变压器的类型和结构 外文翻译

变压器常用英文术语(精选)一,材料名称:1,线架:BOBBIN 2,磁芯:CORE 3, 胶带:TAPE 4,挡墙胶带:MARGIN TAPE 5,保险丝:FUSE 6,套管:TUBE 7,标签:LABEL 8,环氧树脂:EPOXY9,铁夹:CLIP 10,底座:BASE 11,盖子:CASE 12,铜箔:COPPER FOIL13,凡立水:VARNISH 14铜线:COPPER FOIL 15,黑片:ANNEALED 16,引线:LEAD WIRE 17,抽屉式胶芯:SHROUD DOUBLE SECTION 18,白片:NON-ANNEALED19,矽质套管:SILICON TUBE 19,铁桥:CHANNEL FRAME 20,工字型胶芯:SINGLE SECTION 21,王字型胶芯:DOUBLE SECTION 22,三层绝缘线:TEX-E WIRE23,丝包线:USTC WIRE 24,绞线:LITZ WIRE二,常用名词及术语:1,变压器:TRANSFORMER 2,扼流圈:CHOKE COIL 3,滤波线圈:LINE FILTER4,逆变器:INVERTER 5,适配器:ADAPTER 6,电木:PHENOLIC7,初始磁导率:INITIAL PERMEABILITY 8,功率损耗:POWER LOSS 9,密度:DENSITY 10,矫顽力:REMANENCE 11,电感:INDUCTACE 12,电阻:RESISTANCE14,电压:VOLTAGE 15,电流:CURRENT 16漏电感:LEAKAGE INDUCTACE16绝缘:INSULATION 17,空载:18,负载:LOAD19,CODE:符号,标记 20,圈数:TURN 21,气隙: GAP22,剪除:CUT OFF 23,品质因素:QUALITY FACTOR24,浸泡:DIP 25,初级:PRIMARY 26,次级:SECONDARY27,频率:FREQUENCY 28,输出功率:OUTPUT POWER 29,磁通密度:FLUX DENSITY 30,型号:TYPE 31,尺寸:SIZE 32,绕组:WINDING33,疏绕:SPACE 34,密绕:CLOSE 35,双线并绕:BIFILAR 36,额定:RATED 37,材料表:MATERIAL LIST 38,绕线层次图:CONSTRUCTION39,线路图:SCHEMATIC 40,外观(机械)图及尺寸:CONFIGURATION&DIMENSIONS;41,高压测试:HI-POT TEST 42,电气特性:ELECTRONICAL CHARACTER43,客户:CUSTOMER 44,供应商:SUPPLER 45,分布:WIRED46,中央:MIDDLE(CENTER) 47版本:REVISON 48,制图者:DRAWN49,确认:APPROVAL 50,检查:CHECK 51,发布日期:ISSUE DATE52,固定:FIXED 53,焊锡:SOLDERING 54,公差:TOLERANCE55,起始:START 56,结束:FINISH 57,样品:SAMPLE58,规格:SPEC 59,单位:UNIT。

箱式变压器（Box type transformer）箱式变压器分欧式（European style）和美式（American style），美式体积（Volume0)小，负荷能力较低，供电可靠性不高，欧式体积较大，负荷能力与供电可靠性都比美式强，在我国一般用的都是欧式箱变。

箱式变压器并不只是变压器，它相当于一个小型变电站，属于配电站，直接向用户提供电源。

包括高压室，变压器室，低压室；高压室就是电源侧，一般是35千伏或者10千伏进线，包括高压母排（High voltage busbar）、断路器或者熔断器、电压互感器、避雷器等，，变压室里都是变压器是箱变的主要设备，低压室里面有低压母排(Low voltage busbar)、低压断路器、计量装置、避雷器等，从低压母排上引出线路对用户供电。

母排（Busbar）：配电系统中，配电干线或成套装置中的主母线（一般指水平母线）、配电引下母线（垂直母线）以及高低压设备主回路连接用母线等，都通常使用硬铜（或铝）排作为导体，这些导体都称为[母排]。

PE排：用于专用接地，平时（正常情况下）无电流通过；PEN排：用做配电系统的零线及接地线，相当于PE+N，平时（正常时也会有电流通过，这个电流就是三相不平衡时的零线电流）。

断路器（英文名称：circuit-breaker，circuit breaker）是指能够关合、承载和开断正常回路条件下的电流，并能关合、在规定的时间内承载和开断异常回路条件（包括短路条件）下的电流的开关装置。

断路器的作用是切断和接通负荷电路，以及切断故障电路，防止事故扩大，保证安全运行。

而高压断路器要开断1500V，电流为1500-2000A的电弧，这些电弧可拉长至2m仍然继续燃烧不熄灭。

故灭弧是高压断路器必须解决的问题。

低压断路器也称为自动空气开关，可用来接通和分断负载电路，也可用来控制不频繁起动的电动机。

低压断路器具有多种保护功能（过载、短路、欠电压保护等）、动作值可调、分断能力高、操作方便、安全等优点。

变压器用英语怎么说变压器是利用电磁感应的原理来改变交流电压的装置，主要功能有电压变换、电流变换、阻抗变换、隔离、稳压等。

那么你知道变压器用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。

变压器的英语说法1：transformer变压器的英语说法2：voltage changer变压器相关英语表达：mains transformer;电源变压器step-down transformer;降压变压器step-up transformer;升压变压器output transformer;输出变压器input transformer输入变压器变压器的英语例句：1. He switched off the transformer and the buzzing stopped.他关掉变压器，嗡嗡声就消失了。

2. Keep away from the transformer.不要靠近那个变压器.3. We traced the trouble to a faulty transformer.我们查出故障出在一个有毛病的变压器上.4. The transformer isolates the transistors with regard to d -c bias voltage .变压器可在两个晶体管之间隔离直流偏压.5. A step - down transformer has a turns ratio less than 1.降压变压器的匝数比小于1.6. The magnetic cores of transformers and other apparatus are laminated.把变压器及其它仪器的磁心分层.7. A linear differential transformer has three coils.一个直线差动变压器有三个线圈.8. Several distributor transformers had fallen from the poles, and secondary wires and service drops were down.几个配电变压器从电线杆上摔下来, 副线及吊饰也垂下来.9. Fig. 9 shows schematically the application of a differential transformer to measurement of liquid column height.应用差动变压器测定液柱高度大致如图9所示.10. The signal is fed into a filter - amplifier which is transformercoupled to the video - detector.这个信号送到滤波器 - 放大器,它是由变压器耦合到视频检波器的.11. Advanced Transformer fastening structure, the ability to short - circuit resistance.变压器紧固结构先进, 抗短路能力强.12. HU Jing - sheng . Transformer Economic Operation. Beijing: China Power Press, 1999.胡景生. 变压器经济运行. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 1999.13. The paper also points out the direction of differential relay development.最后,本文指出了微机变压器差动保护的发展方向.14. It is very complicated to model transformer in transient calculation.在电磁暂态计算中,变压器是较难模拟的元件之一.15. Caution: the soldering iron transformer is designed for short burst operation.警告: 烙铁变压器是专为短期爆裂的运作.。

