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网络广告战略外文文献翻译2013年3500多字

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文献出处：Boudreau M C, Watson R T. Internet advertising strategy alignment[J]. Internet Research, 2013, 16(1): 23-37.原文Internet advertising strategy alignmentBoudreau and WatsonIntroductionThe Internet has had a profound impact on strategic thinking because of its ability to change organizational cost structures and alter communication patterns with customers. While the Internet is not a strategy in itself (Porter, 2001), it has become an important consideration when fashioning strategy. One application of the Internet, the web, has particular implications for the strategies of global businesses because web sites are accessible by anyone who has a web browser, irrespective of location. Thus, global businesses should consider how they align their web site with corporate strategy. Since the web can be an influential medium for attracting and retaining customers (Watson et al., 1998), it is critical to examine the connection between web advertising and global strategy. In this article, we review the fundamental global strategies that corporations can pursue and then empirically examine the relationship between corporate global strategy and web advertising strategy. We conclude by illustrating the relationship between corporate and web management strategies. Internet advertising strategies for multinational organizationsAll firms face three strategic challenges:(1) Demand risk;(2) Innovation risk; and(3) Inefficiency risk (Child, 1987).Advertising is one of the main approaches firms employ to manage demand risk by raising awareness of their products. In the mid-1990s, the Internet emerged as a new tool for reaching consumers, and it now provides a variety of technologies (e.g. the web and e-mail) for influencing opinions and wants. Indeed, Internet technologies andmarketing objectives can be interlaced to increase the effectiveness of a firm’s consumer directed communications (Watson et al., 2000). Thus, an Internet advertising strategy is concerned with the creation, placement, and distribution of electronic messages that will be read by, and have an effect on, those consumers whom the advertiser most wants to influence. Creation, as well as considering traditional advertising factors (e.g. the message to communicate), must also embrace Internet technologies (e.g. Flash and mp3) that potentially influence consumers. When placing ads, the advertiser must consider which medium to use (e.g. web versus e-mail), and if the web is chosen, where to place the ad on the page for maximum impact (Loiacono et al., 2001). Distribution addresses which web sites and electronic mailing lists will be used.Much of the attention related to Internet advertising has focused on the placement of advertisements on third-party web sites where the market is estimated to be $9.7 billion, about three percent of total advertising (Green and Elgin, 2001). However, this approach ignores a company’s use of its web site to advertise its products. For many firms, the web site has become a major venue for communicating with, and influencing, customers. In many cases, it is the defining image of the firm because it has become a dominant channel of interaction (Watson et al., 1998). Thus, the design and content of the corporate web site are key elements of Internet advertising strategy. Given the increasing importance of the corporate web site as an advertising medium, a key organizational issue is: how does the Internet advertising strategy align with the corporate strategy?The global nature of the Internet is a highly pertinent and unique element of this channel that has a particular influence on advertising strategy. No other advertising medium (e.g. television, radio, newspaper) is unreservedly global. A firm’s web site is automatically visible to all customers with web access no matter where they are located. It can influence consumers everywhere, whether or not the firm so intends. Hence, global firms should explicitly examine the relationship between their corporate and Internet advertising strategies, because most customers would expect a lin kage between the two. Imagine the dissonance that could occur in a customer’smind when the web site and local advertising are at variance. Using the corporate web site as a surrogate for a firm’s Internet advertising strategy, we investigate the degree of alignment between corporate and Internet advertising strategy.MethodologyData were collected in the fall of 2001, using MBA students registered for a class entitled “Globalization and IT”. Students were grouped into teams of two or three people, for a total of ten teams. Eight of these teams included at least one international student. Each team assessed six web sites from a pool of 20 multinational enterprises. More particularly, the Internet strategy of each web site was evaluated according to Rugman’s(2001) framework: the web site was reflective of either an integration strategy, a national responsiveness strategy, or a transnational strategy. Criteria examined during this assessment included, but were not limited to, the language capabilities on the web site, the relationship between the corporate and national web sites, and the implementation of customer service. While examining the language capabilities of the web site, students asked:. Is the entire web site translated, or just specific pages?. Is the translation correct and effective?. Can customers be serviced in their own language?. Is the site culturally sensitive?The relationship between the corporate and national web sites was investigated through the following questions:. Are the national web sites accessible directly through their own URL or is there a need to use the corporate URL?. Are national web sites accessible through appropriate search engines and portals? . Is there a similar look and feel across the national web sites?. Are functionalities consistent across national web sites?Finally, questions inquiring about the implementation of customer service included:. Is “buying and delivering” at all possible from the national web sites?. Are payment facilities consistent with local capabilities?. Is a local telephone number available for transaction processing and support?A short write-up about each of the six multinational web sites studied by each team was required, along with an oral presentation on two of the sites.DiscussionThe goal of advertising is to deliver messages that positively influence current or prospective customers. Given that advertising has such an influence on customers, corporations spend considerable time and funds creating and placing advertisements. As such, US advertising expenditure is around $320 billion (Green and Elgin, 