Four-dimensional CP$^1+$ U(1) lattice gauge theory for 3D antiferromagnets Phase structure,

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arXiv:0711.0818v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 6 Nov 2007Four-dimensionalCP1+U(1)latticegaugetheoryfor3Dantiferromagnets:Phasestructure,gaugebosonsandspinliquid

KenjiSawamura∗,TakashiHiramatsu†,KatsuhiroOzaki†,IkuoIchinose∗,andTetsuoMatsui†∗DepartmentofAppliedPhysics,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,

NagoyaInstituteofTechnology,Nagoya,466-8555Japanand†DepartmentofPhysics,KinkiUniversity,Higashi-Osaka,577-8502Japan

(Dated:February2,2008)

InthispaperwestudythelatticeCP1modelin(3+1)dimensionscoupledwithadynamicalcompactU(1)gaugefield.Thismodelisaneffectivefieldtheoryofthes=1

2antiferromagnetic(AF)quantumspinmodel,i.e.,theAFHeisenbergmodel[1].TheCP1modelismuchmoretractablethantheoriginalAFHeisenbergmodel,anditsphasestructureandcriticalbehaviorhavebeeninvestigatedbothanalyticallyandnumerically.Thesys-temintrinsicallycontainscompactU(1)gaugedegreesoffreedom,andtheirdynamicsdeterminesthelow-energyexcitationsinAFmagnet.Thatis,ifthegaugedynamicsisinthedeconfined-Coulombphase,thelow-energyex-citationsarethes=12spinoperator󰀢ˆSratthespatialsiterismappedto

aclassicalO(3)spin󰀢Sx=¯zx󰀢σzxsatisfying󰀢Sx·󰀢Sx=1wherex=(r,x0)and󰀢σarethePaulispinmatrices.TheU(1)gaugefieldUxµ≡exp(iθxµ)(µ=1,···,4isthedirectionindexanddenotesalsotheunitvectorintheµ-thdirection)isputonthelink(x,µ)connectingsitesxandx+µ.TheCP1fieldtheoryinthecontinuumisderivedfromthe3DAFHeisenbergmodelbyintegratingoutthehalfoftheCP1variables(onalltheoddsites)byassumingashort-rangeAForder[1].Inordertostudythemodelnumerically,wereformulatethemodelbyputtingitonthe4Dhypercubiclattice,whichhasthecorrectcontin-uumlimit.ThentheactionSoftheCP1modelisgivenas

S=−c1

2󰀁x,µ󰀂¯Uxν¯Ux+ν,µUx+µ,νUxµ+H.c.󰀅

,(1)

wherec1andc2areparametersofthemodel.Qualitativeestimationoftheparametersintheaction(1)isobtainedasfollows.Bychoosingthelatticespacing22spinonszxwithagap.Weshallseethatthegauge-bosonmassvanishesintheCoulombphasewhileitremainsfiniteintheothertwophases.InRef.[5]wehavestudiedthephasestructureoftheCP1+U(1)model(1)notonthe4Dlatticebutonthe3Dlattice.WefoundthattheCoulombphaseismissing.Thegauge-bosonmasstakesitsminimumvaluejustonthecriticallineseparatingtheHiggsandconfinementphases.IfweincludeNf-foldCP1variables,thegauge-bosonmassonthecriticallinevanishesforNf≥14[6].TheoriginaluniformAFHeisenbergmodelisintheN´eelstate,whichcorrespondstotheHiggsphase[1].InFig.2,weshowtheresultofourcalculationsoftheO(3)spin-spincorrelationfunctions,CS(r)=󰀋󰀢Sx+r·󰀢Sx󰀊.FromFig.2weseethatthespontaneousmagnetization,[CS(rmax)]1/2(rmax≡L),isnonvanishingonlyintheHiggsphaseasexpected.InFig.3weshowthemassgapMSofthespinexcita-tionsthatisobtainedfromCS(r)−CS(rmax).Fig.3showsthatMSisvanishingintheHiggsphaseasexpected.Next,westudythedynamicsofgaugebosonsbymea-

FIG.3:MassMSofspinexcitationsforc2=2.0.P.T.indi-catesthelocationoftransitionpointinFig.1.MSvanishesintheN´eelstate(Higgsphase).3FIG.4:Gauge-bosonmassMGof(4).(a)c1=1.5(b)c1=0.5(c)c2=2.0.MGvanishesonlyintheCoulombphase.(NegativevalueofMGisafinite-sizeeffect.SeeRef.[6].)

suringthegauge-bosonmassMG,whichiscalculatedfromthecorrelationfunctionofgaugeflux,

Oµν(x)=󰀁λ,ηǫµνληIm¯Uxλ¯Ux+λ,ηUx+η,λUxη,(2)whereǫµνληisthetotallyantisymmetrictensor.Toesti-mateMGprecisely,weintroducedtheFourier-transform˜Oandmeasureditscorrelation,

˜O(xµ,xν)=󰀁xλ,xηOµν(x)eipλxλ+ipηxη,

DG(yµ,yν)=1

p2µ+p2ν+M2G

󰀃

2󰀁x,µ,a󰀂¯zx+µ,aUxµzxa+H.c.󰀅

−s24FIG.8:GaugebosonmassMGinthemodel(5).(a)c1=0.5;(b)s2=5.0[10].

metricHeisenbergmodelwherethebarevalueofc2=0.ItisinterestingtoseeiftheCoulombphase(decon-finedspin-liquidphase),whichexistsinthemodel(1),survivesinthepresentmodel.Thereforeweinvestigatedthephasestructureofthemodel(5)firstbycalculatingtheinternalenergyandthespecificheat.SomeofourresultsareshowninFigs.6and7.Fromthesecalcula-tions,weconcludethatthemodelS′of(5)hassimilarphasestructuretothatofSof(1).Butthesecond-orderconfinement-CoulombphasetransitioninthemodelSbecomesacrossoverinS′asFig.6shows,i.e.,thespe-cificheathasarathersmoothpeakthathasnosystem-sizedependence.Wethinkthatthiscrossoverissimilartothatinthe3DAbeliangauge-Higgsmodel.Further-more,thephasetransitionsatc1≃0.7intheregionofs2>∼1.5areoffirstorderasindicatedinFig.7.Inordertoverifytheaboveconclusion,wecalculatedMG,whichisshowninFig.8.Itisobviousthatalongwithc1=0.5MGdecreasessmoothlyass2isincreasedcrossingthecrossoverlineats2≃1.5.ThisbehaviorisveryclosetothatintheAbeliangauge-HiggssystemobservedinRef.[6].Ontheotherhand,alongthelines2=5.0MGexhibitsasharpdiscontinuity.Itsbehaviorverifiesthefirst-orderphasetransitionatc1≃0.7[10].Thenwedrawthefollowingconclusions;1.Incontrasttothe4DplaquettemodelS,the3Dpla-quettemodelS′doesnotsupporttheCoulombphase,i.e.,thedeconfinedspin-liquidphaseisnotrealizedinthenonuniformAFHeisenbergmodel[11,12].2.TheN´eel-VBSphasetransitioncausedbythering-exchangecouplingisoffirst-order.RecentnumericalstudyonsomerelatedAFHeisenbergmodelsgivessimi-larconclusion[12].Insummary,westudiedthe4DCP1modelcoupledwith4Dor3DU(1)gaugefieldandrevealeditsphasestructure.Wediscussedsomephysicalimplicationsforvarious3DAFHeisenbergmagnets,i.e.,withandwith-outdopingandwithuniformornonuniformcouplingingauge-theoreticalviewpoints.