变压器有关名词术语英译词汇表A GLOSSARY FOR ENGLISH TRSNSFORMER OF TRANSFORMER TERMINOLOGY目录TABLE OF CONTENTS目录Ⅰ. 基础词汇Ⅱ.常用单位各类产品名称及类型铁芯及铁芯制造线圈及线圈制造油箱附件及油箱制造装配及干燥，油处理包装及运输图纸及技术文件用语质量控制及试验设备常用生产及工装设备材料标准件及标准零件Ⅰ. 基础词汇BASIC TERMINOLOGY变压器的电压组合 voltage combination ( of a transformer)额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定容量 rated power额定电压比 rated voltage ratio空载电流 no-load current空载损耗 no-load loss 负载损耗 load loss附加损耗 additional loss杂散损耗 stray loss阻抗电压 impedance voltage电阻电压 resistance voltage电抗电压 reactance voltage电压调整率 voltage regulation相位差 phase displacement零序阻抗 zero-sequence impedance工频 power frequency中频 medium frequency高频 high frequency振荡频率 oscillating frequency谐振频率 resonance frequency绝缘强度 dielectric strength insulation strength 主绝缘 main insulation纵绝缘 longitudinal insulation自振频率 natural frequency of vibration频率响应 frequency response介电常数 dielectric constant绝缘击穿 insulation breakdown沿面放电（爬电） creeping discharge局部放电 partial discharge破坏性放电 disruptive discharge局部放电起始电压 partial discharge inception voltage 局部放电终止电压 partial discharge extinction voltage 过电压 over voltage短时过电压 short time over voltage暂态过电压 transient over voltage操作过电压 switching over voltage大气过电压 atmospheric over voltage额定耐受电压 rated withstand voltage短时工频耐受电压 short-duration power frequency withstand voltage 额定雷电冲击耐受电压 rated lighting impulse withstand voltage 屏蔽 shielding静电屏蔽 electrostatic shielding磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding标准大气条件 standard atmosphere condition全波雷电冲击 full wave lighting impulse截波雷电冲击 chopped wave lighting impulse冲击伏秒特性 voltage/time characteristics of impulse爬电距离 creepage distance体积电阻 volume resistance截断时间 time to chopping视在电荷 apparent charge波前时间视在波前时间 time to crest ,virtual front time半峰值时间 time to half value of crest峰值 peak value有效值 root-mean-square value标称值 nominal value标值 per unit value导电率 admittance电导 conductance , conductivity介质损耗 dielectric loss介损角的正切值 loss tangent电晕放电 corona discharge闪络 flashover内外绝缘 internal external insulation绝缘电阻 insulation resistance绝缘电阻吸收比 absorption ratio of insulation resistance避雷器 surge arrestor避雷器的残压 residual voltage of an arrestor 绝缘材料的耐温等级 temperature class of insulation感应耐压试验 induced over voltage withstand test突发短路试验 short-circuit test互感器的负荷 burden of an instrument transformer额定负荷 rated burden of an instrument transformer准确级次 accuracy class电流电压误差 current voltage error相角差（互感器） phase displacement (instrument transformer)复合误差 composite error暂态特性（误差） transient characteristics error额定短时热电流 rated short thermal current额定连续热电流 rated continuous thermal current额定动稳定电流 rated dynamic current额定仪表保安电流 rated instrument security current二次极限感应电流（保安因数）secondary limiting e.m.f(security factor)额定准确极限值的一次电流 rated accuracy limit primary current误差补偿 error compensation额定电压因数 rated voltage factor准确限值因数 accuracy limit factor笛卡儿坐标 Cartesian coordinate极坐标 polar coordinate横坐标 abscissa X-axis纵坐标 ordinate Y-axis复数 complex number实数部分 real number component虚数部分 imaginary number component正负数 positive negative number小数 decimal四舍五入 round off分数，分子，分母 fraction, numerator, denominator假分数 improper fraction钝锐角 obtuse (acute) number补角 supplementary angle余角 complement angle平行 parallel垂直 perpendicular乘方 involution开方 evolution extraction of rootn的五次方 involve to the fifth power , 5th power of n 幂 exponent , exponential微分 differential , differentiation积分 integrate , integration成正比 proportional (inversely proportional) to 概率 probability归纳法 inductive method插入法 interpolation method外推 extrapolation method最大似然法 maximum likelihood method图解法 graphic method有限元法 finite element method模拟法 simulation method方波响应 step response叠加电荷 superimposed charge电位梯度 potential gradient杂散电容 stray capacitance超声定位 ultrasonic location无损探伤 non-distructive flaw detection红外线扫描 infrared scanning计算机辅助设计 computer aided design and manufacturing计算机辅助实验 computer aided test 最大，小 maximum minimum近似于 approximate每分钟转数 revolution per minute速度 speed , velocity加速度 acceleration重力加速度 gravitational acceleration地震 earthquake , seism数量 quantity部门 department缩写 abbreviation以下简称为XX here in after referred as XX参见XX see XX , vide XXⅡ常用单位（包括缩写）UNIT COMMOMLY USED (INCLUDING ABBREVIATION)米, 分米, 厘米, 毫米 meter , decimeter , centimeter millimeter 公里 kilometer英里, 海里 mile , knot码, 吋 yard , inch磅, 磅／平方寸 pound , pound per square inch呎 foot英制热量单位 British thermal unit马力 gorse power压强 intensity of pressure帕斯卡, 千帕 Pascal托 Torr粘度, 帕斯卡秒 viscosity , Pascal . Second泊, 厘泊 poise , Centpoise焦耳 Joule千瓦时 kilowatt-hour特斯拉 Tesla高斯 gauss奥斯特 Oersted库仑 Coulomb牛顿, 达因 Newton , dyne摄氏度, 开尔文 Celsius(centigrade) , Kelvin 法拉, 皮克法拉 Farad , pico-farad升, 立方分米 Liter , cubic decimeter加仑 gallon桶（石油） barrel (petroleum)标准国际单位制 standard international unit 厘米－克－秒单位制 CGS unit磁通密度 flux density电流密度 current density安匝数 number of ampere-turns轴向（径向）漏磁通 axial (radial) leakage flux 热点(最热点) hot (hottest) spot局部过热 local over hot涡流损耗 eddy current loss磁滞损耗 Hysteresis lossⅢ各类产品名称及类型TYPE AND NAME OF KINDS OF PRODUCT电力变压器 power transformer有（无）载调压电力变压器 power transformer with OLTC (off-circuittap-changer)配电变压器 distribution transformer自耦变压器 autotransformer联络变压器 interconnecting transformer升（降）压变压器 step-up (step-down) transformer发电机变压器 generator transformer电站用变压器 substation transformer变流变压器 conventer transformer分裂变压器 transformer with split windings厂用变压器 power plant transformer单相变压器 single-phase transformer三相变压器 three-phase transformer油浸式变压器 oil-immersed transformer浸难燃油变压器noninflammable medium impregnated tr.干式变压器 dry type transformer塑料浇注变压器 cast resin (resin moulded) transformerH级绝缘变压器 transformer with H class insulation气体绝缘变压器 gas insulated transformer单相变压器组成的三相组合three-phase banks with separate single-phase tran-电炉变压器 furnace transformer整流变压器 rectifier tran-列车牵引变压器 traction (locomotive) tran-矿用变压器 mining tran-防爆变压器 flame-proof tran-隔离变压器 isolation tran-试验变压器 testing tran-灯丝变压器 filament tran-电焊变压器 welding tran-钎焊变压器 brazing tran-船用变压器 marine tran-启动自耦变压器 starting autotransformer串级式试验变压器 cascade testing transformer三线圈变压器 three-phase tran-增压变压器 booster tran-移动式变压器 movable substation成套变电站 complete substation全自动保护单相变压器 complete self-protected single-phase tran-电流互感器 current tran-电压互感器 voltage tran-母线式电流互感器 bus-type current tran-瓷箱式电流互感器 porcelain type current tran-套管用电流互感器 bushing current tran-电容式电流互感器 capacitor type current tran-倒立式电流互感器 reverse type current tran-塑料浇注式互感器 cast resin current tran-电容式电压互感器 capacitor type current tran-接地电压互感器 earthed voltage tran-组合式互感器 combined instrument tran-移圈调压器 moving-coil voltage tran-自耦调压器 autotransformer regulator接触调压器 variac感应调压器 introduction voltage regulator磁饱和调压器 magnetic saturation voltage regulator 电抗器 reactor串联电抗器 series reactor并联电抗器 shunt reactor铁心电抗器 iron core reactor空心电抗器 air core reactor水泥电抗器 concrete (cement) reactor三相接地电抗器 three-phase neutral reactor启动电抗器 starting reactor平波电抗器 smoothing reactor平衡电抗器 balance reactor消弧电抗器 arc-suppression reactor阻波器 wave trap coil镇流器 ballast饱和电抗器 saturable reactor密闭式，包封式 sealed enclosed type芯式 core type壳式 shell type户外（户内）式，柱上式 outdoor (indoor, pole mounting)type移动式（列车式） movable (trailer mounted) type自然冷却（吹风冷却） natural cooling (air blast cooling)强油风冷（水冷） forced oil air cooling (water cooling)油导向冷却 directed forced oil circulation cooling油导向吹风冷却 directed forced oil circulation forced air cooling 恒磁通调压 constant flux voltage variation(C.F.V.V.)变磁通调压 variable flux voltage variation(C.F.V.V.)混合调压 combined voltage variation油浸自冷 oil-immersed natural cooling油浸风冷 oil-immersed air cooling油浸强迫油循环风冷 oil-immersed forced oil circulation air cooling 油浸强迫导向风冷 oil-immersed forced directed oil circulation air coolingⅣ铁芯及铁芯制造CORE AND CORE MANUFATURING铁心片 core lamination一叠铁心 a lamination stack铁心叠积图 lamination drawing diagram45º斜接缝 45º mitred joint铁心油道（气道） oil-duct air ventilating duct of core阶梯接缝 stepped lap core 对接铁心 butt joint core卷铁心 wound core渐开线铁心 evolute core空气隙 air gap铁心拉板 tensile plate of core limb铁心柱 core limb上（下）铁轭 yoke (upper, lower)旁轭 side yoke环氧绑扎带 epoxy-bound bandage轭拉带 yoke tensile belt上轭顶梁（侧梁） top jointing beam of upper yoke (side yoke)上夹件（下夹件） upper yoke clamping (lower)夹件腹板（肢板） web (limb) of yoke clamping夹件加强铁 stiffening plate of yoke clamping 压线圈的压钉 winding compression bolt压钉螺母 nut of compressing bolt弹簧压钉（油缸压钉） compressing bolt with spring (hydraulic damper)线圈支撑架 winding supporting plate垫脚 foot pad定位孔 positioning hole 带螺母的定位柱 positioning stud拉螺杆 tensile rod夹件夹紧螺杆 yoke clamping bolt铁芯接地片 core earthing strip铁芯地屏（旁轭地屏） earthing screen of core (side yuoke)窗口高度（中心距Ｍ0） window height (center line distance M0)木垫块 wood padding block叠片系数 lamination factor铁芯的级 stage of lamination stacks芯柱外接圆 circumscribed circle of core leg铁芯端面 core surface perpendicular to lamination木棒（木垫块） wood bar (padding block)定位板 positioning plate隔板 partitionⅤ线圈及线圈制造WINDING AND WINMDING MANUFACTURING单层（双层，多层）圆筒式线圈 single layer (double, multi-) cylindrical winding大型层式线圈 large size long layer winding连续式线圈 continuous winding半连续式线圈 semi-continuous winding纠结式线圈 interleaved winding纠结－连续式线圈 interleaved-continuous winding部分纠结式线圈 partial-interleaved winding插花纠结式线圈 sandwich-interleaved winding插入电容式线圈 capacitor shield winding 饼式线圈（双饼线圈） disk winding交错式线圈 sandwich winding螺旋式线圈 helical winding单列螺旋 single-row分列线圈 split winding箔式线圈 foil winding分段式线圈 sectional winding全绝缘式线圈 uniformly insulated winding第三线圈 tertiary winding高压线圈（中压，低压） high voltage (low, mid-) winding 辅助线圈 auxiliary winding调压线圈 regulating winding星形连接（三角形，曲折形，T形）star (delta, zigzag) connection开口三角连接 open-delta connection线段（线层） winding disk (winding layer)层绝缘（段） layer insulation (insulation between disk)端绝缘 end insulation分接头 tapping terminal段间横垫块 radial spacer between disk轴向撑条 axial strip径向撑条 radial strip段间过渡联线 transformer connection between disks段间换位联线 transposed connection between disks线圈起始端（终） initial terminal (final terminal ) ofwinding绝缘纸筒 insulating cylinder匝间绝缘 insulation between turns绝缘角环 insulation angled ring (collar ring)线匝间垫条 insulating filling strips between turns 分数匝（整数匝） fractional turn (integer turn)并绕导线 parallel wound conductors复合导线 composite conductor换位导线 transposed conductor纸包线 paper wrapped conductor漆包线 enameled wrapped conductor硬拉铜导线 hard drawn copper conductor 退火导线 annealed conductor玻璃丝包线 glass-fibre covered conductor纸槽 paper channel绑线（绳） banding wire (rope)静电板（环） electrostatic plate (ring)绝缘包扎 insulation wrapping线圈总高度 overall height of winding铜线高度 copper height of winding线圈修整 trimming of winding线圈浸漆 varnish impregnation of winding线圈的换位 transposition of windings分组换位 transposition by groups标准换位 standard transposition 线圈展开图 planiform drawing of winding线圈的干燥与压缩 drying and compressing of winding绝缘的压缩收缩率 shrinkage of insulation under compression无氧铜导线 deoxygenized copper conductor铝合金导线 aluminium-alloy conductor纵向油道 vertical oil-duct横向油道 horizontal oil-ductⅥ　油箱附件及油箱制造TANK AND TANK’S FITTING MANUFCTURING钟罩式油箱 bell type tank上下节油箱 upper part (bottom part) of tank箱壁（带磁屏蔽） tank wall (with magnectic shield)箱底 tank bottom联管夹 tube connecting flange放油活门 draining valve油样活门 oil sampling valve (plug)闸阀（蝶阀，球阀） gate (butterfly,ball) valve压力释放阀 pressure relief valve安全气道（防爆筒） explosion-proof pipe真空接头（滤油接头） connecting flange for evacuation (for oil filter)水银温度计座 pocket for mercury thermometer铭牌底板 base plate of rating plate手孔（人孔） hand hole (manhole)箱沿 tank rim箱沿护框 pad frame for tank rim gasket升高座 ascending flanged base吊板与千斤顶支座 lifting lug with bearing plate for jacks 定位钉 positioning pin盖板（临时） cover plate (temporary)带隔膜储油柜 conservator with rubber diaphrage(bladder)沉淀盒（集污盒） precipitation well导气管 air exhausting pipe导油管 oil conduit吊拌（吊环） lifting lug (lifting eyebolt)有围栏的梯子 ladder with balustrade适形油箱 form-fit tank呼吸品 breather气体继电器 gas relay皮托继电器 pitot relay流动继电器 flow relay风（水）冷却品 air (water) cooler冷却品托架 bracket (tensile rod) for cooler潜油泵 oil-submerged pump流量 flow quantity (m³/min)扬程 lift控制箱（盘） control box (panel)端子箱 terminal box (block)风扇接线盒 connecting box for fan-motors金属软管 metallic hose 封闭母线联接法兰 joint flange for enclosed bus-bar管式油位指示表 tubular oil-level indicator磁铁式油位指示器 magnetic type oil-level indicator钢板表面预处理 steel plate surface pre-processing刻线 layout剪切 shearing刨边 edge shaping气割 gas cutting (automatic gas cutting)等离子切割 plasma cutting折板机（液压） bending press (brake)埋弧自动焊 automatic submerged-arc wildingCO2保护焊 co2 protected welding氩弧焊 argon protected welding形材冷弯机 cold bending machine for profiles弯管机 pipe bending machine钢管压弯模 bending die for steel tube双动冲床 double-action punching machine龙门冲床 double column punching machine单点液压矫正机 single pole correction press移动式摇臂转床 movable radial drilling machine深颈冲床 deep-throat punching machine夹件焊装翻转架 revolving fixture for core clamping fabrication 焊接变位架 welding transposition fixture螺杆焊机 stud welder点焊机 spot welder缝焊机 seam welder多点焊机 multi-point spot welder端面车床 surface lathe火油着色试漏 coloured kerosene leakage test荧光试漏 