2001). Large corporations, in particular, take care to build brands that are recognizable throughout the world. However, it would appear that many firms have not fully realized the potential of the corporate web site as an advertising medium. For two thirds of the companies in our sample, there is no perfect alignment between corporate and Internet advertising strategy. There are several possible reasons for this lack of connection.First, it could be that the corporate web site is not seen as part of a corporation’s overall advertising strategy. It may not be perceived of as a key channel for reaching customers, because internal advertising executives are still fixated on traditional channels and advertising logic. Thus, these executives might think of Internet advertising as placing banner ads on high-traffic web portals (e.g. Yahoo!) and do not think of advertising on their corporate web site. Given that many customers are now conditioned to go to corporate web sites to learn about products and service, this would be a serious oversight.Second, corporations might not have had the time or resources to align their corporate and Internet advertising strategies. The introduction of Internet technology into most corporations has required a tremendous reallocation of resources to create an Internet presence, firm intranet, and partnership extranets. The scarcity of Internet skills, particularly before the flameout, meant that many initiatives had to be delayed and web sites are incomplete[2]. So, for example, Benetton might have decided that, given its many relationships with clothing manufacturers in Northern Italy, building an extranet to support data exchange and production integration mighthave a higher return on investment than investing in a corporate web site.Third, some firms might have decided that the corporate web site does not have enough impact on its customer base to justify an integrated Internet advertising strategy. HSBC, for example, possibly recognizes that corporate customers are not greatly influenced by either its global or relevant local web site. Banking, especially at the corporate level, has a strong personal relationship element and a web site has little persuasive impact.Thus, while we can make a sound case for alignment of corporate and Internet advertising strategy, we can also suggest potential reasons explaining why such an alignment might not have yet taken place and why misalignment is relatively common. Nevertheless, the compelling rationale for alignment of functional strategies with corporate strategy suggests a long-term convergence of Internet advertising and corporate strategy. Thus, what are needed are some tools for organizations to decide how to achieve this alignment.The quality of a web site is determined by four key factors:(1) ease of use;(2) usefulness;(3) entertainment; and(4) complementarity (Loiacono, 2000).It must be easy to navigate and readable, have the information visitors require, be aesthetically appealing, have a positive emotional impact, and allow the visitor to perform most, if not all, transactions with the firm. For the purposes of simplifying the analysis, we further reduce web site issues to those of design (ease of use, entertainment, and functionality) and content (usefulness of information). Design and content can either be handled locally (i.e. headquarters for a country) or globally (global headquarters for the firm). As such, the elements of design, such as the overall look and feel of the web site (e.g. navigation icons, placement of the corporate logo), and general functionality (e.g. support for online ordering or parcel tracking) can be decided by corporate or each nation. Similarly, the content can be created by corporate headquarters, with appropriate translation, or created locally. Thiscombination of choices results in four web site strategies for multinationals (see Table VII).ConclusionWhen firms realize that their web site can be a significant medium for interacting with present and prospective customers, they should also recognize that Internet advertising is an integral element of corporate advertising strategy. A direct consequence of this acknowledgment should be the realization that a firm’s co llection of web sites must reflect corporate goals. The need for functional areas to align with corporate goals is well established. In particular, multinationals, which arguably face the most complex organizational environment, need to be especially concerned with alignment because of the size and geographic spread of their operations. This research indicates that for multinationals, a misalignment between corporate strategy and Internet advertising strategy was reasonably common. The newness of the web, at the time data were collected, may not have given corporations sufficient time to both recognize the role of the web in advertising and implement Internet advertising strategies that are aligned with corporate goals. It is likely that, since our research was conducted, corporations now take greater advantage of Internet advertising. It remains to be seen, however, whether they do a better job of aligning their Internet advertising strategy with their corporate strategy. For those organizations seeking alignment, we offer a tool (see Table VII) that enables them to recognize how they should handle design and content matters for the combination of corporate and national web sites. Our research has certain limitations. First, the subjective process that we relied on to assess each web site’s strategy forced us to disregard 25 percent of the cases in our initial sample. This percentage is relatively high, and more precise guidelines on classifying a strategy might have increased the level of agreement. Of course, it might also be the case that a hybrid strategy led to a lack of agreement among the judges. Also, it is possible that an organization’s country of origin might have influenced its web site design. Similarly, an organization’s product line (or type of s ervice offered) may have an impact on the design of its web site. Both of these factors (cultural origin and type of product/service) have been acknowledged as important in prior literature(e.g. Simeon, 1999; Okazaki and Rivas, 2002), and should thus be considered in future research, which would also require larger samples in order to control for these factors.The larger issue, which we may well address in future work, is whether alignment of corporate and Internet advertising strategies leads to superior performance. This is the overarching question that research on the alignment of these two strategies should ultimately address. We believe that our initial work lays a foundation for addressing this fundamental question.译文论网络广告策略布罗德；沃森引言网络由于能够改变组织的成本结构和与客户的通信模式从而对其战略思维能力有着深远的影响。

