Communications Laboratory,

Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects TSGS#22(03)0679 Meeting #22, Maui, Hawaii, USA, 15-18 December 2003 Agenda Item:7.4.3S4-0307473GPP TSG-SA4 Meeting #29 Tdoc Tampere, November 24 – 28.Source: TSG SA WG4 (France Telecom R&D)Test plan for 3G packet switched conversation tests - Title:Phase 2: Comparison of quality offered by differentspeech coders.Document For: ApprovalAgenda Item: 7.4.31 IntroductionThis document proposes a conversation test plan to compare the quality obtained with several different speech coders, over packet switched networks.The different speech coders used in this test areAdaptive Multi-Rate Narrow-Band (AMR-NB), in modes 6.7 kbit/s and 12.2 kbit/s, Adaptive Multi-Rate Wide-Band (AMR-WB), in modes 12.65 kbit/s and 15.85 kbit/s,ITU-T G.723.1, in mode 6.4 kbit/s,ITU-T G.729, in mode 8 kbit/s,ITU-T G.722, in mode 64 kbit/s, with packet loss concealment and,ITU-T G.711, with packet loss concealment.As there is no standardized packet loss concealment, plc for G.711 and G.722 are proprietary algorithms.The simulated network will include two values of IP packet loss.The test will be done in one test laboratory, only, but in two different languages.This discussion gives references, conventions and contacts, section 3 details the test methodology, including test arrangement and test procedure,Annex A contains the instructions for the subjects participating to the conversation tests.Annex B contains the description of results to be provided to the Analysis Laboratory (if any) by the testing laboratories.Annex C contains the list of statistical comparisons to be performed.2. References, Conventions, and Contacts 2.1Permanent DocumentsITU-T Rec.P.800 Methods for Subjective Determination ofTransmission QualityITU-T Rec. P.831 Subjective performance evaluation of network echo cancellersITU-T Rec. G.711 Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voicefrequenciesITU-T Rec. G.729 Coding of speech at8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure algebraic-code-excited linear-prediction (CS-ACELP)ITU-T Rec. G.723.1 Speech coders : Dual rate speech coder formultimedia communications transmitting at 5.3and 6.3 kbit/sITU-T Rec. G.722 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s2.2 Key AcronymsAMR-NB Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband Speech CodecAMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate Wide-band Speech CodecMOS Mean Opinion Score2.3 Contact NamesThe following persons should be contacted for questions related to the test plan.Section ContactPerson/Email Organisation Address Telephone/FaxExperiments and results analysis L. GrosLaeticia.gros@francetelecom.comFrance Telecom R&D 2, Avenue P. Marzin,22307 Lannion CédexFranceTel : +3329605 0720Fax : +33296051316AOB PaoloUsaiai@etsi.fr ETSI MCC 650 Route des Lucioles06921 Sophia Antipolis CedexFranceTel: 33 (0)4 92 94 42 36Fax: 33 (0)4 93 65 28 172.4 ResponsibilitiesEach test laboratory has the responsibility to organize its conversation tests. The list of Test laboratories participating to the conversation test phase.Lab Company Language1 France Telecom R&D FrenchFrance Telecom R&D Arabic3. Test methodology3.1 IntroductionThe protocol described below evaluates the effect of degradation such as delay and dropped packets on the quality of the communications. It corresponds to the conversation-opinion tests recommended by the ITU-T P.800 [1]. First of all, conversation–opinion tests allow subjects passing the test to be in a more realistic situation, close to the actual service conditions experienced by telephone customers. In addition, conversation-opinion tests are suited to assess the effects of impairments that can cause difficulty while conversing (such as delay).Subjects participate to the test by couple; they are seated in separate sound-proof rooms and are asked to hold a conversation through the transmission chain performed by means of networks simulators and communications are impaired by means of an IP impairments simulator part of the CN simulator, as the figure