fluorescent leakage test真空强度试验 vaccum strength test超声探伤 ultrasonic flaw detection磁力探伤 magnetic flaw detection消除焊药皮 clear away welding flux消除焊渣飞溅 clear away welding splashes防锈底漆 antirust primer环氧铁红底漆 iron red epoxy primer淋漆（喷漆） iacquer showering溶剂（稀释剂） thinner硝基漆 nitrocellulose lacquer酚醛漆 alkyd base lacquerⅦ装配，干燥及油处理TRANSFORMER ASSEMBLY , DRY AND OIL-PROCESS 引线附加绝缘 additional insulation of lead引线夹（支架） leads clamping (supporting frame)线圈围屏 winding screen (fastening belt of screen)软电缆 flexible cable有载开关 on-load tap-changer (OLTC)切换开关 diverter switch 选择开关 selector switch软接线片 flexible connecting strip线圈直流电阻测试 winding d.c. resistance measurement联结组（极性）校验 check on connection group (polarity)铜焊机 brazing transformer磷铜焊料 phosphor-copper brazing metal铜焊钳夹 brazing pliers锡焊 soldering气相加热真空干燥 vacuum drying with vapour phase heating 循环热风干燥 drying with hot-air circulation真空浸油 oil impregnation under vacuum真空干燥缸 vacuum drying autoclave真空系统 vacuum plant真空泵（真空阀，真空计） vacuum pump(vacuum valve)增压泵 booster (pump)自动记录仪表 autographic recording instrument干燥的终点判断 terminus determination of drying process 露点测量 dew point measurement高压套管导杆头 inner connecting stud of HV bushing接地套管（端子） farthing bushing (terminal)热油循环 hot-oil circulation注油后静放 standstill after oil-filling密封式滤 leakage lest on sealed parts穿缆式高压套管 cable through type HV bushing高压套管绝缘护筒 cylindrical insulating barrier of HV bushing大电流套管 heavy current bushing加强式套管 long-creepage bushing接地标志 earthing mark中点套管 neutral bushing有载开关操作系统 driving mechanism of OLTC操作机构手柄 operating handle of driving mechanism活性氧化铝 active aluminium oxide (activated alumine)硅胶 silica gel电阻温度计 resistance thermometer信号温度计 signaling thermometer线圈温度指示器 winding temperature indication远距离温度计 thermometer with remote indication瓷箱（互感器） porcelain casing (instrument transformer)瓷箱压圈clamping ring for porcelain casing膨胀器 expander二次端子箱 secondary terminal box胶囊 rubber bladder电缆夹 cable clip绝缘装配 insulation assembly器身装配 active part assembly总装配 final assembly自动升降装配架 automatic assembly scaffold线圈吊具 winding hoisting tool(two-leg ,three-leg)插板刀 lamination inserting knife 拆除上轭 dismantle of upper yoke插板 reinsertion of upper yoke线圈油压千斤顶 hydraulic jacks for winding compression油压泵站 hydraulic pump station引线绝缘包扎机 lead insulation wrapping machine冷压焊钳 cold pressing pliers线圈纸筒较紧器 tightening device for winding cylinder轭片Ｎ型夹 n-shaped clips for upper yoke斜纹布带 twill cotton tape箱壁绝缘隔板 insulation diaphragm on the tank wall绝缘成型件 paper moulded insulating part真空干燥 vacuum drying气相加热阶段 vapour-phase heating period高真空阶段 high vacuum period真空注油阶段 vacuum oil filling period煤油蒸发器 kerosene evaporator煤油回收泵 kerosene recycling pump蒸汽加热排管 steam heating radiators立式真空缸 top loading vacuum drying autoclave缸开启开油缸 opening mechanism of autoclave cover移动式净油站 movable oil purificator油脱水装置 oil-dehydrating device油过滤芯子 cartridge of oil-filer油基（石蜡基，环烷基） oil base (paraffin base ,naphthene base)油的吸气性 gas separating property of oil油闪点（凝固点） flash point (congealing point )of oil 酸值 acid value抗氧化剂 antioxidant抗凝剂 anticoagulent阻化油（非阻化油） inhibited (un-) oil油试验器 oil tester油的胶体污染 colloidal contamination of oil吸附剂 absorbent油中含水量（含气量） gas (moisture) content of oil油中颗粒数 particle content of oil气相色谱分析 chromatography甲烷（乙烷） methane, ethane乙炔 acetylene乙烯 ethylene一氧化碳 carbon monoxide丙烯 acryl氧（氮，氢） oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen总烃含量 overall hydrocarbon content百万分之一 parts per millionⅧ　包装及运输PACKAGE AND TRANSPORTATION1. 包装箱 package装箱单 packing list花板包装 packaged in crate 铁路（公路）运输 railway highway transportation 水路（海路）运输 water(sea) transportation凹形车 saddle bottomed wagon落孔车 open web girder wagon拖车 trailer卡车 truck油罐车 tanker钳夹式车 schnabel wagon起重机 hoisting crane浮吊 floating crane履带吊 caterpillar crane铁路轨道吊 railway crane钢丝绳 steel cable手拉葫芦 chain block集装箱运输 container transport绞盘与滑轮组 capstan and pulley block发货日期 delivery date到站 destination唛头 shipping mark小心轻放 handled with care不准叠放 don’t stack up不准倒置 don’t turn over 发货人 consignor收货人 consignee毛重 gross weight箱号 case No.发货单 dispatch list底拖 pallet叉车 fork lift重心 center of gravity限速运输 oversize transport不准流放 don’t uncouple with slipping装载量 loading capacity装货港口 port of loading铁路编组站 marshalling yard产品总重 total weight of product器身重量 weight of active part油重 weight of oil运输重 transport weight拆卸附件 dismantled accessories备件 spare parts易损件 parts subjected to wear充氮运输 transported with nitrogen filling充油运输 transported with oil filling运输尺寸图 transportation dimension size铭牌数据 rating plate data标志牌，指示牌 designating plate , illustration plate 指示标记 indication mark标准号 design code产品代号 symbol of product 产品序号 serial No.使用条件 service condition绝缘水平 insulating level海拔高度 working altitude环境温度 ambient temperature线圈温升 winding temperature-rise线圈端子位置示意图 illustrative drawing for winding terminals 线圈连接组图 illustrative drawing for winding connection最大最小分接 maximum (minimum) tapping　额定分接 rated tappingⅨ图纸及技术文件用语TECHNICAL FOR DRAWING AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS零件 parts部件 component (assembly) parts基础件 basic parts借用件 shared parts标准件 standard parts外购件 general parts附件 accessories配合件 mating parts可拆卸件 dismountable parts　成套设备 a complete初步设计 preliminary技术设计 technical design技术设计说明书 instruction for technical design施工图设计 working drawing design技术协议 technical agreement技术任务书 assignment for technical design技术条件 technical condition合同附件 annex (appendix) to the contract　检验鉴定大纲 examination and appraisal program 试制总结 summary of trial production形式试验报告 type test report出厂试验报告 routine test report技术经济分析 technical and economical analysis可行性分析 feasibitily study出厂技术文件 technical document for product delivery 产品合格证 quality certificate变压器使用说明书 operation instruction of transformer总图 general layout外形尺寸图 overall dimension安装图 installation drawing示意图 illustrative drawing线路原理图 principle circuit diagram方框图 block diagram图表 table (graph)运输图 shipping dimension drawing 地基图 foundation drawing底图 originals (transparent print)蓝图 blue print复制图 duplicates图样目录 contents of drawing (documents)零件明细表 detail list of drawing外购件明细表 detail list of purchased parts产品用户一览表 reference list of customers图纸标题栏 title block of drawing项号 number item名称 name图号 drawing No.单件重量 unit weight设计，校核，审定 designed , checked , approved隶属装配图号 pertaining to assembly drawing No.比例 scale纸型 paper size其余 for unmarked其余倒角 for unmarked edges淬火 hardening表面淬火 surface hardening镀锌 galvanized镀镍 nikel ,酸洗 pickling　磷化 phosphorated涂两遍底漆 coated with two layers of primer表漆 surface coating半导体涂层 semi-conducting coating热浸 hot dipping防叠层 anti-corna coating点固焊 tack weld点焊 spot weld标杆焊 stud weld 配焊 welded according to practical condition 与配合件同时钻孔 drilled together with mating parts钻后绞孔 ream after drilling透孔 through hole吹砂（抛丸） shot-blast焊后磨平 grinding to flat after welding去毛刺 clear away burrs回火 tempering校直 straightening对称件 symmetrical parts锥度孔 tapered hole煅件（压铸件） forging (die casting)角钢（槽钢） angle整齐度 evenness表面光洁度(粗糙度) finish　(roughness)倾斜度 inclination圆度（椭圆度） circularity (ellipticity)偏心度（同心度） eccentricity (concentricity)不同心度 inconcentricity平（不平）度 flatness直度 straightness平行度 parallelism垂直度 perpendicularity展开图 unfoldedA-A放大 A-A enlargedB-B转 B-B tuned byK向 viewed from KA-A　剖面 A-A section对中心（不对中心） alignment冲铆三点锁紧螺母 nut locked by punching three points 铆接 pieced together改版 reverseⅩ　质量控制及试验设备QUALITY CONTROL AND TEST EQUIPMENT质量（质量控制） quality control质量方针 quality policy质量管理 quality management质量保证体系 quality guarantee质量监督 quality supervisor质量成本 quality rated cost可靠性 reliability可用性 availability合格 conformity缺陷 nonconformity设计评审 design review关键工序 critical process控制点 control point验收检验 acceptance inspection准确度 accuracy校准 calibration误差 error产品鉴定 product appraisal投运试验 commissioning test首件试验 first item inspection工序间试验 in-process inspection最总检验 final inspection出厂检验 routine test形式试验 type test特殊试验 special test标准偏差 standard deviation正态分布 normal distribution设计定型 finalization of design定形改版 finalized revision市场调查 market survey试验用仪器仪表 testing instrument冲击电压发生器 impulse voltage generator 截断装置 chopping device 试验发电机组 testing generator set电容补偿装置 capacitor compensation device高压示波器 high voltage分压器 voltage divider标准电容器 standard capacitor法拉第笼 faraday cage局放测试仪 partial discharge tester数字电压表 digital display voltmeter低功率因数瓦特表 low power factor wattmeter西林电桥 schering bridge变比电桥 bridge for testing of voltage transformation ratio 频率表 frequency meter热电偶 thermoelectric couple红外线扫描仪 infrared scanner水电阻 water resistance球极 sphere-gap峰值电压表 peak value voltmeter表面温度计 surface thermometer　记忆示波器 memory scope钳形电流器 tong-type ammeter万用表 universal testerⅪ　常用生产及工装设备EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS COMMONLY USED车床 lathe立式车床 vertical lathe断面车床 surfacing lathe马鞍车床 saddle bed lathe自动车床 automatic lathe数控车床 numerical control lathe 大角车床 turret lathe铲背车床 backing off lathe旋压车床 bulging lathe钻床 drill台钻 bench drill摇臂钻 radial drill镗床 boring machine坐标镗床 jig boring machine落地镗床 facing boring lathe铣床 miller螺旋铣床 screw万能铣床 universal miller　花键铣床 spline miller龙门铣床 planer type miller插床 slotting machine插齿机 gear slotting双柱龙门刨 double housing planer 单臂刨床 open side planer刨边机 shaper 液压刨床 hydraulic planer牛头刨床 shaper拉床 broaching machine弓锯床 hack saw圆锯床 disk saw带锯床 band saw压力机 press冲压机 punch press剪板机 shearing machine剪断机 punch shear折板机 bending press滚丝机 thread hobbing machine磨床 grinder外圆（内圆）磨床 circular (internal)grinderⅫ材料标准件及标准零件MATERIALS AND STANDARD PARTS黑色金属（有色金属） ferrous metal (non-ferrous metal)绝缘材料（保温材料） insulating material (heat-resistant material)低碳钢（合金钢） low carbon steel (alloy steel)抗磁钢（低温钢） anti-magnetic steel (low-temperature steel)不锈钢 stainless steel热轧（冷轧）硅钢片 hot-rolled (cold-rolled) silicon sheet steel 冷轧晶粒取向硅钢片 cold rolled grain oriented silicon sheet steel紫铜（黄铜，青铜，磷铜） copper (brass , bronze , phosphor bronze)铅（锡，银，锌） lead (tin, silver, zinc)铂（金，锑，汞） platinum (g old, antimony, mercury)绝缘纸（纸板） insulating paper (press board)高密度纸板 high-density pressboard纸浆 pulp皱纹纸（压光皱纹纸） crepe paper 压延绝缘纸 calendered insulating paper电缆纸 cable paper电容器纸 condenser paper牛皮纸（青壳纸） kraft paper碳化纤维纸板（管） fibreboard (fibretube) 层压木板 plywood胶纸板（环氧玻璃布板） bakelized paper board(cpoxy resin glass-fibre) 聚醋酸乙烯酯 polyvinyl acelated聚乙烯醇 polyvinyl alcohol聚酰亚胺 polymide聚酰胺 ploymide 聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride 聚乙烯树脂 polyvinyl resin聚乙烯缩醛 polyvinyl acetal聚缩醛（聚脂）树脂 polyacetal (polyester)resin聚丙烯酸树脂 polyacrylic resin 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚丙稀酯 polyacrylonitrile聚胺酯 polyurethane有机玻璃（聚甲醛丙烯酸甲酯） Perspex (polymethylmethacrylate) 醋酸 acetic acid ethylic水曲柳 northeast china ash tree胺基醇酸漆 lacquer of amidoalkyd base硝基漆（硝基清漆） lacquer of nitrocellulose 稀释剂 lacquer thinner丙酮 acetone 龙胆紫 gentian violet绝缘材料丙酮抽出物 acetone extraction of insulating material挥发物含量 volatile content上胶绝缘纸 bakelite coated insulating paper半导体纸 semi-conducting paper金属化纸（金属化皱纹纸） metallized paper (crepe paper)铜（铝）箔 copper (aluminium) foil铜带 copper tape铜网 copper wire screen试管 test tube烧杯 beaker　干燥管 desiccator 滴定管 buret 比色计 colorimeter 长颈瓶 flask蒸发器皿 crucible 坩埚 beaker flask 锥形瓶 beaker flask量瓶 measuring flask 轧制方向 rolling direction抄纸方向 machine direction网面（毡面） wire (felt) side层压纸板 laminated pressboard成型绝缘件 moulded insulatingparts紧缩带 shrinkable tape白布带 plain cotton tape斜纹布带 twill cotton tape玻璃丝带 glass fibre woven tape透明粘带 transparent adhesive tape稀纬布带 reduced weft cotton tape单芯（多芯）电缆 single-lead (multi-lead) cable辫子线 braided wire橡胶电缆 rubber cable胶联聚合物电缆 cross-linked polymer cable铠装电缆 sheathed cable屏蔽电缆 shielded cable单丝漆包线 single silk cover双丝包线 double cotton covered enamel cable 合成橡胶 synthetic rubber 氯丁橡胶 polychloroprene rubber抗油橡胶 oil-proof rubber软木 cork rubber无头螺杆 button head cap screw光螺杆（螺母） bright bolt方头螺拴 coach bolt半圆头螺栓 cup head bolt六角头螺栓 hexagonal head bolt内六角头螺栓 hexagonal socket head bolt镀锌螺栓 calvanized bolt全螺纹螺拴 full thread bolt吊环螺丝 eyebolt水螺丝 lag bolt圆螺母（滚花螺母） ring nut连接螺母 union nut梭螺母 locking nut开口螺母 slit nut翼形螺母 wing nut , thumb nut方螺母 square nut夹紧螺母 grip nut槽顶螺母 crown nut销钉 pin胶联销 hinge pin定位销 locating pin导销 pilot pin柱螺旋销 stud pin开口销 split pin锥销 tapered pin垫圈 washer光垫圈 bright washer防尘垫圈 anti-dust washer平垫圈 flat washer止退垫圈 locking washer止退线圈 lug washer曲面垫圈 ogee washer轴承 bearing滚柱（锥形）轴承 roller (tapered roller) bearing止推轴承 thrust bearing向心止推滚珠轴承 angular contact ball bearing 双列滚珠轴承 double-row bearing弹簧 spring板弹簧 band spring盘簧 coiled spring　碟形弹簧 elastic washer齿轮 gear正齿轮 spur gear人字齿轮 chevron gear伞齿轮 bevel gear内齿轮 annular gear 差动齿轮 differential gear涡轮 worm gear　渐开线齿轮 involute gear摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear圆柱齿轮 cylindarical gear斜齿伞齿轮 spiral bevel gear斜齿轮 helical gear , screw gear空转齿轮 idler gear 齿轮节距 pitch diameter of gear齿轮外（齿底）直径 major (minor) diameter of gear啮合齿 engaging tooth压力角 engaging angle模数 modulus联轴器 coupling方向联（十字接头） Geneva (spider , universal joint cross)铆钉 rivet减速器 reductor包闸 brake　。