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On the Strategies of Advertising Translation 广告翻译的基本策略

On the Strategies of Advertising Translation 广告翻译的基本策略

On the Strategies of Advertising Translation广告翻译的基本策略AbstractIn modern society, advertising, as the embodiment of commerce, is becoming an important part of our daily life. Not only is it supposed to be appealing, it is also used as a tool for manufacturers to improve their products’marketability. With globalization accelerating, more and more businesses of all types are operating internationally in various ways. With china’s accession to the WTO there has been a dramatic increase in the number of Chinese enterprises and products flowing into the international market while at the same time the increased transparency and advantages that WTO membership confers have ushered in a new sea of foreign goods into our domestic market. To survive in the fierce global market, they have to make a lot of promotions for their products in foreign markets. In this situation, advertisement translation is increasingly showing its importance. However, in all national markets, particularly in China, unsatisfying translation is appearing in media ever and again, which not only means financial loss, but also impairs the public image of manufacturers as well. Hence, it becomes an urgent task for those devoted to translation practice to seek a suitable theory for guidance.Therefore, this thesis will talk about the advertising English and its translation. First of all, I will talk about the purpose and significance of the study, it includes theimportance of the advertising, then, I will talk about the dimensions of advertising and, in this part I will take a brief introduction to advertising and the definition of advertising. In chapter 3 I will present a brief introduction to functional equivalence, it includes its background and definition. Then, I will give some examples of semantic equivalence, and analyse these examples. Chapter 4 is the most important part of this thesis, in this chapter I will talk about the basic strategies of advertising translation, but first of all I have to write about the character of advertising, then I will present several strategies to translate the adverting. These strategies are as following: literal translation, free translation, adaptive translation, associative transliteration.Key words: advertising, international translation, strategy摘要在经济全球化得今天，广告作为一种特殊的行业，在当今社会发挥着日益重要的作用。

离线广告,在线展示广告和付费搜索广告外文文献翻译中英文

离线广告,在线展示广告和付费搜索广告外文文献翻译中英文

Edward Riedl, Bernd Skiera
Abstract
This research examines the impact of online display advertising and paid search advertising relative to offline advertising on firm performance and firm value. Using proprietary data on annualized advertising expenditures for 1651 firms spanning seven years, we document that both display advertising and paid search advertising exhibit positive effects on firm performance (measured by sales) and firm value (measured by Tobin's q). Paid search advertising has a more positive effect on sales than offline advertising, consistent with paid search being closest to the actual purchase decision and having enhanced targeting abilities. Display advertising exhibits a relatively more positive effect on Tobin's q than offline advertising, consistent with its long-term effects. The findings suggest heterogeneous economic benefits across different types of advertising, with direct implications for managers in analyzing advertising effectiveness and external stakeholders in assessing firm performance.
新媒体社交媒体营销外文翻译文献

