自编简明英语语法讲义(待修订)
- 格式：doc
- 大小：92.50 KB
- 文档页数：10
词法
1.后缀
1.1 名词
v./a./n.+-ment: movement assignment commitment
推进词根-t –try –sy –ty –ity –ility: certainty complaint utility courtesy
推进词根-ion (-tion –sion –ation –ition –ision ): companion
n.+-ship 关系 relationship –hood 身份
v./n.+-or –er –an –ian –ese 人类，人种，身份 –ess (f.) –ee (p.) employee monitor
v./a./n.+-ness awareness consciousness
推进词根-ture capture
推进词根-ory –ary category
推进词根-ice practice
v./a./n.+-age 属性 wreckage linkage vintage
-um的复数形式为-a curriculum curricula/ datum data
1.2 形容词
1.2.1客观形容词根，与动词有关-ive
(变化形式-sive –tive –ative –itive –isive ^ -ion )
(继续推导为名词：-ivity)
implyimplicative implication
-ive 表示执行动作的物（非生命）preservative n. conservative n. conversive n.
1.2.2 -ate –ite –ade -ide有时活用为动词
(继续推导为名词：-ation –ition 变形容词 –ative )
implicate, opposite
1.2.3-ent –ant 有时活用为表示职业、身份的名词
(继续推导为名词-ance –ence –ancy –ency ) evident confident consultant accountant
1.2.4 –ic 有时加-s活用为表示学科的名词
critics economics electronics electric
继续推导为名词 –icity electricity
继续推导为形容词 –ical economical / economic
1.2.5 –ous –ious：furious luxurious
继续推导为名词 –osity curiouscuriosity
1.2.6 –ary –ory –ry preliminary
1.2.7 –al –ial –ar animal initial essential regular
继续推导为名词 –ality –iality -ialty 1 1.2.8 –ile fragile fragility
1.2.9 –ful full of…
1.2.10 –able –ible 可以„„的
1.2.11 –ish 有„„属性的 childish womanish
1.3 动词
1.3.1 –ize –ise 使A , B化 继续推导为名词 –ization
internationalization
1.3.2 –ate/ -ite 使„„作用于„„
dictate medicate indicate
1.3.3 –fy 使„„化
clarify verify
继续变化为名词 –fication
1.3.4 –ish 使„„实现
accomplish anguish
2. 前缀
2.1 a- o- e- (双写x) assassinate oppose opponent oppress essential attitude
ab- 不正确 abnormal absurd
ad- 推进，做出„„行为 advise adventure admit
al- allergic altitude
anti- 反„„
arti- 人工，手工
2.2 bi- 两个，偶数 bicycle
2.3 com- / con-/ cor- /col- 集中，使„„发生
contra- 反义前缀，对抗
counter- 对抗
2.4 de- 反„„ 取消„„ 重做„„ defuse decide detect
di- 把„„分开 divide diversediversity
dis- 反义前缀 des- dys-
2.5 em- / en- 使„„怎样
enter-进入
ex- 前，曾经„„, 执行 exercise execute exert 2 外 exterior
2.6 hydro- hydr- 与“水”有关 hydrophobia hydroxide
hypo- hyper- 表面，浮现，虚假 hypocritical
2.7 im- /in- / ir- / il- 相反；里面；代替en-
inter- 在„„之间
2.8 mis- 错误
2.9 ob- 费力
2.10 pre- 在„„之前 pro- 推动，在„„之上
2.11 re- 重做，反复
2.12 sim- / sin- /sym- /syn- /sync- 同时，相同 synchronic
2.13 trans- 转换
2.14 um- un- 反义
ultra- 在„„之外
简单动词短语：
make (up, out, it, through …)
Take (off…)
go (through, out, over…)
come (into, up with, …)
turn
set
see
look
bring
speak
think
do
grow
have
keep
run
cut
break
pass
give
3 句法
1. 时态
1.1 基本含义
时态分为时间(time)和体态(aspect)
时间有：现在（present）过去（past）和将来（future）
体态有：一般（normal）进行（continuous）完成（perfect）
组合起来有：NPr, NP, NF; PrC, PrP: PC, PP; FC, FP; PrPC, PPC, FPC, P-F
原则：进行时态只有起点，作为动词时间；完成时态只有终点，作为动词时间；完成进行时态既没有起点也没有终点，说话者的时间为动词时间。
1.2 动词形态
以do为例
NPr: do NP: do-ed NF: will/be going to/be to/be about to+ do / be +doing
PrC: be doing PrP: have done
PC: was/were doing PP: had done
FC: will be doing FP: will have done
PrPC: have been doing PPC: had been doing FPC: will have been doing
P-F: would do
区别：
have been done 完成时态的被动语态
be having done 完成时态的进行形式（分词或动名词）
1.3 特殊情况
1.3.1 条件式
If he hands in his paper, he will make a big chance in obtaining the degree.
1.3.2 直接引语和间接引语
John got a big advice to you: ”You are going to return my money on time!!”
John got a big advice to you (that) you should / were going to return his money on time!
exercises:
a. 重庆大学从1951年开始按照苏联模式（soviet union mode）改革(reform)专业设置(major
settings)和教育模式(educational mode)。
Since 1951, CQ University had reformed „„
b. 四川农业大学（SAU）将于2015年内全部迁（remove）至成都市温江区。
SAU will have been removing itself to…within 2015.
c. 歌手Amy Winehouse 被发现死于她在伦敦的家中，警方（the police）报告（report）说尸体（body/corpse）在发现时死亡时间已超过8小时。
Amy Winehouse had been found dead at home in London. The police reports that the body’s death
time had been over 8 hours upon discovery.
d. 经过15年在加拿大的逃亡生活(escaping)和司法纠纷(juridical arguments)，赖昌星已于北京时间7月24日被引渡(return)回国，现在正在北京市看守所(police station)拘押(in-jail)。
During escaping and juridical arguments in Canada for 15 years, Lai Changxing had been returned
to China on July,24 of Peking Time. He is in-jailed at Beijing Police Station.