中英文对照翻译原文：TRANSFORMERTransformers come in many sizes. Some power transformers are as big as a house. Electronic transformers, on the other hand, can be as small as a cube of sugar. All transformers have at least one coil. Most have two although they may have many more.The usual purpose of transformers is to change the level of voltage. But sometimes they are used to isolate a load from the power source.TYPES OF TRANSFORMERSStandard power transformers have two coils. These coils are labeled PRIMARY and SECONDARY. The primary coil is the one connected to the source. The secondary is the one connected to the load. There is to no electrical connection between the primary and secondary. The secondary gets its voltage by induction.The only place where you will see a STEP-UP transformer is at the generating station. Typically, electricity is generated at 13,800 volts. It is stepped down to distribution levels, around 15,000 volts. Large substation transformers have cooling fins to keep them from overheating. Other transformers are located near points where the electric power is used.TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTIONThe coils of a transformer are electrically insulated from each other. There is a magnetic link, however. The two coils are wound on the same core. Current in the primary magnetizes the core. This produces a magnetic field in the core. The core field thenaffects current in both primary and secondary.There are two main designs for cores:1.The CORE type has the core inside the windings.2.The SHELL type has the core outside.Smaller power transformers are usually of the core type. The very large transformers are of the shell type. There is no difference in their operation, however.Coils are wound with copper wire. The resistance is kept as low as possible keep losses low.IDEALIZED TRANSFORMERSTransformers are very efficient. The losses are often less than 3 percent. This allows us to assume that they are perfect in many computations.Perfect means that the wire has no resistance. It also means that there are no power losses in the core.Further, we assume that there is no flux leakage. That is, all of the magnetic flux links all of the turns on each coil.EXCITATION CURRENTTo get an idea of just how small the losses are, we can take a look at the EXCITATION CURRENT. Assume that nothing is connected to the secondary. If you apply rated voltage to the primary, a small current flows. Typically, this excitation current is less than 3 percent of rated current.Excitation current is made up of two part is in phase with the voltage. This is the current that supplies the power lost in the core. Core losses are due to EDDY CURRENTS and HYSTERESIS.Eddy currents circulating in the core result from induction. The core is, after all, a conductor within a changing magneticfield.Hysteresis loss is caused by the energy used in lining up magnetic domains in the core. The alignment goes on continuously, first in one direction, then in the other.The other part of the excitation current magnetizes the core. It is this magnetizing current that supplies the “shuttle power”. Shuttle power stored in the magnetic field and returned to the source twice each cycle. Magnetizing current is quadrature (90 degrees out of phase) with the applied voltage.1. INTRODUCTIONThe high-voltage transmission was need for the case electrical power is to be provided at considerable distance from a generating station. At some point this high voltage must be reduced, because ultimately is must supply a load. The transformer makes it possible for various parts of a power system to operate at different voltage levels. In this paper we discuss power transformer principles and applications.2. TOW-WINDING TRANSFORMERSA transformer in its simplest form consists of two stationary coils coupled by a mutual magnetic flux. The coils are said to be mutually coupled because they link a common flux.In power applications, laminated steel core transformers (to which this paper is restricted) are used. Transformers are efficient because the rotational losses normally associated with rotating machine are absent, so relatively little power is lost when transforming power from one voltage level to another. Typicalefficiencies are in the range 92 to 99%, the higher values applying to the larger power transformers.The current flowing in the coil connected to the ac source is called the primary winding or simply the primary. It sets up the flux φ in the core, which varies periodically both in magnitude and direction. The flux links the second coil, called the secondary winding or simply secondary. The flux is changing; therefore, it induces a voltage in the secondary by electromagnetic induction in accordance with Lenz’s law. Thus the primary receives its power from the source while the secondary supplies this power to the load. This action is known as transformer action.3. TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLESWhen a sinusoidal voltage Vpis applied to the primary with the secondary open-circuited, there will be no energy transfer. Theimpressed voltage causes a small current Iθto flow in the primary winding. This no-load current has two functions: (1) it produces the magnetic flux in the core, which varies sinusoidally between zero and φm, where φm is the maximum value of the core flux; and (2) it provides a component to account for the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core. There combined losses are normally referred to as the core losses.The no-load current Iθis usually few percent of the rated full-load current of the transformer (about 2 to 5%). Since at no-load the primary winding acts as a large reactance due to the iron core, the no-load current will lag the primary voltage bynearly 90º. It is readily seen that the current component Im = Isinθ,called the magnetizing current, is 90º in phas e behind the primaryvoltage VP. It is this component that sets up the flux in the core;φ is therefore in phase with Im.The second component, Ie =Isinθ, is in phase with the primaryvoltage. It is the current component that supplies the core losses. The phasor sum of these two components represents the no-load current, orI 0 = Im+ IeIt should be noted that the no-load current is distortes andnonsinusoidal. This is the result of the nonlinear behavior of the core material.If it is assumed that there are no other losses in the transformer, the induced voltage In the primary, Epand that in thesecondary, Escan be shown. Since the magnetic flux set up by the primary winding，there will be an induced EMF E in the secondary winding in accordance with Farada y’s law, namely, E=NΔφ/Δt. This same flux also links the primary itself, inducing in it an EMF,Ep. As discussed earlier, the induced voltage must lag the flux by 90º, therefore, they are 180º out of phase with the applied voltage.Since no current flows in the secondary winding, Es =Vs. The no-loadprimary current Iis small, a few percent of full-load current.Thus the voltage in the primary is small and Vpis nearly equal toEp. The primary voltage and the resulting flux are sinusoidal; thusthe induced quantities Ep and Esvary as a sine function. The averagevalue of the induced voltage given byEavg = turns×change in flux in a given timegiven timewhich is Faraday’s law applied to a finite time interval. It follows thatE avg = N21/(2)mf= 4fNφmwhich N is the number of turns on the winding. Form ac circuit theory, the effective or root-mean-square (rms) voltage for a sine wave is1.11 times the average voltage; thusE = 4.44fNφmSince the same flux links with the primary and secondary windings, the voltage per turn in each winding is the same. HenceE p = 4.44fN p φmandE s = 4.44fN s φmwhere E p and Es are the number of turn on the primary and secondarywindings, respectively. The ratio of primary to secondary induced voltage is called the transformation ratio. Denoting this ratio by a, it is seen that a = p sE E = p s N N Assume that the output power of a transformer equals its input power, not a bad sumption in practice considering the high efficiencies. What we really are saying is that we are dealing with an ideal transformer; that is, it has no losses. ThusP m = P outorV p I p × primary PF = V s I s × secondary PFwhere PF is the power factor. For the above-stated assumption it means that the power factor on primary and secondary sides are equal; thereforeV p I p = V s I s from which is obtainedp s V V = p sI I ≌ p s E E ≌ a It shows that as an approximation the terminal voltage ratioequals the turns ratio. The primary and secondary current, on the other hand, are inversely related to the turns ratio. The turns ratio gives a measure of how much the secondary voltage is raised or lowered in relation to the primary voltage. To calculate the voltage regulation, we need more information.The ratio of the terminal voltage varies somewhat depending on the load and its power factor. In practice, the transformation ratio is obtained from the nameplate data, which list the primary and secondary voltage under full-load condition.When the secondary voltage V s is reduced compared to the primaryvoltage, the transformation is said to be a step-down transformer: conversely, if this voltage is raised, it is called a step-up transformer. In a step-down transformer the transformation ratio a is greater than unity (a>1.0), while for a step-up transformer it is smaller than unity (a<1.0). In the event that a=1, the transformer secondary voltage equals the primary voltage. This is a special type of transformer used in instances where electrical isolation is required between the primary and secondary circuit while maintaining the same voltage level. Therefore, this transformer is generally knows as an isolation transformer.As is apparent, it is the magnetic flux in the core that forms the connecting link between primary and secondary circuit. In section 4 it is shown how the primary winding current adjusts itself to the secondary load current when the transformer supplies a load.Looking into the transformer terminals from the source, animpedance is seen which by definition equals V p / I p . From p s V V = p sI I ≌ p s E E ≌ a , we have V p = aV s and I p = I s /a.In terms of V s and I s the ratio of V p to I p isp p V I = /s s aV I a = 2s s a V I But V s / I s is the load impedance Z L thus we can say thatZ m (primary) = a 2Z LThis equation tells us that when an impedance is connected to the secondary side, it appears from the source as an impedance having a magnitude that is a 2 times its actual value. We say that the load impedance is reflected or referred to the primary. It is this property of transformers that is used in impedance-matching applications.4. TRANSFORMERS UNDER LOADThe primary and secondary voltages shown have similar polarities, as indicated by the “dot-making ” convention. The dots near the upper ends of the windings have the same meaning as in circuit theory; the marked terminals have the same polarity. Thus when a load is connected to the secondary, the instantaneous load current is in the direction shown. In other words, the polarity markings signify that when positive current enters both windings at the marked terminals, the MMFs of the two windings add.Since the secondary voltage depends on the core flux φ0, itmust be clear that the flux should not change appreciably if E s isto remain essentially constant under normal loading conditions. With the load connected, a current I s will flow in the secondarycircuit, because the induced EMF E s will act as a voltage source.The secondary current produces an MMF N s I s that creates a flux. Thisflux has such a direction that at any instant in time it opposes the main flux that created it in the first place. Of course, this is Lenz ’s law in action. Thus the MMF represented by N s I s tends toreduce the core flux φ. This means that the flux linking theprimary winding reduces and consequently the primary inducedvoltage Ep, This reduction in induced voltage causes a greater difference between the impressed voltage and the counter induced EMF, thereby allowing more current to flow in the primary. The factthat primary current Ipincreases means that the two conditions stated earlier are fulfilled: (1) the power input increases to match the power output, and (2) the primary MMF increases to offset the tendency of the secondary MMF to reduce the flux.In general, it will be found that the transformer reacts almost instantaneously to keep the resultant core flux essentiallyconstant. Moreover, the core flux φdrops very slightly between n o load and full load (about 1 to 3%), a necessary condition ifE p is to fall sufficiently to allow an increase in Ip.On the primary side, Ip’is the current that flows in the primaryto balance the demagnetizing effect of Is . Its MMF NpIp’ sets up aflux linking the primary only. Since the core flux φremainsconstant. Imust be the same current that energizes the transformerat no load. The primary current Ipis therefore the sum of the currentI p ’ and I.Because the no-load current is relatively small, it is correctto assume that the primary ampere-turns equal the secondary ampere-turns, since it is under this condition that the core flux is essentially constant. Thus we will assume that Iis negligible, as it is only a small component of the full-load current.When a current flows in the secondary winding, the resultingMMF (Ns Is) creates a separate flux, apart from the flux φproducedby I, which links the secondary winding only. This flux does nolink with the primary winding and is therefore not a mutual flux.In addition, the load current that flows through the primary winding creates a flux that links with the primary winding only; it is called the primary leakage flux. The secondary- leakage flux gives rise to an induced voltage that is not counter balanced by an equivalent induced voltage in the primary. Similarly, the voltage induced in the primary is not counterbalanced in the secondary winding. Consequently, these two induced voltages behave like voltage drops, generally called leakage reactance voltage drops. Furthermore, each winding has some resistance, which produces a resistive voltage drop. When taken into account, these additional voltage drops would complete the equivalent circuit diagram of a practical transformer. Note that the magnetizing branch is shown in this circuit, which for our purposes will be disregarded. This follows our earlier assumption that the no-load current is assumed negligible in our calculations. This is further justified in that it is rarely necessary to predict transformer performance to such accuracies. Since the voltage drops are all directly proportional to the load current, it means that at no-load conditions there will be no voltage drops in either winding.The power transformer is a major power system component that permits economical power transmission with high efficiency and low series-voltage drops. Since electric power is proportional to the product of voltage and current, low current levels (and therefore low RI2 losses and low IZ voltage drops) can be maintained for given power levels via high voltages. Power transformers transform ac voltage and current to optimum levels for generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power.The development in 1885 by William Stanley of a commercially practical transformer was what made ac power systems more attractive than dc power systems. The ac system with a transformer overcame voltage problems encountered in dc systems with a transformer overcame voltage problems encountered in dc systems as load levels and transmission distances increased. Today’s modern power transformers have nearly 100% efficiency, with ratings up to and beyond 1300 MVA.In this chapter, we review basic transformers theory and develop equivalent circuits for practical transformers operating under sinusoidal-steady-state conditions. We look at models of single-phase two-winding, three-phase two-winding, and three-phase three-winding transformers, as well as auto-transformers and regulating transformers. Also, the per-unit system, which simplifies power system analysis by eliminating the ideal transformer winding in transformers equivalent circuits, is introduced in this chapter and used throughout the remainder of the text.How Electric Utilities Buy Quality When They Buy Transformers Because transformers are passive devices with few moving parts, it is difficult to evaluate the quality of one over another. But today, when the lifetime cost of transformer losses far exceeds the initial transformer purchase price and a significant percentage of transformer purchases is to replace units that have failed in service, utilities need a mechanism to weigh one manufacturer’s offering against another’s –often well before the transformer is actually built .Power and distribution transformers present entirely differentproblems to the purchasing engineers charged with evaluating quality. Power transformers are generally custom-built and today they are often very different from any transformers should be evaluated according to a wide range of quality factors, each of which has a different importance or weight, depending on the purchasing utility.In contrast, distribution transformers are purchased in bulk and, provided detailed failure records are kept, the quality can be rather easily determined from computerized statistical programs.LOW LOSSES MEAN HIGH QUALITYOne factor in the engineer’s favor is that high-quality transformers are also low-loss transformers. In a sense, the cost of high quality is automatically paid for in the first few years of transformer life by reduced losses. To this benefit is added the fact that the lifetime of a transformer built today will actually be significantly longer than that of a transformer built only a few years ago.Losses are divided into load and no-load losses and various formulas and/or computer programs are available to evaluate their lifetime impact. When individual utilities plug their cost factors into the formulas, the lifetime impacts they calculate vary widely. For example, the ratio of estimated costs of no-load to load losses can vary by a factor as much as 10 to one. The relative cost of load and no-load losses can also vary from year to year as regulatory pressures push utility management to emphasize different needs.Noise is becoming an increasingly important factor in transformer selection. Again, this factor varies widely from utility to utility. The greatest need for a low-noise transformeris felt by utilities in highly developed areas where substations must be located close to residential neighborhoods.Transformer noise is generated from three sources: (1) the magneto strictive deformation of the core, (2) aerodynamic noise produced by cooling fans, (3) the mechanical and flow noise from the oil-circulating pumps. The radiated core noise, consisting of a 120-Hz tone, is the most difficult to reduce and is also the noise that generates the transformer.Fortunately, improved core-construction techniques and lower-loss core steel both tend to reduction in core noise is needed, it can only be achieved by increasing the cross-sectional area of the core to reduce the flux density. This design change increases the construction cost of the transformer and decreases the core losses. However, a point of diminishing returns is reached at which the cost of increasing core size outweighs the savings in reduced losses.Installation costs are significant because a power transformer must generally be delivered partially disassembled and without oil in the tank. Today, the trend is for the manufacturer to assemble and fill the transformer on site, rather than leave it to the utility. This provides assurance that the transformer is correctly installed and minimizes the cost of lost parts, misunderstanding, etc.Manufacturing facilities provide a key indication of the product quality. Most utilities use plant visits as the first step in their evaluation process. Facility review should include the manufacturer’s quality-assurance program, in-service and test reliability records, contract administration and order support, and technical strength.Coating systems, especially for pad-mount transformers, are becoming increasingly important since the life of the transformer tank may be the limiting factor in transformer life. The problem of evaluating and comparing coating systems on pad-mount transformers from different manufacturers was eliminated with the introduction of ANSI Standard C57.12.28-1988. This is a functional standard that does not dictate to manufacturers now they should coat transformers, but prescribes a series of tests that the coating must withstand to meet the standard. A companion standard, C57.12.31 for poletop transformers, is now under development.Tests prescribed by the standards include: Scratching to bare metal and exposing to salt spray for 1500 hours; cross-hatch scratching to check for adhesion, humidity exposure at 113℃, impact of 160 in.-1b with no paint chipping , oil and ultraviolet resistance, and 3000 cycles of abrasion resistance.In response to this standard, most manufacturers have revamped or rebuilt their painting processes--from surface preparation through application of primers, to finished coating systems. The most advanced painting processes now use electrodeposition methods—either as a dip process or with paint applied as dry power. These processes not only ensure a uniform coating system to every part of the transformer tank out also, because they eliminate traditional solvent-based paints, more easily meet the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.Hard evaluation factors are set down in the purchaser’s technical specifications, which form the primary document to ensure that all suppliers’ products meet a minimum standard. Technical specifications generally include an evaluation formula for no-loadand load losses, price, noise level, and delivery date. Technical assistance during installation, warranty assistance, and the extent of warranty are additional hard evaluation factors.Soft factors do not have a precise monetary value, but also may be important in comparing suppliers’ bids. The [following] list suggests soft factors for buyers to include in a transformer-purchase decision. While they do not have a direct dollar value, it is valuable to assign a fixed dollar value or a percentage of bid value to these factors so that they can be used in comparing suppliers’bids. A well-written specification places all potential suppliers on an equal footing.SOFT FACTORS THAT SHOULD INFLUENCE CHOICE OF SUPPLIERWide choice of designsComputer-aided design proceduresR&D directed at product improvementParticipation in long-term R&D projects through industry groups Clean-room assembly facilitiesAvailability of spare and replacement partsWide range of field servicesApplication assistance/coordinationOngoing communication with usersTony Hartfield, ABB Power T&D Co., Power Transformer Div., St. Louis, Missouri, says it is important to review technical specifications in detail with prospective suppliers before a request for bids is issued. “We attempt to resolve ambiguous terms such as ‘substantial,’ ‘long-lasting,’ or ‘equal-to,’ and replace them with functional requirements that clearly define what must be supplied.“Many times, items are added to a specification to prevent recurrence of past problems. These can be counterproductive, particularly if the technology has advanced to a point where the source of the problem has been eliminated.”GOOD IN-SERVICE RECORDS VITALDistribution transformers are purchased in large quantities under very competitive conditions where a unit-price change of a few cents can affect the choice of supplier. As a result, the most sophisticated programs used to guide purchasing policy are based on statistical records of units in service.One example of a systematic failure-analysis program is that conducted by Wisconsin Public Service Corp. (Electrical World, September 1991, p 73). All transformers purchased by the utility since the mid 1980s and all transformer failures are entered into a computerized record-keeping system. Failure rates and equivalent costs are calculated for each manufacturer on a 4-year rolling window. According to Senior Standards Engineer Michael Radke, the system has substantially reduced failure rates, improved communications with transformer vendors, reduced costs, and reduced outages. The system has even helped some manufacturers to reduce failure rates.Georgia Power Co.’s vendor evaluation program has been in place for about 5 years. This program looks at supplier and product separately, judging each according to pre-established criteria. The scores for each criterion are weighted and the over-all score used to calculate a numerical multiplier, which is applied to initial bid price. David McClure, research manager, quality and support, explains that the program involves four departments:engineering, materials, quality assurance, and procurement. Each department is responsible for a portion of the evaluation and the results from each are entered into a computer program.The evaluation involves objective and subjective factors. Compliance, for example, can be measured objectively, but customer service must be evaluated subjectively. Even so, reviewers follow a well-defined procedure to determine scores for each factor. This approach ensures that ratings are applied consistently to each vendor.Public Service Co. of Colorado (PSC) uses a numerical multiplier that is applied to the bid price. The multiplier incorporates several factors—including historical failure rate, delivery, and quality. Of these factors, historical failure rate is by far the most important, accounting for more than half of the multiplier penalty. For example, the average multiplier for pole-mounted transformers adds 6.3%, of which failure rate accounts for 4.9%; the average multiplier for single-phase pad-mount transformers adds 5.3%, of which failure rate accounts for 3.6%.Failure rate is calculated using a computer program supplied by General Electric Co., Transformer Business Dept, Hickory, North Carolina. It is based on failures of transformers purchased in the last 10 years. The cost of failure includes the cost of a replacement unit and the costs of changeout and downtime.A delivery penalty is calculated by PSC, based on the difference in weeks between promised and actual delivery dates. Significantly, this penalty is calculated equally for early as for late delivery. Early delivery is considered disruptive. John Ainscough, senior engineer, automation analysis and research, reports that hisdepartment is planning to modify this factor to encourage both short lead-times and on-time delivery. Currently, the delivery factor does not incorporate the supplier’s manufacturing cycle time.PSC’ s quality factor is based on the percentage of an order that must be repaired or returned to the manufacturer; the accuracy with which products conform to the original specifications, including losses and impedance; and the number of days required to resolve complaints and warranty claims. Responsiveness to complaints is considered a soft evaluation factor and the number of days needed to resolve a complaint is a way of quantifying this factor. The utility is exploring ways to quantify other soft factors in the evaluation process.According to Ainscough, the rating system in use at PSC seems to be effective for consistently selecting high-quality vendors and screening out those that offer low bids at the expense of product quality.Another software program designed to help purchasers select the best available distribution transformer is a Lotus-compatible worksheet for evaluating distribution transformers offered by ABB Power T&D Co. The worksheet adjusts criteria for reliability, quality, delivery/availability, and support. The lower the value factor, the lower is the effective first cost of the transformer. To the adjusted first cost is added the cost of losses, yielding a life-cycle cost for the transformer.Suggested weightings, based on surveys of utilities, are provided for each critertion, but users can easily modify these criteria in light of their own experience and needs. According to ABB’s Dorman Whitley, this ensures that the worksheet does not。