新媒体社交媒体营销外文翻译文献

文献信息：文献标题：Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holisticframework（战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架）国外作者：Reto Felix, Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Chris Hinsch文献出处：《Journal of Business Research》,2017,70:118-126字数统计：英文2632单词，15772字符；中文5082汉字外文文献：Elements of strategic social media marketing:A holistic frameworkAbstract Social media marketing is an integral element of 21st-centurybusiness. However, the literature on social media marketing remains fragmented and is focused on isolated issues, such as tactics for effective communication. The curr research a pplies a qualitative,theory-building a pproach to develop a strategicfour generic dimensions of strategic social m ediaframework that articulatesmarketing. Social m edia marketing scope represents a range from defenders t osocial media marketing c ulture includes the poles o f conservatism andexplorers,modernism, social media marketing structures fall between hierarchies and networks, and social m edia marketing governance ranges from autocracy t o anarchy. B yproviding a comprehensive conceptualization and definition of strategic social mediaframework that e xpands beyondmarketing, this r esearch proposes a n integrativeextant marketing theory. Furthermore, managers can apply the framework to position their organizations on these four dimensions in a manner consistent with their overa corporate mission and objectives.Key Words: Strategic social media marketing; Holistic framework; New media; Definition of social media marketing; Social media strategy; Digital marketing1.IntroductionUnderstanding the role of social media in the context of marketing is critical f both researchers and managers (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kumar, Bezawada,2013). Most existingRishika, Janakiraman, &Kannan, 2016; Schultz &Peltier,studies focus on particular issues, such as purchase behavior (Chang, Yu, & Lu, 2015 Kumar et al., 2016; Relling, S chnittka, Sattler, & Johnen, 2016), customerrelationshipmanagement (Trainor, Andzulis, R app, & Agnihotri, 2014), brandmanagement (Asmussen, Harridge-March, Occhiocupo, & Farquhar, 2013),innovation management (Gebauer, Füller, & Pezzei, 2013), and employee recruitment (Sivertzen,Nilsen, & Olafsen, 2013). W hile these s tudies detail advancements inspecialized areas of social media knowledge in a marketing and management context, extant literature does not provide a holistic framework for social media marketing the strategic level. This deficiency is surprising because both academics (Labrecqu vor dem Esche, Mathwick, Novak, & Hofacker, 2013; Schultz & Peltier, 2013; Yadav& Pavlou, 2014) and practitioners (Divol, Edelman, & Sarrazin, 2012) acknowledge new complexities accompanying these m edia and agree that r esearch into s ocialsocial mediastrategicmedia marketing n eeds to be reconceptualized.In a nutshell,marketing remains an untested user interaction paradigm (Naylor, Lamberton, & West, 2012) with little published academic research.The current article aims to address this theoretically and managerially importan research gap by exploring the following two research questions: How is strategicsocial m edia marketing defined a nd conceptualized? and What factors demandsocial media marketing s trategy?an organization'swhen constructingconsiderationSpecifically, this research attempts to define the continua on which critical strat social media marketing decisions lie and to integrate them into a holistic framewor2.MethodologyThe study e mployed a two-stage r esearch design. The first stage c onsisted ofin-depth interviews (Fontana & Frey, 1998) with seven European social m ediaexperience in socialmarketing e xperts who possess b oth national and internationalmedia marketing. Following a purposive sampling strategy (Lincoln & Guba, 1985), experts were recruited according to their job position, experience, and direct expos to social media marketing practices in real industry settings. Seeking depth rather tthe qualitative research breadth, the sample size instage 1 was commensurate with-richparadigm in which relatively small sample sizes are used to generate informationdata (Patton, 1990). A ll informants agreed t o audiotape the i nterviews (between 25and 60 min), which resulted in 117 pages of double-spaced, verbatim transcripts.procedure c onsisted of a qualitative The second stage o f the data collectionsurvey of social media marketing experts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The survey data were used not for confirmation but as a new and independent qualitative data source with a focus on triangulating the information obtained through the depth interview and online surveys (Jack & Raturi, 2006). Respondents came from a list of 265 social media marketing experts identified through managerially focused magazines, through interviews in business magazines, or because they were mentioned as knowledgeable and experienced experts in personal communication. E-mail requests were sent to allexperts along with two reminders, which resulted in 50 returned surveys (responserate = 18.9%). Seven data s ets w ere eliminated because o f incomplete a nswers orbecause social media marketing plays a minor role in the respondents' daily work. The final sample consisted of 43 respondents (age: m = 37; SD = 9 years; 74% male; 88% European) with various backgrounds in their position and/or industry.Table 1 Summary of stage 2 informantsCompany size (employees)< 50 14 (32.6%)50–99 5 (11.6%)100–499 3 (7.0%)500–9998 (18.6%)1000–4999 6 (14.0%)5000–10,000 3 (7.0%)>10,000 4 (9.3%)Social media marketing experience (in years)Average: 6.4 years1–2 5 (11.6%)3–519 (44.2%)6–812 (27.9%)9 and more 7 (16.3%)Percentage of working time associated with social mediaAverage: 52.8%<20%7 (16.3%)20–3910 (23.3%)40–59 6 (14.0%)60–79 3 (7%)80–10015 (34.9%)n/a 2 (4.7%)Age (in years)Average: 37< 30 9 (20.9%)30–3919 (44.2%)40–4910 (23.3%)50–59 5 (11.6%)Self-reported experience in…Means aSocial Media 6.2Social Media Marketing 5.9Marketing 5.7Customer Management 4.7Advertising 5.2Communications/Public Relations 5.6How much experience do you have in the following areas? (1 = no experience at aall; 7 = highly experienced)Respondents were asked to (1) define s ocial m edia marketing, (2) discussself-selected best and worst practice examples of social media marketing, (3) discusssuccess factors and success m etrics, and (4) d escribe their ideal implementation of-selected organization. The survey employed commonsocial media marketing in a self& Mcbride, 2009), s uch as addingdesign t echniques (Smyth, Dillman, C hristian,large answer fields and asking respondents to be as specific as possible, to increrespondents' motivation to provide detail.3.FindingsFig. 