below describes it. 3.2 Test arrangement3.2.1 Description of the proposed testing systemThis contribution describes a networks simulator for the characterization of the different speech codecs when the bitstream is transmitted over a PS network. The procedure to do the conversational listening test has been earlier described in [1].Figure 1 describes the system that is going to be simulated:Figure 1: Packet switch audio communication simulatorThis will be simulated using 5 PCs as shown in Figure 2.Terminal Figure 2: Simulation PlatformPC 1 and PC 5: PCs under Windows OS with VOIP Terminal SimulatorSoftware of France Telecom R&D.PC 3: PCs under WinNT OS with Network Simulator Software(NetDisturb).Basic Principles:The platform simulates a packet switch interactive communication between two users using PC1 and PC5 as their relatives VOIP terminals. PC1 sends encoded packets that are encapsulated using IP/UDP/RTP headers to PC5. PC1 receives these IP/UDP/RTP audio packets from PC5.3.2.2 France Telecom Network simulatorThe core network simulator, as implemented, works under IPv4.Figure 3 shows the possible parameters that can be modified, but, in this test, only "loss Law" will have two values, all the others settings being fixed.Figure 3: IP simulator interfaceOn both links, one can choose delay and loss laws. Both links can be treated separately or on the same way. For example, delay can be set to a fixed value but can also be set to another law such as exponential law.3.2.3 Headsets and Sound CardTo avoid echo problems, it has been decided to use headsets, instead of handsets. The monaural headsets are connected to the sound cards of the PCs supporting the AMR simulators.The sound level in the earphones can be adjusted, if needed, by the users. But, in practice, the original settings, defined during the preliminary tests, and producing a comfortable listening level, will not be modified. The microphones are protected by a foam ball in order to reduce the "pop" effect. It is also suggested to the user to avoid to place the acoustic opening of the microphone in front of the mouth.3.2.4 Test environmentEach of the two subjects participating to the conversations is installed in a test room. They sit on an armchair, in front of a table. The test rooms are acoustically insulated. All the test equipments are installed in a third room, connected to the test rooms. The background noise level is checked by a sound level meter. The measurement microphone, connected to the Sound level meter is located at the equivalent of the center of the subject's head. The noise level is A weighted.3.2.5 Calibration and test conditions monitoringSpeech levelBefore the beginning of a set of experiment, the end to end transmission level is checked subjectively, to ensure that there is no problem. If it is necessary to check the speech level following procedure will apply. An artificial mouth placed in front of the microphone of the Headset A, in the LRGP position -See ITU-T Rec. P.64-, generates in the artificial ear (according to ITU-T Rec. P57) coupled to the earphone of the Head set B the nominal level defined in section 4.3. If necessary, the level is adjusted with the receiving volume control of the headset. The similar calibration is done by inverting headsets A and B.DelayThe overall delay (from the input of sound card A to the output of sound card B) will be adjusted for each test condition taking into account the delay of the related codec in order to have a fixed delay around 250ms. This value of 250ms is close to the hypothetical delay computed for AMR and AMRWB through the UMTS network.3.3 Test ConditionsactorsCondition ExperimentalconditionsIPMode(Packet loss ratio)1 0%AMR NB 6,7kbit/s2 0%AMR-NB 12,2 kbit/s3 0%AMR-WB12,65 kbit/s4 0%AMR-WB15,85 kbit/s5 0%G. 723.16,4 kbit/s6 0%G.7298 kbit/s7 0%G.72264 kbit/s + plc8 0%G.711 + plc9 3%AMR NB 6,7kbit/s10 3%AMR-NB 12,2 kbit/s(delay 300 ms)11 3%AMR-WB12,65 kbit/s12 3%AMR-WB15,85 kbit/s13 3%G. 723.16,4 kbit/s14 3%G.7298 kbit/s15 3%G.72264 kbit/s + plc16 3%G.711 + plcListening Level 1 79 dBSPLListeners 32 Naïve