电力专业英语词汇(较全)1、元件设备三绕组变压器three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器Capacitor并联电容器shunt capacitor电抗器Reactor母线Busbar输电线TransmissionLine发电厂power plant断路器Breaker刀闸(隔离开关)Isolator分接头tap电动机motor2状态参数有功active power无功reactive power电流current容量capacity电压voltage档位tap position有功损耗reactive loss无功损耗active loss空载损耗no-load loss 铁损iron loss 铜损copper loss空载电流no-load current阻抗impedance正序阻抗positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗zero sequence impedance无功负载reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测YC(telemetering) 遥信YX 励磁电流(转子电流)magnetizing current 定子stator功角power-angle 上限:upper limit下限lower limit并列的apposable高压: high voltage低压low voltage中压middle voltage电力系统power system发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step-up transformer高压侧high side输电系统power transmission system输电线transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability功角稳定angle stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC装机容量installed capacity电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower变电站transformer substation 补偿度degree of compensation 高抗high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障fault调节regulation裕度magin三相故障three phase fault故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value 强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation)机端generator terminal静态static (state)动态dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制AVR 功角power angle有功功率active power无功功率reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulation analysis传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive-side裕度margin同步synchronization失去同步loss of synchronization 阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance电导conductance电纳susceptance导纳admittance电感inductance电容: capacitanceAGC Automatic Generation Control自动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制系统DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液(调节系统) DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化FCS Field bus Control System 现场总线控制系统FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜MCC Motor Control Center 电动机马达控制中心MCS Modulating Control System 模拟量控制系统MEH Micro Electro Hydraulic Control System 给水泵汽轮机电液控制系统MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统NCS Net Control System 网络监控系统OIS Operator Interface Station 操作员接口站OMS Outage Management System 停电管理系统PID Proportion Integration Differentiation 比例积分微分PIO Process Output 过程输入输出通道PLC Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PSS Power System Stabilizator 电力系统稳定器SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监控系统SCC Supervisory Computer Control 监督控制系统SCS Sequence Control System 顺序(程序)控制系统SIS Supervisory Information System 监控信息系统TDCS TDC Total Direct Digital Control 集散控制系统TSI Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation 汽轮机监测仪表UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断供电标准的机组数据显示(Standard Measurement And Display Data)负载电流百分比显示Percentage of Current load(%)单相/三相电压Voltage by One/Three Phase (Volt.)每相电流Current by Phase (AMP) 千伏安Apparent Power (KVA) 中线电流Neutral Current (N Amp)功率因数Power Factor (PF)频率Frequency(HZ)千瓦Active Power (KW) 千阀Reactive Power (KVAr)最高/低电压及电流Max/Min. Current and Voltage输出千瓦/兆瓦小时Output kWh/MWh运行转速Running RPM机组运行正常Normal Running超速故障停机Overspeed Shutdowns低油压故障停机Low Oil Pressure Shutdowns高水温故障停机High Coolant Temperature Shutdowns 起动失败停机Fail to Start Shutdowns冷却水温度表Coolant Temperature Gauge机油油压表Oil Pressure Gauge电瓶电压表Battery Voltage Meter机组运行小时表Genset Running Hour Meter怠速-快速运行选择键Idle Run –Normal Run Selector Switch运行-停机-摇控启动选择键Local Run-Stop-Remote Starting Selector Switch 其它故障显示及输入Other Common Fault Alarm Display and电力行波词汇行波travelling wave模糊神经网络fuzzy-neural network神经网络neural network模糊控制fuzzy control研究方向research direction电力系统the electrical power system大容量发电机组large capacity generating set输电距离electricity transmission超高压输电线super voltage transmission power line投运commissioning行波保护Traveling wave protection自适应控制方法adaptive control process动作速度speed of action行波信号travelling wave signal 输电线路故障transmission line malfunction 子系统subsystem暂态行波transient state travelling wave偏移量side-play mount电压electric voltage附加系统add-ons system波形waveform工频power frequency延迟变换delayed transformation延迟时间delay time减法运算subtraction相减运算additive operation求和器summator模糊规则fuzzy rule参数值parameter values可靠动作action message等值波阻抗equivalent value wave impedance 附加网络additional network反传算法backpropagation algorithm隶属函数membership function模糊规则fuzzy rule模糊推理fuzzy reasoning模糊推理矩阵fuzzy reasoning matrix样本集合sample set感应定律law of electromagnetic induction励磁excitation励磁器magnetizing exciter励磁器exciter恒定励磁器constant exciter励磁器激振器exciter励磁电流magnetizing current强行励磁reinforced excitation励磁调节器excitation regulator无功伏安volt-ampere reactive无功伏安时volt-ampere-hour reactive三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine发电厂：power plant断路器：Breaker刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator分接头：tap电动机：motor（2）状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss无功损耗：active loss功率因数：power-factor功率：power功角：power-angle电压等级：voltage grade空载损耗：no-load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss 空载电流：no-load current 阻抗：impedance正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load 或者PLoad遥测：YC(telemetering)遥信：YX励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current 定子：stator功角：power-angle上限:upper limit下限：lower limit并列的：apposable高压: high voltage低压：low voltage 中压：middle voltage 电力系统power system发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step-up transformer高压侧high side输电系统power transmission system输电线transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability功角稳定angle stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC 装机容量installed capacity电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation补偿度degree of compensation高抗high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障fault调节regulation裕度magin三相故障three phase fault故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time切机generator triping高顶值high limited value强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation)机端generator terminal静态static (state)动态dynamic (state) 单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制AVR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角power angle有功（功率）active power无功（功率）reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulation analysis传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive-side裕度margin 同步synchronization 失去同步loss of synchronization 阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻：resistance电抗：reactance阻抗：impedance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance导纳：admittance电感：inductance电容: capacitanceAbsorber Circuit ——吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter——交交变频电路AC power control——交流电力控制AC Power Controller——交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch——交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller——交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation 异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit 贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor 双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor 双极结型晶体管（BJT）Boost-Buck Chopper 升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper 升压斩波电路Boost Converter 升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper 桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper 降压斩波电路Buck Converter 降压变换器Commutation 换流Conduction Angle 导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency 恒压恒频（CVCF）Continuous Conduction--CCM （电流）连续模式Control Circuit控制电路Cuk Circuit——CUK斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper 电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cycloconvertor 周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter 直交直电路DC Chopping 直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit 直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter 直流－直流变换器Device Commutation 器件换流Direct Current Control 直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode （电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode 快恢复二极管fast recovery epitaxial diodes 快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor 快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor 场控晶闸管flyback converter 反激电流forced commutation 强迫换流forward converter 正激电路frequency converter 变频器full bridge converter 全桥电路full bridge rectifier 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier 全波整流电路fundamental factor 基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO 可关断晶闸管general purpose diode 普通二极管giant transistor——GTR 电力晶体管half bridge converter 半桥电路hard switching 硬开关high voltage IC 高压集成电路hysteresis comparison 带环比较方式indirect current control 间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter 直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power module---IPM 智能功率模块integrated gate-commutated thyristor---IGCT集成门极换流晶闸管inversion 逆变latching effect 擎住效应leakage inductance 漏感light triggered thyristo---LTT光控晶闸管line commutation 电网换流load commutation 负载换流loop current 环流。