1 shows the strategic social media marketing framework with its four central dimensions.Fig. 1. Strategic social media marketing framework.social media marketing s cope addresses the question whether companies First,use social media marketing p redominantly for communication with one or a fewstakeholders or comprehensively (both externally and internally) as a genuine tool f Defenders use social m edia marketing primarily a s a one-waycollaboration.rather than communication tool t o entertainconsumers or to inform stakeholders,groups. Conversely, explorers are interested in integrating employees or communityan authentic social media marketing c ollaborationinteractionsbased on reciprocalwith many different stakeholders such as clients, employees, suppliers, andgovernment agents.between conservatism, Second, social media marketing c ulture distinguishesapproach t owhich is represented by an encapsulated,mass advertisingtraditional,social media marketing, and modernism, which is characterized by a more permeable,open, and flexible social media marketing culture.Third, social media marketing structure addresses the organization and departmentalization of the social media marketing assignment in the firm. Hierarchieapproach with a clearly defined s ocial media marketingstand for a centralizedassignee. Networks represent an organizational structure in which all employees are responsible for social media marketing, and thus a dedicated social media marketing director is no longer necessary.Fourth, social m edia marketing governance refers t o how the companyestablishes rules and guidelines and how social media marketing responsibilities ar controlledin the company. The extreme position of autocracy describes a situationwith precise regulations on who in the company is allowed to interact on social medi platforms. Conversely, anarchy represents a situation without any such rules o rguidelines.The current research focuses on the extremes of each continuum, but, in general, firms likely choose (intentionally or unintentionally) a position somewhere between the poles o n each dimension. For example, c ompanies need to find a position onsocial media marketing g overnance t hat neither regulates everything employees areallowed to say nor leaves t hem without any guidance on which to base their responsibilitiesor behaviors. Fig. 1 also suggests that d ecisions on social mediageneral(e.g.,marketing s hould i ndeed b e guided by the firm's internalinfluencersvision, mission, corporate goals, corporate culture, available resources), which in should be in line with external i nfluencers (e.g., communities, competition,government regulation).4.Discussion and implicationsThis research addresses the absence of a holistic framework for strategicsocialreveals several approachesmedia marketing. A review of the marketing l iteraturemanagementregarding aspects of strategicmarketing s uch as customer r elationship(e.g., Payne & Frow, 2005) or marketing organization (Workman, Homburg, &Gruner, 1998). However, few articles address the strategic marketing of social mediaand none put forth a holistic social media marketing framework.While extant research related to social media marketing investigates social media mostly through the lens of a particular marketing problem (e.g. Fong & Burton, 2008; Kim & Ko, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016) or witha focus on customers and communication (e.g., Chang et al., 2015), t he findings of this s tudy reveal f ourgeneral social m edia marketing dimensions that firms should address when conceptualizing or managing their strategic social media marketing approach. As the findings indicate, these dimensions are interdependent, and companies should strive position themselves on the four dimensions in an integrated way, rather than treati them as isolated, independent decisions.4.1.A new definition of social media marketingThis research suggests a new definition of social media marketing: Social media-functional concept that uses social media marketing is an interdisciplinary and cross(often in combination with other communications channels) to achieve organizational goals by creating value for stakeholders. On a strategic level, social media marketi covers an organization's decisions about social media marketing scope (ranging from defenders to explorers), culture (ranging from conservatism to modernism), structurto networks), and governance (ranging from autocracy to(ranging from hierarchiesanarchy).4.2.Implications for social media marketing scopeSocial media marketing provides firms with an opportunity to use social media to with customers, employees, communities, and other stakeholdersbuild relationships(i.e., when they act as explorers). At the same time, firms may choose to view soci media as simply another c ommunications channel through which they can pushwhen they act as defenders). Though potentiallyinformation to customers (i.e.,approach does nottake advantage of thefor c ustomers, the defendercreating valuewithin the network of customers,opportunitiesfor building r eal relationshipsemployees, interest groups, the government, and other stakeholders, as propagated by modern relationshipmarketing (Payne & Frow, 2005). However, the explorerstakeholders in theapproach may require firms to redefine the role o f differentorganization.4.3.Implications for social media marketing cultureManagement and organizational behavior researchers (Zheng et al., 2010) as well as marketing academics and practitioners (Deshpandé & Farley, 2004) recognize the-financial firmimportance of