Listeners per languagesubjects/group2Groups 16Rating Scales 5tableLanguages 1SeeListening System 1 Monaural headset (flat response in the audiobandwidth of interest: 50Hz-7kHz). The other ear isopen.Listening Environment Room Noise: Hoth Spectrum at 30dBA (as defined byITU-T, Recommendation P.800, Annex A, sectionA.1.1.2.2.1 Room Noise, with table A.1 and FigureA.1),1 ReferencesTdoc S4-030564- Test Plan for the AMR Narrow-Band Packet switchedConversation testTdoc S4-030565- Test Plan for the AMR Wide-Band Packet switchedConversation testENDAnnex A Example Instructions for the conversation testTable : Instructions to subjects.INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECTSIn this experiment we are evaluating systems that might be used for telecommunication services.You are going to have a conversation with another user. The test situation is simulating communications between two mobile phones. All the situations will correspond to silent environment conditionAfter the completion of each call conversation, you will have to give your opinions on the quality, by answering to the following questions that will be displayed on the screen of the black box in front of you. Your judgment will be stored. You have 8 seconds to answer to each question. After "pressing" the button on the screen, another question will be displayed. You continue the procedure for the 5 following questions.Question 1: How do you judge the quality of the voice of your partner?Excellent Good Fair Poor Bad Question 2: Do you have difficulties to understand some words?All the time Often Some time totimeRarely Never Question 3: How did you judge the conversation when you interacted with your partner?Excellent interactivity (similar to face-to-face situation) Goodinteractivity(in few moments,you were talkingsimultaneously,and you had tointerruptyourself)Fair interactivity(sometimes, youwere talkingsimultaneously,and you had tointerruptyourself)Poor interactivity(often, you weretalkingsimultaneously,and you had tointerruptyourself)Bad interactivity(it wasimpossible tohave aninteractiveconversation)Question 4: Did you perceive any impairment (noises, cuts,…)? In that case, was it:No impairment Slightimpairment, butnot disturbing ImpairmentslightlydisturbingImpairmentdisturbingVery disturbingImpairmentQuestion 5: How do you judge the global quality of the communication?Excellent Good Fair Poor Bad From then on you will have a break approximately every 30 minutes. The test will last a total of approximately 60 minutes.Please do not discuss your opinions with other listeners participating in the experiment.Annex B: Example Scenarios for the conversation testThe pretexts used for conversation test are those developed by the Ruhr University (Bochum, Germany) within the context of ITU-T SG12 . These scenarios have been elaborated to allow a conversation well balanced within both participants and lasting approximately 2’30 or 3’, and to stimulate the discussion between persons that know each other to facilitate the naturalness of the conversation. They are derived from typical situations of every day life: railways inquiries, rent a car or an apartment, etc. Each condition should be given a different scenario.Examples coming from ITU-T SG 12 COM12-35 "Development of scenarios for short conversation test", 1997• Scenario 1 : Pizza service Subject 1:Your Name :ClemenceReason for the call 1 large PizzaCondition which should be applied to the exchange of information For 2 people,Vegetarian pizza preferredInformation you want to receive from your partner ToppingPriceInformation that your partner requires Delivery address : 41 industrystreet,OxfordPhone : 7 34 20Question to which neither you nor your partner will have information.You should discuss and find asolution that is acceptable to both ofyou.How long will it take?Subject 2:Your Name :Pizzeria RomaInformation from which you should select the details which your partner requiresPizzas 1 person 2 persons 4personsToscana (ham, mushrooms, tomatoes, cheese)3.2£ 5.95£10.5£Tonno (Tuna, onions, tomatoes, cheese)3.95£ 7.5£13.95£Fabrizio (salami, ham, tomatoes, cheese)4.2£ 7.95£14.95£Vegetarian (spinach, mushrooms, tomatoes, cheese)4.5£ 8.5£15.95£Information you want to receive from your partner Nameaddresstelephone numberQuestion to which neither you nor your partner will haveinformation.You should discuss and find asolution that is acceptable toboth of you.