英语四级高频词汇表1.alter v. 改变，改动，变更2.burst vi.,n. 突然发生，爆裂3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)4.blast n. 爆炸；气流vi. 炸，炸掉5.consume v. 消耗，耗尽6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的7.spit v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃8.spill v. 溢出，溅出，倒出9.slip v. 滑动，滑落；忽略10.slide v. 滑动，滑落n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种，品种v. 繁殖，产仔13.budget n. 预算v. 编预算，作安排14.candidate n. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transform v. 转变，变革；变换18.transmit v. 传播，播送；传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输，运送n. 运输，运输工具21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变22.vary v. 变化，改变；使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭，不见24.swallow v. 吞下，咽下n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑，疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的，可疑的d a. 温暖的，暖和的；温柔的，味淡的28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害，妨害，讨厌（的人或事物）30.insignificant a. 无意义的，无足轻重的；无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速，促进32.absolute a. 绝对的，无条件的；完全的33.boundary n. 分界线，边界34.brake n. 刹车，制动器v. 刹住（车）35.catalog n. 目录（册）v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的，不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳，白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的，熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的，特别的，非凡的40.extreme a. 极度的，极端的n. 极端，过分41.agent n. 代理人，代理商；动因，原因42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料，酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁，恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视，赏识，欣赏45.approve v. 赞成，同意，批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激，激励47.acquire vt. 取得，获得；学到48.accomplish vt .完成，到达；实行work n. 网状物；广播网，电视网；网络50.tide n. 潮汐；潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的，整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪，找到n. 痕迹，踪迹53.torture n./vt. 拷打，折磨54.wander vi. 漫游，闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织，编57.preserve v. 保护，保存，保持，维持61. abuse v. 滥用，虐待；谩骂62. academic a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63. academy n. （高等）专科院校；学会64. battery n. 电池（组）65. barrier n. 障碍；棚栏66. cargo n. （船、飞机等装载的）货物67. career n. 生涯，职业68. vessel n. 船舶；容器，器皿；血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70. oblige v. 迫使，责成；使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗，模糊72. extent n. 程度，范围，大小，限度73. exterior n. 外部，外表a. 外部的，外表的74. external a. 外部的，外表的，外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟，延误，耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂，腐朽79. decent a. 像样的，体面的80. route n. 路；路线；航线81. ruin v. 毁坏，破坏n. 毁灭，[pl.]废墟82. sake n. 缘故，理由83. satellite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小，规模；等级；刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86. tedious a. 乏味道，单调的，87. tend vi.易于，趋向88. tendency n.趋向，趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的，最大的，最终的n. 极端90. undergo v. 经历，遭受91. abundant a. 丰富的，充裕的，大量的92. adopt v. 收养；采用；采纳93. adapt vi. 适应，适合；改编，改写vt. 使适应94. bachelor n. 学士，学士学位；单身汉95. casual a. 偶然的，碰巧的；临时的；非正式的96. trap n. 陷阱，圈套v. 设陷阱捕捉97. vacant a. 空的，未占用的98. vacuum n. 真空，真空吸尘器99. oral a. 口头的，口述的，口的100. optics n. （单、复数同形）光学101. organ n. 器官，风琴102. excess n. 过分，过量，过剩103. expel v. 驱逐，开除，赶出104. expend v. 消费105. expenditure n. 支出，消费；经费106. expense n. 开销，费用107. expensive a. 花钱多的；价格高贵的108. expand v. 扩大，扩张；展开，膨胀109. expansion n. 扩大，扩充；发展，膨胀110. private a. 私人的，个人的111. individual a. 个别的，单独的n. 个人，个体112. personal a. 个人的，私人的；亲自的114. personnel n. [总称]人员，员工；人事部门115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋119. grant vt. 授予，同意，准予119. grand a. 宏伟大，壮丽的，重大的120. invade v. 侵入，侵略，侵袭121. acid n. 酸，酸性物质a. 酸的；尖刻的122. acknowledge v. 承认；致谢123. balcony n. 阳台124. calculate vt. 计算，核算125. calendar n. 日历，月历126. optimistic a. 乐观127. optional a. 可以任选的，非强制的128. outstanding a. 杰出的，突出的，显著的129. export n. 出口（物）v. 出口，输出130. import n. 进口（物）v. 进口，输入131. impose vt. 把...加强(on)；采用，利用132. religion n. 宗教，宗教信仰133. religious a. 宗教的134. victim n. 牺牲品，受害者135. video n. 电视，视频a. 电视的，录像的136. videotape n. 录像磁带v. 把...录在录像带上137. offend v. 冒犯，触犯138. bother v. 打搅，麻烦139. interfere v. 干涉，干扰，妨碍140. internal a. 内部的，国内的141. beforehand ad. 预先，事先142. racial a. 人种的种族的143. radiation n. 放射物，辐射144. radical a.根本的；激进的145. range n. 幅度，范围v. （在某范围内）变动146. wonder n. 惊奇，奇迹v. 想知道，对...感到疑惑147. isolate vt. 使隔离，使孤立148. issue n. 问题，争论点；发行，（报刊）一期149. hollow a. 空的，中空的，空虚道150. hook n. 钩vt. 钩住151. adequate a. 适当地；足够152. adhere vi. 粘附，附着；遵守，坚持153. ban vt. 取缔，禁止154. capture vt. 俘虏，捕获155. valid a. 有效的，有根据的；正当的156. valley n. 山谷，峡谷157. consistent a. 坚固定；一致的，始终如一的158. continuous a. 