, important, interesting.
也可以看表语形容词能否作逻辑主语sb.的表语,能则用of.
常跟不定式的动词:like, want, wish, begin, try, decide, ask, learn, forget, agree, promise, hope.
使役动词和感官动词(hear, see, notice, watch, feel)、情态动词、why (not)、had better之后不定式to省略。
Help之后带不带to都可以。 一、词意区别:
cross在物体表面上横穿,过马路过桥过河,常和表示“走”的词(walk,run,fly,jump)连用。
Go across the bridge,and you will find the park. The little girl ran across the road.
cross是动词,表示“穿过、越过、渡过”。The old man is crossing the road.
Through从物体内部空间穿过,往往指穿过沙漠、森林、隧洞、窗户等。The river runs through the city.
二、近形词组区别
Too much + 不可数 much too(adv.) + 形容词
Too many + 可数
三、live alive lively living 四个都可以用作形容词,都和“活着”有关。
live adj. 可用作定语,一般不指人.意思为"活的,有生命的".
Vt +life We are living a happy life.
Vi : “生活"或"居住"
alive adj. 表语性形容词,指人或物,常和living互换。He is dead,but his dog is still alive/living.
用作定语时,一般应放在所修饰的名词之后,此时alive含"在所有活着的„„之中"的意思.
还可用作宾语补足语.
lively "活泼,活跃,充满生气的栩(=full of life and spirit)",用作定语或表语,既可指人,又可指物.
living 主要用作定语,修饰人或物,常置于所修饰的名词之前,有时也置其后.
也可用作表语.如:My first teacher is still living.
The living "活着的人们".
还可以作名词,意思是"生活,生涯"等, make (earn) a living 中,作"谋生"解.
living=alive now.alive只用来说明生死之间的界限;living更强调说明"尚在人间","健在"这一现在的情况.