• Scenario 2 : Information on flights Subject 1:Your Name :ParkerReason for the call Intended journey: London Heathrow Düsseldorf Condition which should be applied to the exchange of information On June 23rd,Morning flight,Direct flight preferredInformation you want to receive from your partner Departure :ArrivalFlight numberInformation that your partner requires Reservation : 1 seat, Economy classAddress: 66 middle street, SheffieldPhone: 21 08 33Question to which neither you nor your partner will have information. You should discuss and find a solution that is acceptable to both ofyou.From which airport is it easier to getinto Cologne center : Düsseldorf orCologne/BonnSubject 2:Your Name :Heathrow flight informationInformation from which you should select the details which your partner requiresFlight schedule Lufthansa British AirwaysLufthansa Flight number LH 2615 BA 381 LH 413London Heathrow departure6:30 6:35 8:20Brussels arrival Brussels departure 7:35 8:00Düsseldorf arrival 7:35 9:05 9:25Information you want to receive from your partner Nameaddresstelephone numbernumber of seatsClass : Business or EconomyQuestion to which neither you nor your partner will haveinformation.You should discuss and find asolution that is acceptable toboth of you.ITU-T SG 12 COM12-35 "Development of scenarios for short conversation test", 1997Annex C: Results to be providedFor contractual purposes, the information which needs to be provided is defined here.The information required from each test Laboratory is a table containing the following information for each of the conditions in the experiment:The "Mean Opinion Score (MOS)" obtained for all the subjects.When the conditions are symmetrical, the mean value is calculated from all the result for the two test rooms..For the dissymmetric conditions, the mean is calculated on the two test conditions, each result cumulating the results obtained in each condition of background noise.The Standard Deviation of the "MOS" obtained for all the subjects, for each test condition. The specific statistical comparisons are specified in Annex C.Annex D: Data analysis and presentation of resultsD.1 Calculation of MOS and Standard DeviationThe (overall) MOS/DMOS for confounded subjects for condition C (Yc) can then be obtained from:Y T Yc c,t t 1T ==∑1The standard deviation (S) for condition C, denoted as Sc, can be calculated as:S c = 1 L T 1 (XY ) c,l,t c 2l 1L t T ×−−==∑∑1Finally, the confidence interval (CI) at the (1-α) level can be calculated for T L N ×= as:N S )(CI c1,1c −−=N t αD.2 Presentation of Basic Statistical ResultsThe test results should be reported by the test Laboratory and the Global Analysis Laboratory as follows:Calculate and tabulate "Mean Opinion Scores" for the (opinion scales, Standard Deviations and Confidence Intervals as shown in Table E.1.Table C.1 - Layout for presentation of test results.D.3 Thorough analysisTwo statistical analyses should be conducted on the data obtained with these subjective scales. The first analysis consists in a Multiple ANalysis OF VAriance (MANOVA), which globally indicates the possible effect of the experimental factors (i.e., different conditions). Then, a specific ANOVA should be run on each dependent variable (the five scales) to test if there is an effect of a specific experimental factor for a given subjective variable. In other words, these statistical analyses indicate if the differences observed between the MOS obtained for the different conditions are significant, for one given dependant variable (ANOVA) or for the whole of dependant variables (MANOVA). Finally, Pearson's linear correlations should be computed between the results of all subjective variables, to see which are those preponderant or dependent on others.。