变压器组件类专业术语中英对照表变压器组件类专业术语中英对照表1、分接开关（Tap-Changer)across coarse tap winding 粗级调压线圈两端actual through-current 实际通过电流additional contact range 附加触点盘adjustment position 校准位置application of test voltage 施加试验电压的一般要求arrangement of winding 线圈排列asymmetric pennant cycle 非对称旗循环automatic passage through position 动通过位置auxiliary transformer 辅助变压器auxiliary arcing contact 过弧触头auxiliary circuit insulation test 辅助线路试验axle 销轴ball bearing 球轴承basic connection diagram 基本接线图bearing sleeve 轴套,轴支撑套bell-type tank 钟罩式油箱bevel gear 伞齿輪盒bleeder 放气裝置bleeder screw 放气塞bleeding facility 放气，放气裝置bracket compl 弓型件braid 编织线braided contact lead 编织线brake contactor 制动接触器break-down voltage 击穿电压breaking capacity 开断容量breaking capacity test 切换容量试验breech cap 护板，护帽bridge 桥接bushing 轴套，套筒cabinet hinge 门折页cam 凸轮cam operated contact 凸轮驱动触点cam switch 凸轮开关cardan shaft 方向轴centering sliced spacer 定位间距垫圈change-over selector 转換选擇器chopped wave 截波circlip lock ring 开口锁环circulating current 循环电流classification 分类coarse tap selector 粗级选擇器coarse change-over selector 粗级转換选擇器cocking sledge 释放滑板，枪机滑板combined filter insert 释放滑板compression spring 压力弹簧connecting lead 連接线conservator 储油柜constant induction 恒磁通contact holder 触头座contact life 触头寿命contact life expectancy 触头预期寿命contact range, continuous 连续触点盘contact range, decadic 十进制触点盘contact tip 接点，触点coupling 接头，聯轴器cup spring 碟形弹簧current splitting 电流私分流current strip 导电片cycle of operation 操作循环delay time 延时dielectric strength 绝缘强度dielectric test 绝缘试验disc 盘，垫块diverter switch 切换开关diverter switch unit切換開关芯子double-bridging off-load tap changer双桥接無励磁分接开关double-ended open-jaw wrench 双头开口扳手double-ended socket wrench 双头套筒扳手drag hand 拖针drag ring 拖环drive crank 回动件drive shaft 驱动轴，传动轴drive shaft 传动轴drive shaft arrangement 传动轴布置drive star 回动轴dust and vermin proof housing 防尘防虫机箱duty on main and transition condition 主触头和过渡触头的任务eccentric cam 偏心轮effect of power-factor on circuit-breaking duty 功率因数对开关任务electrolysis transformer 整流变压器emergency tripping device 紧急跳阐装置emergency-off 紧急跳阐epoxy guid plate （环氧浇注）导板epoxy segment 环氧浇注弓型件feather 键filter 滤油机filter cartridge 滤芯filter insert 滤芯fixed contact 定触头flag cycle 旗循环flat head screw 平头螺丝flexible current strip 软导電片for neutral application 用于中性点full wave 全波furnace transformer 电弧炉变压器geneva gear 槽轮机，行星机构geneva wheel 槽轮，行星轮grading block 均压环guide block 导板挡块guide bolt 导杆guide roller 导滾head variant 头型helical spring, compression type 螺旋压簧hexagon socket screw 內六角螺丝hexagon socket screw key 內六角螺丝扳手highest amplitude 最大振幅highest voltage for equipment 设备最高电压hub 基座impact recorder 冲击记录仪information required with enquiries and orders 询价和订货要求的数据inherent drawing 基本图纸，固有图纸insulating bar绝缘立柱，绝缘条insulating clingers 绝缘筒insulating tube 绝缘管insulation level 绝缘水平insulation level to ground 對地绝缘水平intermediate bearing 中间齿轮intermediate terminal 中間端子intermediate plate 中間板internal tap changer insulation 分接开关内绝缘laminated tube 层压胶纸管lamp panel 灯板，灯屏level transverse 橫吊具lifting lug 吊攀lightning impulse voltage test 雷电冲击電压试验limit switch 限位开关linear off-circuit tap changer 线性调无励磁分接开关linear tap winding 线性调压线段load shedding 甩负载lock tab 锁片main arcing contact 主弧触头main contact 主触头main switching contacts 主通断触头maximum number of effective turns 最大有效匝数maximum rated step voltage 最大额定级电压maximum rated through-current 最大额定通过電流measurement of partial discharge 局部放電测量mechanical end stop 机械的极限止动装置mechanical endurance test 机械寿命试验mid-position 中間位置minimum number of effective turns 最小有效匝数mode switch 工作方式开关molded insulation 模压绝缘motor drive mechanism 电动机构motor drive unit 电动机构motor driver 电动机构motor protective switch 电机保护开关mounting flange 安装法兰movable contact 动触头nameplate 铭牌nature of tests 试验的性质no-load tap-changer 无载分接开关number of contact range 触点盘数目number of inherent tapping position 固有分接位置数number of operating position 分接位置数目number of service tapping position 工作分接位置数o-ring O形密封垫，O形封环off-circuit tap changer 无励磁分接开关oil compartment 油室oil displacement volume 油中占据容积oil-level gauges 油位计on load tap changer 有载分接开关operating key （V型有载分接开关）专用吊具operating position 分接位置operation counter 计数器overcurrent blocking device 过電流闭锁装置overload condition 过载条件overpressure relay 过压力継电器overrun test 超试验overunning 超paper filter 纸滤芯parallel bridge 关联桥接parallel control devices 关联控制装置parallel control unit 关联控制器pawl 棘爪peak value 峰值pipe connection 管接头plate spring 平板弹簧pointer instrument 指针式指示器position transmitter 位置传送器potential switch 電位开关potentiometer contact range 分压式触点盘power supply unit 電源装置power-frequency voltage test 工频电压试验pressure and vacuum tests 压力和真空试验pressure gauge 压力表pressure monitor 压力监视器pressure plate 压板pressure relief device 压力释放装置pressure relief diaphragm 压力释放板pressure relief value 压力释放阀process transformer 工业变压器protection class 保护等级protective relay 保护断电器rms 有效值ratchet 棘轮rated frequency 额定频率rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 额定雷電冲击耐压rated power frequency withstand voltage 额定工频耐压rated step voltage 额定级电压rated through-current 额定通过电流rated torque on drive shaft 传动轴额定转矩rated withstand voltage to ground 额定对地耐压recovery voltage 恢愎电压regulating range 调压范围relay converter 中継转換器relevant step voltage 相关级电压remote indicator 远方显示resistance position transmitter 电阻式位置传送器response time 动作時间restarting device 重启动装置reversing change-over selector 极性转換送选择器reversing switch 反向开关，极性选择器rivet 铆钉rivet plate 垫板rivet, counter sunk 埋头铆钉，沉头铆钉rivet, round head 圆头铆钉rocker 摇杆roller 滾筒，滾轴，辊子routine test 出厂试验screen cap 均压环，屏蔽环screening cap 屏蔽帽screening device 屏蔽装置sartorial connection 导电环，弧形导电片selector switch 选择开关selsyn transmitter 伺服传送器sequence test 须序试验series-parallel off-circuit tap changer 串开联无励磁分接开关service condition 使用条件service duty test 工作负载切换试验service position 工作位置（＝分接位置）set of contacts 触头组short-circuit strength 短路强度shunt contact 主触头simulated test circuits 模拟试验线路single-bridging of-load tap changer 单桥接无励磁分接开关sliced spacer 滑动间距垫圈，间距垫圈sliced spacing ring 间距垫圈环slider 滑块slotted socket screw,recess head 沉头开槽内六角螺丝special design 特殊型式，特殊设计spring holder 弹簧架，弹簧挂板standard-tank 标准油箱，箱盖式油箱star-delta off-circuit changer 星角接無励磁分接开关stationary oil filter 固定式滤油机step voltage 级电压step-by-step control 逐级控制step-by-step operation 逐级操作step-by-step principle 逐级控制原理suction pipe 吸油管supporting flange 支撑法兰surface constant 面接触switched current 开断电流switching 开断，变换，切换，转换switching capacity 切换容量switching column 开關柱switching element 触头元件switching impulse test 操作冲击试验switching operation 变换操作switching process 转换（开关）过程switching segment 触头扇形板switching signal 转换（切换，触发）过程switching system 触头系统switching test 切换试验switching time 开关（转换）时间switching transient 开关瞬态swivelling range of gear unit 上齿轮盒回转范围symmetric pennant cycle 對称尖旗循环synchronous speed 同步转速synthetic insulating liquid 合成绝缘液体take-off bar 引出导杆take-off contact case 引出触头座take-off leads 引出线take-off ring 引出环take-off terminal 引出端子tap change indication wheel 分接变换指示轮tap changer head 开关头tap changer head cover 开关头盖tap changer incomplete indication 分接变换未完成显示tap changer model 分接开关规格tap changer type 分接开关型号tap position indication 分接位置指示tap selector 分接选择器tap selector pitch 分接选择器触头数tap selector size 分接选择器触等级tap winding 调压线圈，调压线段tap-change in progress indication 分接变换在进行的指示tap-change operation 分接变换（操作）taper pin斜形销，锥销tapping current 分接电流temperature of tap-changer environment 分接开关的环境溫度temperature rise of contact 触头温升temporary over-load 短时过负载tension spring 张力弹簧，拉簧terminal range 端子排thermal stability 热稳定thermostat 恒温器threaded clamping stud 夹紧螺杆tie-in resistor 连接电阻，束缚电阻transition contacts 过渡触头transition impendence 过渡阻抗transition resistance 过渡电阻triangular switching lever 拨盘，转换三角杆tripping pressure 动作压力tubular drive shaft传动轴套two-position slide switch 双投动开关type test 型式试验type-test certificate 型式试验证书upper contact plane 上层触头upper gear unit 上齿轮盒variable induction 变磁通variants of the tap changer head 开关头类型voltage stress 电压梯度wind up 上紧wind-up sledge 上紧滑板wind-up sledge 上紧滑板withstand voltage 耐受电压（＝能承受住的電压）。