继续的，连续（不断）的159. continual a. 不断地，频繁的160. explode v. 爆炸；爆发；激增161. exploit v. 剥削；利用，开采162. explore v. 勘探163. explosion n. 爆炸；爆发；激增164. explosive a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的165. remote a. 遥远的，偏僻的166. removal n. 除去，消除167. render vt. 使得，致使167. render 解释比较长，可要仔细体会啊！1. render sth(for sth) ；rendersth (to sb) give sth in return,or exchange,or as sth which is due 给予某物作为报偿或用以交换；回报；归还render homage,obedience,allegiance,etc.表示敬意、顺从、效忠等：a reward for services rendered 服务的酬金render good for evil 以德报怨render insult for insult 以侮辱对侮辱render sb a service/render a service to sb 为某人服务render help to disaster victims 向灾民提供援助render thanks to God 感谢上帝2. present or send in (an account)for payment 递交或开出（帐单）：account rendered $50 开出50美元的帐单3. cause (sb/sth) to be in a certain condition 使（某人[某事物]）处于某种状况：rendered helpless by an accident 因出事故而束手无策Your action had rendered our contract invalid.你们的这种做法导致双方的合同失败。
山西师范大学现代文理学院英语1203班授课教案课程名称：《现代英语词汇学概论》授课教师：游海清张怡刘敏张斌构词法教案课题： WORD-FORMATION(I)授课教师：游海清教材：现代英语词汇学概论第 3 章第 1-4 节P 31 ～P 71一、教学目标：1、知识目标：a.了解构词法的一些基本知识和观点b.明确合成法的定义c.掌握合成法的分类d.了解派生法及转化法的定义e.熟练掌握派生法及转化法的分类f.明确常见前后缀的词义2、能力目标：a.提升学生记忆单词的能力b.理解构成的新词的意义c.扩大词汇量，提升阅读水平二、教学重点：合成法派生法转化法三、教学难点：转化法四、教学方法：讲授法问答法 PPT演示练习法课堂讨论法对比法五、教具仪器：多媒体粉笔教案教材六、授课提纲：七、教学内容详析第一节General remarks 第一步：T:OK,class,let’s begin.How many processes of word-formation do you know ?Do you know differences between root,stem and base?第二步：A.percentage of new wordspounding or composition(about 27%)B.Derivation or affixation(about 17.5%)C.Conversion（about 10.5%）A.initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)B.Blending(about 6%)C.Clipping(about 2%)D.Words from proper names(about 2%)E.Back formation(about 1%)F.Reduplication(about 0.5%)G.Neo-classical formations(about 4%)H.Others (about 3%)B.Some basic concepts of word-formation1.The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”?Root/ 词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologyStem/ 词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Base/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.举例：1）undesirables= un + desire + able + sBase:desirable→ desire (base)undesirable→ desirable (base)undesirables→ undesirable (base)Base/词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.分析：desirable: desire(root or base, not stem)undesirable: desirable(base, not root, not stem)undesirables: undesirable(stem or base, not root)desired: desire(root, stem or base)第三步：1)denationalizeddenationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→ nationnationalize→ nationaldenationalize→ nationalizedenationalized→ denationalize2)Uncomfortable=un +comfort+ableRoot: comfortStem:uncomfortableBase:comfortable第二节：Compounding第一步：板书下列单词1.noun compoundsHeadache heartbeat crybabyPickpocket birthcontrol housekeeping2.adjective compoundsThunder-struck weather-beaten suntannedFault-finding peaceloving record-breaking3.verb compoundsHouse-keep ghost-write aircondition mass-produce第二步：A.DefinitionCompounding / composition: a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.e.g.flowerpot= flower + potmachine-independent= machine + independentThe relative criteria of a compound 1) Orthographic criterion:Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid,hyphenated and open.E.g. flowerpotSolid: flowerpotHyphenated: flower-pot Open: flower pot2) Phonological criterion:C ompound accent: a main stress on the first element andsecondary stress on the second element.Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the firstelement and the main stress on the second element.E.g.black listblackboardblue bottle3) Semantic criterion:Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning whichmay be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaningB.Classification1)noun compoundsA.Subject and verbB.verb and objectC.verb and adverbialD.subject and objectE.restrictive relationF.appositive relation2)adjective compoundsA.subject and verbB.verb and objectC.verb and adverbialD.noun and adjectiveE.coordinating relationship3)verb compoundsA.back-formationB.Conversion第三步：做P66-P67练习第三节 Derivation第一步：T:OK,class,let’s begin.Un-uncomfortable unimportant unclean unable unclear unknown Unlike uncertainIm-impossible impatient impair impracticable impolite imbalance immoral impartial impassive imprisonDis-dislike dismiss disclose disrupt disabuse disadvantage disable discharge display disagreeEr(or)-actor teacher doctor driver writer rider commander worker traveller collector farmer cooker baker stranger foreignerAble-actionable companionable comfortable disable livable reliable accountable