Federal Communications CommissionOffice of Engineering and TechnologyLaboratory DivisionJuly 10, 2014SOFTWARE SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR U-NII DEVICESI. INTRODUCTIONOn March 31, 2014, the Commission revised the rules in Part 15 that permits U-NII devices in the 5 GHz Band.1 As part of that revision, the Commission required that all U-NII device software be secured to prevent its modification to ensure that the device operates as authorized thus reducing the potential for harmful interference to authorized users.2 Although, the Commission refused to set specific security protocols, the methods used by manufacturers to implement the security requirements must be well documented in the application for equipment authorization. In this document, we provide generalguidance on the type of information that should be submitted in the equipment authorization application. The security description provided in the application must cover software security, configuration, and authentication protocols descriptions, as appropriate. This guidance applies to master and client devices. Special circumstances that apply only to client devices are also addressed.II. SOFTWARE SECURITY DESCRIPTION GUIDEAn applicant must describe the overall security measures and systems that ensure that only:1. Authenticated software is loaded and operating the device; and2. The device is not easily modified to operate with RF parameters outside of the authorization. The description of the software must address the following questions in the operational description for the device and clearly demonstrate how the device meets the security requirements.3 While the Commission did not adopt any specific standards, it is suggested that the manufacturers may consider applying existing industry standards. 4 Also, this guide is not intended to be exhaustive and may be modified in the future. There may be follow-up questions based on the responses provide by the applicant for authorization.SOFTWARE SECURITY DESCRIPTION General Description 1. Describe how any software/firmware update will be obtained,downloaded, and installed.1 See Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules to Permit Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) Devices in the 5 GHz Band, First Report and Order, ET Docket No. 13-49 (2014) (1st R&O).2For U-NII devices certified as SDR, see KDB Publication 442812 D01. 3 An exhibit that is part of the Operational Description can be subject to confidentiality. Applicants may request that the software description, as part of the operational description exhibit type, be held confidential. If the software description is submitted as the software information exhibit, it is automatically held confidential.4It is suggested that manufacturers follow existing security standards and definitions: X.800, RFC 2828, and IEEE 802.11i.594280 D02 U-NII Device Security v01r012.Describe all the radio frequency parameters that are modified by anysoftware/firmware without any hardware changes. Are these parametersin some way limited, such that, it will not exceed the authorizedparameters?3.Are there any authentication protocols in place to ensure that the sourceof the software/firmware is legitimate? If so, describe in details; if not,explain how the software is secured from modification.4.Are there any verification protocols in place to ensure that thesoftware/firmware is legitimate? If so, describe in details.5.Describe, if any, encryption methods used.6.For a device that can be configured as a master and client (with active orpassive scanning), explain how the device ensures compliance for eachmode? In particular if the device acts as master in some band ofoperation and client in another; how is compliance ensured in each bandof operation?Third-Party Access Control 1.How are unauthorized software/firmware changes prevented?2.Is it possible for third parties to load device drivers that could modify theRF parameters, country of operation or other parameters which impactdevice compliance? If so, describe procedures to ensure that onlyapproved drivers are loaded.3.Explain if any third parties have the capability to operate a US sold deviceon any other regulatory domain, frequencies, or in any manner that is inviolation of the certification.4.What prevents third parties from loading non-US versions of thesoftware/firmware on the device?5.For modular devices, describe how authentication is achieved when usedwith different hosts.III. SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTION GUIDEIn addition to the general security consideration, for devices which have “User Interfaces” (UI) toconfigure the device in a manner that may impact the operational parameter, the following questions shall be answered by the applicant and the information included in the operational description. The description must address if the device supports any of the country code configurations or peer-peer modecommunications discussed in KDB 594280 Publication D01.5SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTION USER CONFIGURATION GUIDE 1. To whom is the UI accessible? (Professional installer, end user, other.) a) What parameters are viewable to the professional installer/end-user?6 b) What parameters are accessible or modifiable to the professional installer? i) Are the parameters in some way limited, so that the installers will not enter parameters that exceed those authorized? ii) What controls exist that the user cannot operate the device outside its authorization in the U.S.? c) What configuration options are available to the end-user? i) Are the parameters in some way limited, so that the installers will not enter parameters that exceed those authorized? ii) What controls exist that the user cannot operate the device outside its authorization in the U.S.? d) Is the country code factory set? Can it be changed in the UI? i) If so, what controls exist to ensure that the device can only operate within its authorization in the U.S.? e) What are the default parameters when the device is restarted? 2. Can the radio be configured in bridge or mesh mode? If yes, an attestation may be required. Further information is available in KDB Publication 905462 D02. 3. For a device that can be configured as a master and client (with active or passive scanning),if this is user configurable, describe what controls exist, within the UI, to ensure compliance for each mode. If the device acts as a master in some bands and client in others, how is this configured to ensure compliance?4. For a device that can be configured as different types of access points, such as point-to-point or point-to-multipoint, and use different types of antennas, describe what controls exist to ensure compliance with applicable limits and the proper antenna is used for each mode of operation. (See Section 15.407(a))5 See KDB Publication 594280 D01Software Configuration Control for Devices. The document provides guidance for devices permitting device configurations and limitations on configuration parameters accessible to the third parties.6The specific parameters of interest for this purpose are those that may impact the compliance of the device. These typically include frequency of operation, power settings, antenna types, DFS settings, receiver thresholds, or country code settings which indirectly programs the operational parameters.Change Notice07/10/2014: 594280 D02 UNII Device Security v01 has been changed to 594280 D02 UNII Device Security v01r01. Changes to items 3 and 4 in the Software Configuration Description table.。