英文资料TRANSFORMER1. INTRODUCTIONThe high-voltage transmission was need for the case electrical power is to be provided at considerable distance from a generating station. At some point this high voltage must be reduced, because ultimately is must supply a load. The transformer makes it possible for various parts of a power system to operate at different voltage levels. In this paper we discuss power transformer principles and applications.2. TOW-WINDING TRANSFORMERSA transformer in its simplest form consists of two stationary coils coupled by a mutual magnetic flux. The coils are said to be mutually coupled because they link a common flux.In power applications, laminated steel core transformers (to which this paper is restricted) are used. Transformers are efficient because the rotational losses normally associated with rotating machine are absent, so relatively little power is lost when transforming power from one voltage level to another. Typical efficiencies are in the range 92 to 99%, the higher values applying to the larger power transformers.The current flowing in the coil connected to the ac source is called the primary winding or simply the primary. It sets up the flux φ in the core, which varies periodically both in magnitude and direction. The flux links the second coil, called the secondary winding or simply secondary. The flux is changing; therefore, it induces a voltage in the secondary by electromagnetic induction in accordance with Lenz’s law. Thus the primary receives its power from the source while the secondary supplies this power to the load. This action is known as transformer action.3. TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLESWhen a sinusoidal voltage V p is applied to the primary with the secondary open-circuited, there will be no energy transfer. Th e impressed voltage causes a small current Iθ to flow in the primary winding. This no-load current has two functions: (1) it produces the magnetic flux in the core, which varies sinusoidally between zero and φm, where φm is the maximum value o f the core flux; and (2) it provides a component to account for the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core. There combined losses are normally referred to as the core losses.The no-load current Iθ is usually few percent of the rated full-load current of the transformer (about 2 to 5%). Since at no-load the primary winding acts as a large reactance due to the iron core, the no-load current will lag the primary voltage by nearly 90º. It is readily seen that the current component Im= I0sinθ0, called t he magnetizing current, is 90º in phase behind the primary voltage V P. It is this component that sets up the flux in the core; φ is therefore in phase with Im.The second component, Ie=I0sinθ0, is in phase with the primary voltage. It is the current compon ent that supplies the core losses. The phasor sum of these two components represents the no-load current, orI0 = I m+ I eIt should be noted that the no-load current is distortes and nonsinusoidal. This is the result of the nonlinear behavior of the core material. If it is assumed that there are no other losses in the transformer, the induced voltage In the primary, E p and that in the secondary, Es can be shown. Since the magnetic flux set up by the primarywinding ，there will be an induced EMF E in the secon dary winding in accordance with Faraday’s law, namely, E=NΔφ/Δt. This same flux also links the primary itself, inducing in it an EMF, Ep. As discussed earlier, the induced voltage must lag the flux by 90º, therefore, they are 180º out of phase with the applied voltage. Since no current flows in the secondary winding, Es=Vs. The no-load primary current I0 is small, a few percent of full-load current. Thus the voltage in the primary is small and Vp is nearly equal to Ep. The primary voltage and the resulting flux are sinusoidal; thus the induced quantities Ep and Es vary as a sine function. The average value of the induced voltage given by Eavg = turns×given timegiven time a in flux in change which is Faraday’s law applied to a finite time interval. It follows thatm m 4fN 1/(2f)2N Eavg ϕϕ== which N is the number of turns on the winding. Form ac circuit theory, the effective or root-mean-square (rms)voltage for a sine wave is 1.11 times the average voltage; thusm 4.44fN E ϕ=Since the same flux links with the primary and secondary windings, the voltage per turn in each winding is the same. Hencem P P 4.44fN E ϕ=andm S S 4.44fN E ϕ=where E p and Es are the number of turn on the primary and secondary windings, respectively. The ratio of primary to secondary induced voltage is called the transformation ratio. Denoting this ratio by a, it is seen thatS P S P N N E E a ==Assume that the output power of a transformer equals its input power, not a bad sumption in practice considering the high efficiencies. What we really are saying is that we are dealing with an ideal transformer; that is, it has no losses. ThusP m = P outorV p I p × primary PF = V s I s × secondary PFwhere PF is the power factor. For the above-stated assumption it means that the power factor on primary and secondary sides are equal; thereforeV p I p = V s I sfrom which is obtainedS P S P I I V V =≌S P E E ≌aIt shows that as an approximation the terminal voltage ratio equals the turns ratio. The primary and secondary current, on the other hand, are inversely related to the turns ratio. The turns ratio gives a measure of how much the secondary voltage is raised or lowered in relation to the primary voltage. To calculate the voltage regulation, we need more information.The ratio of the terminal voltage varies somewhat depending on the load and its power factor. In practice, the transformation ratio is obtained from the nameplate data, which list the primary and secondary voltage under full-load condition.When the secondary voltage Vs is reduced compared to the primary voltage, the transformation is said to be a step-down transformer: conversely, if this voltage is raised, it is called a step-up transformer. In a step-down transformer the transformation ratio a is greater than unity (a>1.0), while for a step-up transformer it is smaller than unity (a<1.0). In the event that a=1, the transformer secondary voltage equals the primary voltage. This is a special type of transformer used in instances where electrical isolation is required between the primary and secondary circuit while maintaining the same voltage level. Therefore, this transformer is generally knows as an isolation transformer.As is apparent, it is the magnetic flux in the core that forms the connecting link between primary and secondary circuit. In section 4 it is shown how the primary winding current adjusts itself to the secondary load current when the transformer supplies a load.Looking into the transformer terminals from the source, an impedance is seen which by definition equals Vp / Ip. From S P S P I I V V =≌S P E E ≌a, we have Vp = aVs and Ip = Is/a.In terms of Vs and Is the ratio of Vp to Ip isss 2S S P P I V a /a I aV I V ==But Vs / Is is the load impedance Z L thus we can say thatZ m (primary) = a 2Z L This equation tells us that when an impedance is connected to the secondary side, it appears from the source as an impedance having a magnitude that is a 2 times its actual value. We say that the load impedance is reflected or referred to the primary. It is this property of transformers that is used in impedance-matching applications.4. TRANSFORMERS UNDER LOADThe primary and secondary voltages shown have similar polarities, as indicated by the “dot-making ” convention. The dots near the upper ends of the windings have the same meaning as in circuit theory; the marked terminals have the same polarity. Thus when a load is connected to the secondary, the instantaneous load current is in the direction shown. In other words, the polarity markings signify that when positive current enters both windings at the marked terminals, the MMFs of the two windings add.In general, it will be found that the transformer reacts almost instantaneously to keep the resultant core flux essentially constant. Moreover, the core flux φ0 drops very slightly between n o load and full load (about 1 to 3%), a necessary condition if Ep is to fall sufficiently to allow an increase in Ip.On the primary side, Ip’ is the current that flows in the primary to balance the demagnetizing effect of Is. Its MMF N p I p’ sets up a flux linking the primary only. Since the core flux φ0 remains constant. I0 must be the same current that energizes the transformer at no load. The primary current Ip is therefore the sum of the current Ip’ and I0.Because the no-load current is relatively small, it is correct to assume that the primary ampere-turns equal the secondary ampere-turns, since it is under this condition that the core flux is essentially constant. Thus we will assume that I0 is negligible, as it is only a small component of the full-load current.When a current flows in the secondary winding, the resulting MMF (N s I s) creates a separate flux, apart from the flux φ0produced by I0, which links the secondary winding only. This flux does no link with the primary winding and is therefore not a mutual flux.In addition, the load current that flows through the primary winding creates a flux that links with the primary winding only; it is called the primary leakage flux. The secondary- leakage flux gives rise to an induced voltage that is not counter balanced by an equivalent induced voltage in the primary. Similarly, the voltage induced in the primary is not counterbalanced in the secondary winding. Consequently, these two induced voltages behave like voltage drops, generally called leakage reactance voltage drops. Furthermore, each winding has some resistance, which produces a resistive voltage drop. When taken into account, these additional voltage drops would complete the equivalent circuit diagram of a practical transformer. Note that the magnetizing branch is shown in this circuit, which for our purposes will be disregarded. This follows our earlier assumption that the no-load current is assumed negligible in our calculations. This is further justified in that it is rarely necessary to predict transformer performance to such accuracies. Since the voltage drops are all directly proportional to the load current, it means that at no-load conditions there will be no voltage drops in either winding.中文翻译变压器1. 介绍要从远端发电厂送出电能，必须应用高压输电。