culture and organizational climate for financial and non performance. The current research emphasizes t he importance o f culture for s ocialmedia marketing. Companies engaging in social media marketing must acknowledgethat stakeholders can take control of and manipulate social media content (Labrecque et al., 2013). Thus, companies should contemplate t he trade-offs between anwhich provides m oreencapsulated social media marketing c ulture (conservatism),connect a nd engageand consumers' desire tobrand constructs,control of importantwith firms displaying a more progressive, permeable culture (i.e., modernism).4.4.Implications for social media marketing structureExtant marketing research investigates how the elements of marketing should besuch as formalization,characteristics,organized a ccording t o a firm's structural(e.g.,Olson, S later, & Hult, 2005). C onsequently,and specializationcentralization,and organizationalsocial m edia marketing structure focuses on responsibilitiesemployed to configure social media marketing. Whereas social mediahierarchiesmarketing governance pertains to who can or should say what in social media, social media marketing structure focuses on who has the responsibility to post and interac in these m edia. A s the informants emphasized, firms s hould i ntegratesocial mediaThe informantsmarketing in a way that fits with their o verarching strategies.or asets o f benefits that c an emerge from either a hierarchicalidentifieddifferentnetworked structure. However, they recommended that specific decisions about who has the responsibility to interact online with customers, activists, and pundits sh be formally discussed in the organization.4.5.Implications for social media marketing governancerights, and Research on governance usually investigates the structures,responsibilities among different employees in organizations (Freeman & Reed, 1983).-discipline of corporate governance, Information technology (IT) governance, as a subfocuses on specifying which individuals have the responsibility for making decisions on the use of IT (Brown & Grant, 2005). Whereas IT governance traditionally focuses-related purposes, social media can potentially be used byon the use of IT for work(company-granted a ccess) or unofficial(personalany employee in either officialaccount access) capacities. Therefore, the applicability of IT governance research is limited u se when extended to social m edia marketing. S ome companies havedeveloped the idea of educating e mployees about the personal a nd firm-related consequences of “undesirable” social media use through social mediamarketingguidelines andguidelines(Linke &Zerfass, 2013). However, building social mediagovernance into a holistic framework for social media marketing is novel. The role o employees in promoting brands in other contexts (and thus increasing firm value) is(Morhart, Herzog, & Tomczak, 2009).well represented in the academic literatureWeber Shandwick's (2014) recent s tudy reveals a n emerging movement termed“employee activism” in which one-third of the surveyed respondentswere socialwho defended their employers and advocated f or the firm online.media activistsEmployees may be better able to understand the needs of consumers and products that can meet those needs, and they can effectively advocate and promote the firm online. These technologiesall employees to champion the firm. Forhave allowed v irtuallyNordstrom has policies to provide e mployees withexample, the fashion r etailerof social media marketingThis applicationand expectations.knowledge, d irection,governance can increase the overall social media marketing s uccess o f the firm (Nordstrom, 2015; Ross, Beath, & Sebastian, 2015).5.Limitations and future researchavenues forfruitfulSeveral limitationsto the current study s uggest p otentiallyapproach r eveals four d imensions o f strategicfuture research. First, the qualitativesocial media marketing and identifies the extreme points of each dimension. However,of differentto identify the impactfuture researchcould u se quantitative approachespositions on each of these dimensions. Research could also investigate the influenc of each dimension on firm or social media marketing p erformance. For example,studies could try to isolate the effect of each dimension on outcome variables such2013) or, m ore specifically,newconsumer–brand engagement (Schultz & Peltier,is themedia brand engagement (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010). A second limitationover-representation of European (especially German) informants in the analyses. Prior research d iscusses cross-cultural differences in consumers' u se of social m edia(Bernoff &Li, 2008; World Newsmedia Network, 2015). Furthermore, extantresearch advocates for the adaptation of social media content to the targeted cult(Tsai &Men, 2012). T hus, caution should b ebased on differingconsumer profilestaken in extrapolating the framework to other cultural contexts. Future research mig determine w hether aspects of cultural or economic context add dimensions t o theapproaches r egardingproposed f ramework or whether they simply require differentthe four dimensions.Future research should also investigate how other characteristics, such as cultur the type of firm (e.g., B2B vs. B2C), the industry (e.g., financial services vs.“idealadvertising agency), company size, or available resources, influence a firm'ssocial media marketing. Finally,position” on each of the dimensions o f strategic-regulatory bodies (e.g.,future research could investigate the role of regulatory or selfon social media marketing g overnance a ndWord of Mouth Marketing A ssociation)how firms can create v alue and form core competencies b y superseding t hese requirements.6.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the complex nature of strategic social media marketingis too complex to be managed and executedSocial m edia marketing, in practice,-functional collaborations exclusively by a single individual or even department. Crossalong the four d imensions o f social media marketing a re necessary to successfullynavigate in this dynamic arena.中文译文：战略性社交媒体营销要素：整体框架 摘要 社交媒体营销是21世纪商业的一个组成部分。

