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常用翻译技巧

常用翻译技巧
常用翻译技巧

Basic methods for Translation

1.直译与死译和硬译/误译

2.意译与乱译乱译和错译

3.避免望文生义

4.异化法和归化法

5.确定词义

I.Define the meaning by its word class;

II.Define the meaning by context;

III.extension of the words.

6.转译法

7.增译法

8.减词法

9.正反译法

I.正译反

II.反译正

10.重复法

11.合译法

I.单句合译

II.主从复合句合译

III.并列复合句的合译

12.分译法Division

I.单词的分译

II.短语的分译

III.句子的分译

Basic methods for Translation

1.直译(Literal Translation)与死译(Dead Translation) 和硬译/误译

原文的结构和汉语的结构是一致的,可完全直译。但如果原文结构与汉语不一致,直译就变成了死译。Eg.

In some automated plants, electronic computers control the entire production line.

在某些自动化工厂,电子计算机控制整个生产线。(直译)

Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.

死译: 锰有同样的影响在强度的钢上像硅。改译:锰像硅一样会影响钢的强度。

Some neologisms(新词):

English translated literally into Chinese :

knowledge economy 知识经济

peace-keeping operations 维和运动

digital camera 数码相机

netizen 网民

world view 世界观

millennium bug 千年虫

Internet worm 网虫

sex-change operation 变性手术

DINKS (Double income, no kids.) 丁克族(双收入,无子女)

GDP (gross domestic product) 国内生产总值

GNP (Gross National Product) 国民生产总值

Chinese translated literally into E.

一国两制one country, two systems

厂长负责制factory director responsibility system

旅游搭台经贸唱戏with tourism paving the way for economic and trading activities

关系网network of personal connections

走后门practise backdoorism

三无产品unbranded and dateless product by a nameless factory

(三无产品一般是指无生产日期、无质量合格证以及无生产厂家,来路不明的产品。另一种说法是,三无产品是无生产厂名,二无生产厂址,三无生产卫生许可证编码的产品。)

龙头企业leading enterprise

经济适用房residence houses for low-and-medium wage earners

尊师重教respect teachers and value education

德、智、体、美全面发展

Be all-round in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetical development

发展是硬道理。Development is the absolute principle.

扶贫aid the poor

2. 意译(Free Translation)与乱译乱译(random translation)和错译(mistranslation)

意译指在翻译过程中不拘泥于原文的形式,以表达意义为主。意译强调神似,但不能歪曲原文,否则便是乱译。Eg

To kill two birds with one stone.

直译:一石二鸟。意译:一举两得,一箭双雕

Translation Practice:

And I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead. For our problems are large, but our heart is larger. Our challenges are great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are endless. God’s love is truly boundless.

Literal translation:

而我不是不相信未来;我并害怕即将到的事情。虽然的问题很大,但我们的心更大。我们的挑战很大,但我们的决心更大。如果我们的缺点是没完没了的,那么,上帝的爱却是真正的无穷无尽的。

Free translation:

我并非不信任未来;我并不害怕我们面临的问题。我们的问题很多,但我们的心胸更宽广。我们面临的挑战很严峻,但我们的决心更大。如果我们的弊病层出不穷的话,那么上帝的爱更是真正的浩瀚无边的。

3. 避免望文生义

Avoid interpreting the meaning of a word or sentence superficially

The bank is open around (round) the clock.

那家银行24小时营业。

Don’t you know Barry is at home in German?

你不知道巴里精通德语吗?

Jerry became a bench warmer last year.

去年杰里变成了候补球员。

4. 异化法(Foreignization/Alienization)和归化法(Domestication/Adaptation)

君子协定Gentlemen’s agreement

丘比特之箭Cupid’s arrow

大棒加胡萝卜The carrot and the stick

武装到牙齿Armed to teeth

欧佩克OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织

亚佩克APEC=Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚洲太平洋经济合作组织

回到谈判桌上来Return to the negotiating table

卖点Selling point

对爆炸负责Claim responsibility for the explosion5. 确定词义Defining the meaning of the words

I. Define the meaning by its word class:

An example: the word “base”v. base on (upon): (usu. Passive) to use particular ideas or facts to make a decision, do a calculation or develop a theory 把……基于

a. This novel is based on historical facts. 这部小说是以历史事实为根据的。

b. Direct taxation is usually based on income. 直接税通常以收入为依据。

Adj. 1) (literary) without any moral principals; wicked 卑鄙的,不光彩的

?a base motive 卑鄙的动机

2)metal that is not worth a lot of money 便宜的,不纯的,不值钱的,贱的,

?a base metal 贱金属(指铁、铅等)