外文翻译TransformerA Transformer is a device that change ac electric energy at one voltage level into ac electric energy at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic filed .It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped a common ferromagnetic core. These coils are (usually) not directly connected. The only connection between the coils is the common magnetic flux present within the core.One of the transformer windings is connected to a source of ac electric power, and the second (and perhaps third) transformer winding supplies electric power to loads. The transformer winding connected to the power source is called the primary winding or input winding, and the winding connected to the loads is called the secondary winding or output winding. If there is a third winding on the transformer, it is called the tertiary winding.Power transformers are constructed on one of two types of cores. One type of construction consists of a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the transformer windings wrapped around two sides of the rectangle. This type of construction is known as core form. The other type consists of a three-legged laminated core with the windings wrapped around the center leg. This type of construction is known as shell form. In either case, the1外文翻译core is constructed of thin laminations electrically isolated from each other in order to reduce eddy currents to a minimum.Power transformers are given a variety of different names, depending on their use in power systems. A transformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step its voltage up to transmission levels is sometimes called a unit transformer. The transformer at the other end of the transmission line, which steps the voltage down from transmission levels to distribution levels, is called a substation transformer. Finally, the transformer that takes the distribution voltage and steps it down to the final voltage at which the power is actually used is called a distribution transformer. All these devices are essentially the same the only difference among them is their intended use.In addition to the various power transformers, two special-purpose transformers are used with electric machinery and power systems. The first of these special transformers is a device specially designed to sample a high voltage and produce a low secondary voltage directly proportional to it, Such a transformer is called a potential transformer. A power transformer also produces a secondary voltage directly proportional to its primary voltage the difference between a potential transformer and a power transformer is that the potential transformer is designed to handle only a very small current. The second type of special transformer is a device2外文翻译designed to provide a secondary current much small than but directly proportional to its primary current. This device is called a current transformerThe ideal transformer without loss of energy, so have a 100% efficiency. In reality, the efficiency of power transformer reaches 98%, But small transformer loss will be more serious, and they may be less than 85% of efficiency. The energy loss from transformer in these phenomena: (in a coil of narrative, conductive are called "core"The current through the winding resistance, thermal conductive (current generated when the heat to higher, the human body to feel energy losses caused to). And other kinds of loss, this loss not from the core transformer.Eddy: the magnetic loss to generate electricity, iron loop back into heat energy and loss caused to the outside world. The core of don't cut into thin can reduce the loss.Magnetism loss: all are not both senders coils magnetic field lines are receiving causes energy drain.Hysteresis: core lagged effect of magnetic field changes that every cause loss of energy. This depends on the size of the loss of the core materials.Alternating magnetic field strength loss: that wire, iron and near the electromagnetic force between the metal forming and3外文翻译changing the vibration and energy drain.Magnetostrictive: the magnetic field that appear alternately core.If the core material susceptible to expansion effect of friction between the molecules, will lead to loss of energy.Cooling equipment: large transformer with cooling fan with general of water pump, or the radiator. These devices have been using energy generally count the energy loss of transformer.The overhead three phase power transmission line is the main energy corridor in a power system. One might assume that the circuit model would be trivial (ideal conductors), but three different phenomena produce effects that can not reasonably be ignored. In order of importance, they are the series voltages induced by the magnetic fields surrounding the conductors, the shunt displacement currents resulting from the electric fields between conductors，and the ohmic resistance of the conductor material. A forth，and minor, effect is the leakage conduction current that flows through contamination films on the insulators．The overhead neutrals of a typical overhead power transmission line are electrically in contact with the tower and therefore grounded, They primarily exists to provide lightning shielding for the phase conductors and also to carry zero sequence and harmonic currents that help to maintain balanced sinusoidal voltages. They are usually steel or aluminum and are small4外文翻译(diameter about lcm)．The phase conductors are much larger (diameter about 5cm), and are typically stranded a1uminum surrounding a stranded steel cable (for increased tensile strength). sometimes more than one (a "bundle") comprise a phase．A11 are bare (no insulating covering) for heat dissipation reasons; the phase conductors are insulated from each other and the tower by suspension from insulator strings.5外文翻译变压器变压器是通过磁场作用将交流电从某一电压等级转换至另一个电压级别的设备。