【英语论文】广告语英汉翻译策略探究On English-Chinese Translation of Advertising Slogans

【英语论文】广告语英汉翻译策略探究On English-Chinese Translation of Advertising Slogans

广告语英汉翻译策略探究On English-Chinese Translation of Advertising Slogans摘要进入二十一世纪以来，由于我国改革开放的不断深化、加入WTO和全球经济一体化等诸多因素影响，越来越多的外国跨国公司进入中国，开展业务。

由于英语这一国际通用语言的影响力，再加上企业的形象战略和品牌建设需要，以及跨国公司的广告语在全球范围内具有相对的统一性这个显著特点,大部分跨国公司的原广告语为英语。

为了更好地适应当地受众的文化习惯，打破语言壁垒，更好地促进企业的商务业绩，做好广告语的中文翻译和本地化无疑具有十分重要的意义和价值。

本文试图通过精心搜集的三十二个世界知名跨国公司的英语广告语及其中文翻译实例，来揭示实践操作中英语广告语翻译的现状、基本策略和技巧。

通过调研和系统化地分析总结，作者发现，英语广告语翻译大体上可以分为三类，一类是直译，一类是意译，一类是增译。

同时，英语广告语在句法、词法和一些修辞手段的运用上都与其他英语文体有较大地区别。

这就要求从事英语广告语翻译的相关人士，在工作过程中要重视英中两种语言及其所属的历史文化上的差异，使得翻译前后的作品基本达到等效的结果。

由于搜集的实例数量有限，以及官方广告语正式翻译资源的相对匮乏，加之一些知名企业将其英文广告语直接导入目标市场，可能导致结论出现缺陷和不足。

所以，本文只是对英语广告语翻译的一次尝试，希望在以后的学习进程中进行更为深刻地研究。

从另外一个角度来说，作者还期望此文能对越来越多的我国企业走出国门进行国际营销时，对其中文广告语的英文翻译提供一定的参考价值。

关键词：广告语；英汉翻译；现状；策略AbstractWith the further development of China’s revolution and opening-up and China’s entry into WTO, more and more foreign multi-national corporations (MNC) have entered Chinese market to set up their business. Most MNC’s original advertising slogans are in English for the reason that English is the dominating language internationally. Besides, their slogans are consistent in global market to meet the requirement of MNCs’ identity strategy and brand building policy. However, for Chinese local target consumers’better awareness of the brand key message and promotion of company business, it is absolutely necessary to translate and localize the English slogans into Chinese.This paper examines 32 representative English advertising slogans of world famous brands and their corresponding translated Chinese versions. Based on this, the paper tries to explore the strategies and techniques of the E-C advertising slogans translation.Through the research result, we could infer how some basic translation strategies applied, people’s common practices and some unique features in advertisement slogan translation. The author finds out that E-C advertising slogans translation could be categorized into three groups: literal translation, free translation and meaning-add translation. Besides, English advertising slogans are much different from other texts in syntax, morphology and rhetoric. To make sure translation results carries same meanings with the original ones, the person working on English advertising slogans translation should pay attention to the cultural difference.The weakness of this research lie in that samples collected may not be adequate and typical enough due to the resource for official slogan translation is limited plus some famous companies adopt the English original directly even in a foreign market.The author hopes based on his attempt, more investigation would be carried out in thisarea in the future study. Meanwhile the researcher also hopes this research would be viewed as reference when we translate Chinese advertising slogans into English for national companies’ global marketing.Key words：Advertising Slogan; E-C Translation; StrategiesTable of contentsPages1. Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1 Research Backgroud --------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2 Research Objective ----------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3 Project Design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1 2 22. Rationale ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.1 Definition of Advertising Slogan ----------------------------------------------------------2.2 The linguistic features of English Advertising Slogan -----------------------------2.2.1 Morphology in English Advertising slogan ----------------------------------2.2.2 Syntax in English Advertising Slogan -----------------------------------------2.2.3 Rhetorical Devices in English Advertising slogan -------------------------2.3 Translation Principles ---------------------------------------------------------------------2.4 Translation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 53.Description of the Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 64. Data Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1 Anlysis of the Two Language Versions ------------------------------------------------4.1.1 Three Main Translation Methods --------------------------------------------------4.1.2 The Other Unique Translation Ways in Chinese Culture ------------------4.2 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 6 6 7 75. Results and Suggestions -------------------------------------------------------------------- 95.1 Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.1.1 Some Common Skills ------------------------------------------------------------------5.1.2 The Unique Features of Advertising Slogans Translation ----------------- 5.2 Suggestions on the Use of Translating Strategies -----------------------------------9 10 10 106. Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Bibliography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Appendix: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13On English-Chinese Translation of Advertising Slogans1. Introduction1.1 Research Background1.1.1 Why advertisement?The modern advertisement that originated in western countries undoubtedly has great influences on the entire human society. Corporations of every field cast billions of dollars into advertisement every year, lay over every kind of media, launch so many campaigns and hire a great number of famous people for their prolocutors. According to the survey, the global advertising expenditure in 2000 is about 410 billion US dollars. In China, the very next year after the carrying out of reform and opening-up in 1978, i.e. 1979, was called the first year of comprehensive recovery Chinese advertisement field. Nowadays, Chinese people find that they have been surrounded by various kinds of advertisements. Obviously, as the reform and opening-up further develops, advertisement would play a more and more important role in our state economy and people’s life.At personal level, the author is much interested in advertising especially in copy writing. Also the author has certain experiences in drafting, translating and polishing advertisements.1.1.1 Why slogans?In the advertising identification and communication, advertising slogans have held a unique and irreplaceable position. Nowadays, more and more international famous companies have endowed advertising slogans with prior status and regarded them as an important part of their strategy development, which includes brand building, corporation culture shaping, product characteristics and corporation identification system.1.1.1 Why E-C?Based on the fact that China’s advertisement started relatively late, the references and models mainly are English advertisements, especially the foreign and joint ventureadvertising companies dominated the modern Chinese advertising market. Therefore, The scope of the thesis is mainly covered by practical examples from English advertising slogans, translation strategies based on comparative studies of translation examples and their original versions.1.2 Research ObjectiveThrough the research the author aims to accomplish the following objectives:1) The basic translation rules applied to E-C advertising slogans translation;2) To summarize the research and look into the future of English advertising slogan and its translation.To fulfill this project, the author will better understand advertising slogan’s language characteristics and improve translation skills. Also it will enable the researcher create better advertising slogans, bring the more smooth and proper sense of foreign advertising slogans to our nation’s consumers.1.3 Project DesignThe research is divided into four parts. In part one, the author will define advertising slogans and describe the main theories related to the study. In part two, the author will go further into the study of E-C advertising slogan translation by examining 32 carefully-chose examples and their translations. In part three, the author aims to summarize E-C advertising slogan translation strategies according to the data analysis, and also find the important factors which affect on the translator’s decision-making of translation strategies as well as offer suggestions for the practice of advertising slogan translation. Finally, in part four, the author will summarize the whole research and present the implications for the future practice and research.2. Rationale2.1 Definition of Advertising SloganSince this project aims to explore the E-C translation strategies of advertising slogans, we should first look into what is advertising slogan. According to the Definition Committee of American Marketing Association(方薇, 1997, p2), advertising isdefined as follows: Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. The Oxford Dictionary 6th edition explains slogan as “a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people’s attention or to suggest an idea quickly”. (Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, The Commercial Press & Oxford University Press)Slogan: A standard company statement (also called a tag line or a theme line) for advertisements, salespeople, and company employees. Slogans have two basic purposes: to provide continuity for a campaign and to reduce a key theme or idea to a brief, memorable positioning statement. (戚云方，2003, p375)To compare and summarize the above definitions, we can infer that advertising slogan is short sentence that could enhance impression and make focus swiftly.2.2 The linguistic features of English Advertising slogan2.2.1 Morphology in English Advertising SloganEnglish advertising slogan has particular characteristics; it is different from daily English.1) A lot of verbs especially monosyllable are used. For example, get, make, give, like, love, buy, need, use, etc. For example:I’m lovin’ it. McDonald’s 我就喜欢Buy One Get One Dannon 买一赠一2) Adjectives are often used, but using highest adjective on products are usually avoided. For example:New Beijing, Great Olympics Beijing 2008 Olympic Games 新北京，新奥运Let’s make things better Philips 让我们做的更好3) Adjective or attributive phrases are added before nouns. For example:Easy In and Easy Out Swivel 进出自如4) Agreat number of compound, usually hyphenated compounds are adopted. For example:The All-New MITSUBISHI Mirage Coupe MITSUBISHI Motor全新的三菱幻想双座轿车Home-baked taste by the spoonful Betty Crocker满口家常菜的味道2.2.2 Syntax in English Advertising Slogan1) Simple sentence is mostly used.Impossible Is Nothing ADIDAS 没有不可能Just Do It NIKE 只管去做2) To adopt interrogative and imperative sentence.Have you driven a Ford lately? FORD MOTOR 你最近开过福特车吗？Get the feeling Sports Illustrated 身临其境3) Disjunctive sentence.Yes.Avis is all over Asia Pacific. Avis Rent Car 是的。