?a base coin (含有贱金属的)假硬币

II. Define the meaning by context

Translation of the word “power”:

?magnifying power 放大率

?power station 电厂

?electric power 电力

?the power of speech 语言能力

? a political party in power 执政党

?an industrial power 工业强国

III extension of the words

?Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

?Victory always goes to the strong. 胜利永远属于强者。

?I am busy packing my things for the long journey.

?我正在忙者为这次旅行打点行装。

?There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his nature.

?他的本性既残暴又狡猾。

?Brain drain has been Egypt’s number one concern-----as a matter of fact it has become an

epidemic in that area of the world.

?人才外流不仅是埃及的首要问题,而且是世界那个地区很普遍的严重问题。

6. 转译法Conversion

ExamplesA change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.

从固体转变成液体需要热能。(名词变动词)

They were suspicious and resentful of him.

他们不信任他,怨恨他。(形容词变动词)

Are you for or against the plan?

你是赞同还是反对这个计划?(介词变动词)

As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.

他跑出去时,忘记穿鞋了。(副词变动词)

He was deeply impressed by what they said.

他所说的话给他留下了深刻的印象。(副词变形容词)

He is physically weak but mentally sound.

他身体虽虚弱但思想很健康。(副词变名词)

7. 增译法Amplification

即增词法。翻译中,无论是增词还是减词,宗旨都是为了使译文的语法结构、表达方式、修辞、语气以及文化思想和思维方式既保持洋腔洋调,又符合汉语习惯,且更突出语义。

a. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论(使人)机智,写作(使人)准确。

b. History makes man wise; poetry witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.

(读)史使人明智,(读)诗(使人)聪慧,(演)算(使人)精密,哲理(使人)深沉。

c. The latest type of plane is small, inexpensive and easy to manipulate.

这种新型的飞机(体积)不大,(价格)便宜,容易操作。

Practice

1.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.

在观看足球比赛后他有一个重要的会议要参加。

2.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.

.他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束。

3. In order to improve a certain kind of battery, Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly 50,000 experiments.

为了改善一种电池的性能,爱迪生花了差不多十年的时间,做了近50,000次实验。4. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world.中东的紧张局势已引起了全世界的关注。

8. 减词法Omission

Examples:

a.He is not well today, but he still comes to class.

他今天身体不好,但还是来上课了。

b.He is a good friend that speaks good of us behind our back.

在背后说我们好话的人,才是一个好的朋友。

c.There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dea

d.

天未下雨,但叶落草枯。

9. 正反译法Negation / Mutual Transformation of Affirmative into Negative Expression(把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法。)

I. 正译反

a.I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.

我的确认为完成这项任务是他所力不能及的。

b.He was absent from his own country last year.

他去年不在自己的国家里。

c.Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?

你知道他为什么老是不想见到你?

d.Her husband hates to see her stony fac

e.

她丈夫不愿意见到她那张毫无表情的脸。

II. 反译正

a.No smoking! 禁止吸烟!

b.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.

我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。

c.He returned home with no hope on his face.

他满脸绝望地回到家。

10. 重复法Repetition

a. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论(使人)机智,写作(使人)准确。

b.History makes man wise; poetry witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.

(读)史使人明智,(读)诗(使人)聪慧,(演)算(使人)精密,哲理(使人)深沉。

More examples

c.They “make mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned

victory.

他们“犯错误‘,也吃过错误的亏,(但他们)承认错误,研究错误,从而做出了胜利的决策。

d.Teachers should try their best to develop the students ability to analyze and solve problems.

教师应当尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

11. 合译法Combination

I. 单句合译

?1. There are man here from all over the country. Many of them are from the north.

从全国各地来的人中有许多是北方人。

?2. He was very clean. His mind was open.

他为人单纯而坦率。

?3. And as she thought, it became more involved. Harder to understand.

她在这样想的时候,思想更加紊乱,更加难以理解。

?4. Then we came to the grasslands. Marshes everywhere. No birds! No trees! No Houses! Not a soul to be seen.