reasonable fashionable impressionable Ize-civilize symbolize realize naturalize socialize characterize revolutionize materialize第二步：A.definition:Derivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.e.g.recover= re + coverworker= work + erB.classification(一)Prefixation: adding a prefix or combining form to the base.do not generally alter the word-class of the base.1)classification of prefixes1. negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir-), dis-, a-2. reversative / privative prefixes（相反动作前缀）: un-, de-, dis-,3. pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, mal-, pseudo-4. prefixes of degree or size（等级与大小前缀）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini-5. prefixes of attitude（态度取向前缀）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-6. locative prefixes（方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-7. prefixes of time and order（时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-8. number prefixes（常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly-9. miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice- 1.2)brief description of some productive prefixes in current English1. ant- / anti-Anti-Japanese War抗日战争ant- / anti-: unlike tradition2.de-A.to undo or reverse .Eg: decentralize decolonize denationalizeB.to removeEg: defog debug delocalize denuclearize3.mini-A.very smll size,duration,or importanceEg: minibus minibike minicab miniparkB.shortEg: minidress miniskirt minicoat minisuit4.un-A.not,the opposite ofEg: unkind unsee unbendingB.reverse the actionEg: unpack untieC.release from or to deprive ofEg: unleash unhorse（二）Suffixation: suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.1)classification of suffixes1.noun suffixes：2.Verb suffixes:3.Adjective suffixes:4.Adverb suffixes:2)brief description of some productive suffixes in current English.1.-able2.-er(or)3.-in4.-ish5.-ize6.-y3)differentiating suffixesEg:-ic and -ical第三步：引导学生口头总结第四节conversion第一步：绕口令1.never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you2.Can you can a can as a canner can can a can 你能像罐头工人那样把罐头装进罐头盒子里吗?3.I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish,but if you wish the wish the witch wishes,i won’t Wish the wish you wish to wish 我愿许你所许,若你的愿望太过虚幻不切实际,我就不会许你所许（我就不会和你一起天真的去幻想了第二步：A.introductory remarks1 )Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.functional shift:concerned with usage only not with word-formation derivation by zero suffix:long and cumbersome; clarify only something minor, not crucial2）conversion as a result of the almost entire loss of inflection in modern English.B.tapes of conversion1.noun→verb conversion(a) to put in/on N.The workers canned apples.put apples in cansThis room was floored with titles.cage birdsThe question certainly cornered me.He pocketed his wallet.(b) to give / provide N.They sheltered the orphans.give shelter to the orphanspills coated with sugarsugared pillsThe bottle is labeled poison.The child rose from the ground plastered over with yellow clay.(c) to remove N.Bill weeded the garden.cut off weeds in the gardencore an applepeel an orangedust a cap(d) to do sth. with N.John braked the car.stopped the car with a brakescrew the two pieces togetherelbow one’s way through the crowd(e) to act as N.She mothered the orphan. (human n.)looked after the orphan like a motherTom parroted what the boss had said. (animal n.)repeat sth. like a parrotThe police shadowed the suspected spy. ( inanimate n.) follow the spy closely like a shadow(f) to make / change sth. into N.(g) to send sth. / go by N.(h)to spend the period of time denoted by N.2.verb→noun conversion(a) He had a desire to be a scientist.desired to be a…state of mind / sensation(b) His usual morning commute to workan act of commuting event /activitydynamic verbsThis kind of nouns usually occur following verbs like give, have, make, or take, and are preceded by the indefinite article.(c) This little restaurant is quite a find.sth. found, esp. sth. valuable or pleasingobject or result of v.(d) He is a great bore.He is a person who bores everyone.agent of v.(e) The cloth is a good cover for the table.I covered the table with a cloth.instrument of v.3.adjective→verb conversion(a) pale, slim, sourto become the adj.(b) free, warm, smoothto cause sb. / sth. to become the adj.4.adjective→noun conversion(a) Partial conversionthe poorthe Scotch / the Japanesethe roughthe latest / his bestthe accused(b) Complete conversionHe is a natural for the job.Tom is one of our regulars.5.Other conversions第三步：布置作业八、预期效果学生能熟练运用合成法、派生法、转化法以及掌握由三大构词法构成的新词的意义。