学术研究化 工 设 计 通 讯Academic ResearchChemical Engineering Design Communications·245·第45卷第2期2019年2月近年来，实验室认可领域中，GLP 作为新兴产业快速发展。

为提高我国实验室数据的质量，获得国际认可，相关监管部门颁布了强制性法律法规。

从计算机应用的角度来说，安全性问题难以避免，比如数据被修改、计算机系统瘫痪等，因此加强此课题的研究，提出提升系统质量的策略，有着重要的意义。

1 GLP 实验室计算机质量把控的重要性自我国加入WTO 后，跨国药企来华开展业务规模不断扩大，包括转移生产、研发以及委托加工等。

随着市场的不断开发，推动国内医药行业的标准化发展。

现行的GMP 和GLP 等，对我国制药行业有着极大的影响，体现在新药研究以及产业化过程各个方面。

在药品质量把控和安全评价等工作中，数据是重要内容，数据的生成、提取和保存管理等为不可缺少的环节。

GLP 等在数据全生命周期方面，比如生成和采集以及记录等，作出了具体的规定。

因此，在使用计算机采集系统的实验室中，必须要做好数据质量和安全的把控。

2 GLP 实验室计算机化系统的质量控制现状从当前数据管控实际情况来说，还存在着以下问题：①数据完整性管理不到位。

就当前计算机系统使用现状而言，数据的安全性较低，难以防范未经授权的人员随意更改和删除数据等行为；缺乏完善的审计追踪功能；数据信息的记录，存在着不完整的情况。

②没有健全计算机化系统清单，同药品生产质量管控有着紧密关系的功能没有标明。

③系统验证计划不够完善。

一般来说，验证计划要涉及到现用的计算机化系统，同时还要列出将要更新的系统，并且必须要结合系统实际，标明具体的验证管理办法[1]。

3 GLP 实验室计算机化系统的质量保证关键点结合当前GLP 实验室中信息化管理系统常用的LIMS 系统，总结计算机化系统的质量保证关键点，作如下论述。

High-context and low-context communications exert great influence on interpreting activityKey words: high-context; low-context; interpreting; strategy1. IntroductionIn high-context culture, language and subtle information existed in the culture of inclusion among the most information do not articulate it, usually it happens outside the context of semantics. However, in low-context cultures, people live more loosely and people’s relationships are relatively independent, due to the lack of a common life experience. Therefore, in the process of interpersonal communication, people need to choose accurate information. The Low-context culture is characterized in the non- situational language. Besides, the language should be specific and clear. A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low-context communication is just the opposite; i.e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Thus, we need to realize that high-context and low-context communications really play an important role in influencing the interpreting. Some strategies about improving our interpreting should be made out according to the differences between high-context and low-context.2. Strategies of interpretingNowadays, we should strengthen our strategies to let our interpretation successful in order to make our conversation smoothly. For example, some countries exist in high-context can easily communicate with others. The reason is that people speak less word that can be conveyed or expressed through context. Contrast, other countries in low-contest need to speak clearly to make their communication and conversation go successfully. Only in this way, can they obtain clear information and message that they need. Current research on context and interpreting suggests that cultural variability influences interpreting for students. When online courses arewriting-based, they may provide easy information; However, the low-context medium may restrict the learning experience and class dynamic due to the lack of nonverbal communication. Students who come from a high-context culture may find low-context, online cultures to lack cues they would normally expect when they meet face-to-face. Judging that text-based communication is low-context, this study explores the impact of low-context communication and makes it in the learning environment of students from high-context cultures by investigating Hall's definitions of context dimensions of culture in view of online learning. The article concluded by offering suggestions for how to better serve high-context cultures in low-context online courses in Christian institutions of higher education.Interpreters who work in community settings with participants from disparate cultural backgrounds may confront difficulties in conveying the source message into the target message accurately due to cross-cultural differences. Such cross-cultural differences can range from linguistic differences at the discourse level of speech to pragmatic differences, which go beyond the utterances. When confronted with such instances, interpreters are almost always unsure of how to react and of what is expected of them. The few studies that have looked at cross-cultural differences in community interpreting clearly show that there is no consistency in the way that interpreters approach potential cross-cultural misunderstandings. This paper will present the results of a section of a questionnaire of a larger study, which asked practicing legal interpreters whether they alert judicial officers and tribunal members of potential cross-cultural differences, and which also asked judicial officers and tribunal members about their expectations of interpreters in such situations. The results point to a demand for greater guidance and clearer protocols for interpreters working in the legal system.In order to bridge this language gap, interpreting services is employed, which are rendered by family members of a patient, nurses, or at times even by porters or cleaners. As a result of the fact that these interpreters lack training in interpreting theory and practice, they tend to distort communication, which