然后我们来到草地,到处是沼泽,没有飞鸟,没有树木,没有房舍,也没有人烟。

II. 主从复合句合译

?1.If we do a thing, we should do it well.

我们要干就要干好。

?2. While he washed, he heard the doorbell.

他在洗澡时听到了敲门声。

?3. When I negotiate, I got nervous.

我在谈判时总是有些紧张。

?4. Only a person who has fought in the woods knows what a radio means.

?只有在森林里打过仗的人才知道无线电的意义。

?5. The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.

?液态水受热而变成蒸汽。

III. 并列复合句的合译

?1. It was 1953, and I had just come from Ireland, to seek my fortune.

1953年,我刚从爱尔兰来此寻找出路。

?2. The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on television, or a hard-fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends maybe delightful, but it tend to keep us wide awake.

深夜的引人入胜的电视节目、激烈的棋赛或跟朋友的热烈交谈,往往使人过于兴奋,久久不能入睡。

12. 分译法Division

I.单词的分译

1)副词的分译

?1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.

能量既不能创造也不能被消灭,这是一条被普遍公认的规则。

?2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.

他们根本没有答复,这是不足为怪的。

2)形容词的分译

?1. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.

那是个麻烦的地方——这是最明显不过的。

?2. He made resultless efforts to reform one metal into another.

他企图把一种金属转变成另一种金属,这是徒劳无功的。

3)名词的分译

?The price limits its production.

?它价钱昂贵,还不能大量生产。

?The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.

?每个帐篷内怎样布置,这要取决于使用者的性格。

II.短语的分译

1) 分词短语

?1.They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.

他们在群众家里感到自在,行动时心里塌实,无忧无虑。

?2. He was Michael Faraday, born in 1791 in Yorkshire.

这个人就是法兰第。他1791年生于约克郡。

2) 介词短语

1. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.

他来到华盛顿,就国际形势来说,时机正合适。

2. Great was my father’s joy at his success, and in having so powerful an agent to deaden the suffering of his patients.

父亲对他的成功感到极为高兴,因为他有了一种非常有效的麻醉剂,可以用来消除病人的痛苦。

III.句子的分译

1. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.

因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。

2. To achieve this goal, I have used a conversational writing style more characteristic of recreational reading than of technical texts.

为了达到这个目的,我采用了对话的写法:这是消遣读物的写法而不是科技教程所惯用的写法。

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进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置) (2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置) (3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

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常用十大翻译技巧之一:增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1、增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如: (1)What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语) (2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)

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第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧(中) 5.1 分句、合句法 一、试译下列各句,将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子 1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题,因为它安全,不招风险。 2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 【译文】乔治点点头,他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人,对此他心存感激。 3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误,转让行为必须立即产生效力,且该效力应具有永久性。 4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆,热闹得如

同第二个唐人街。 5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家都容易看出来的。 6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary. 【译文】其中一些变化有深度,至少在我看来是非常了不起的,不同凡响,令我由衷地高兴。 7. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 【译文】大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。 8. A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris. 【译文】他得了感冒,而且越来越严重,只好回巴黎去了。但是,对他的离去,谁也没有感到遗憾。 9. There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn’t quite the catch the police thought. 【译文】还存在这样一种可能性:被抓住的那位阿鲁尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然,这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。

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An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice 实用英汉翻译技巧与实践 (Definition of Translation) 1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation) 忠实(Faithfulness) 通顺(Smoothness) 1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation) a. 原文理解(Comprehension of Source Texts) ?词义确定(Determination of Word Meaning) It is quite another story now. The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest. A young man came to police station with a story. ?语法分析(Grammatical Analysis) W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. ?逻辑判断(Logical Judgement) H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica. ?文体把握(Understanding of Style) 旅游景点警示语:路滑, 小心跌倒! 译1:The road is slippery, fall down carefully! 译2:The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down. 译3:Slippery // Wet path! b.译文表达(Expression of Target Texts) c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts) 1.4 翻译的主要方法(Major Translation Approaches) a. 直译法(Literal Translation) p aper tiger l ose face r unning dog G ood to begin well, better to end well. b. 意译法(Free Translation) Q ueen’s English s mall talk r eceive glove money E very life has its roses and thorns. c. 归化法(Domestication) b lack sheep a s timid as a hare d.异化法(Foreignization) 1.5 翻译的常用技巧(Practical Translation Skills)

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