impacts negatively on the quality of the healthcare that the patient receives. This consequent lack of qualityin healthcare therefore can be directly related to the quality of the interpreted product that the interpreter renders. The goal of this article is to investigate interpreting practices within three tertiary hospitals, and to reflect on the quality of the service rendered by the interpreters at these places. Data were extracted from electronic medical and billing records. Principal Findings. Mean time in the ED, mean number of laboratory tests, radiology services, and rates of hospital admission for both language groups at both hospitals went down in the post-video-interpreting network period compared with the pre-video-interpreting network period. This article provides an introduction to the field of intercultural communication. Miscommunication among patients, families, and clinicians often results when participants are contextually "out-of-synch. High context communication embeds more information in the contexts within which people communicate and is less dependent on language. Very sick and dying patients often use high context communication strategies. Low context communication stresses explicit verbal communication and is commonly used by clinicians. When clinicians use low context forms of communication with patients using high context styles, misunderstandings frequently arise. Suggestions are given for avoiding miscommunication and enhancing mutual understanding.3. The significance in realizing the difference in high-context and low-contextIs wind direction an adequate marker of air mass history? This review looks at the evolution of methods for assessing the effect of the origin and pathway of air masses on composition change and trends. The composition of air masses and how they evolve and the changing contribution of sources and receptors are key elements in atmospheric science. Source–receptor relationships of atmospheric composition can be investigated with back trajectory techniques, tracing forward from a defined geographical origin to arrive at measurement sites where the composition may have altered during transport. The distinction between the use of wind sector analysis, trajectory models and dispersion models to interpret composition measurements is explained and the advantages and disadvantages of each are illustrated by examples. Historical uses of wind roses, back trajectories and dispersion models are explained as well as the methods for grouping and clustering air masses. The interface of thesemethods to the corresponding chemistry measured at the receptor sites is explored. The review does not detail the meteorological derivation of trajectories or the complexity of the models but focus on their application and the statistical analyses used to compare them with in composition measurements. A newly developed methodology for analyzing atmospheric observatory composition data according to air mass pathways calculated with the NAME dispersion model is given as a detailed case study. The steps in this methodology are explained with relevance to the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in the UK. Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication. Experts see interpretation as a three-step linguistic reproduction, namely comprehending, translating and speaking, and each step is efforts-consuming. Understanding is of key importance. Without such accurate comprehension, an interpreter will fail to continue---it is definitely a tragedy. On this point, the difficulties involved may be lexical, contextual, and terminological ones, or those caused by the speaker' s exceptionally rapid or particular accent or intonation, or those arising from the interpreter' s lack of knowledge of subject concerned. People in different countries, especially in high-context and low-context, there is no doubt that useful strategies used to improve interpreting. Although individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value pattern, there are shared by the members of the gr oup. Understanding their culture’s value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviors. Therefore, through the analysis of high-context andlow-context, importance about difference between them can express clearly in order to let us make a success in interpreting. Edward T. Hall defines context as In our daily life, and “the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.” High-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they do not need. We can learn to benefit a lot from it. It is not hard to make a conclusion that high-context and low-context communications exert great influence on interpreting activity.4. ConclusionSo everyone should realize that interpretation really needs us to make clear analysis about high-contest and low-context. Only in this way can we carry out good strategies to improve our interpreting well.References:[1] 李芳琴，2003，“试论语境在口译中的预测功能”。