The spin statistics theorem -- did Pauli get it right
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rXiv:quant-ph/0109137v2 14 Nov 2001Thespin-statisticstheorem—didPauligetitright?
PaulO’Hara
Dept.ofMathematics,NortheasternIllinoisUniversity,5500NorthSt.LouisAvenue,Chicago,IL60625-4699,USA.email:pohara@neiu.edu
Abstract
Inthisarticle,webeginwithareviewofPauli’sversionofthespin-statisticstheoremandthenshow,byre-definingtheparameterassociatedwiththeLie-Algebrastructureofangularmomentum,thatanotherinterpre-tationofthetheoremmaybegiven.Itwillbefoundthatthevanishingcommutatorandanticommutatorrelationshipscanbeassociatedwithinde-pendentanddependentprobabilityeventsrespectively,andnotspinvalue.Consequently,itgivesamoreintuitiveunderstandingofquantumfieldtheoryanditalsosuggeststhatthedistinctionbetweentimelikeandspacelikeeventsmightbebetterdescribedintermsoflocalandnon-localevents.Pacs:3.65,5.30,3.70.+k
1Introduction
InPauli’spaperof1940[5]thedistinctionbetweenbose-einsteinandfermi-dirac
statisticsismadeaccordingastowhetherthecommutatororanti-commutator
relationshipsvanishinexpression(20)ofhispaper.Inmodernterminology,we
wouldclaimthatbosonscannotbesecondquantizedasfermionsandvice-versa.
Thiscanalsobeseeninmodernformulationsofthespin-statisticstheoremwhere
[ψi(x),ψj(x′)]=0and{ψi(x),ψj(x′)}=0distinguishthetwotypesofstatistics,ac-
cordingastowhethertheyarevectororspinorfields[3].Moreover,asdirectcalcula-
tionshows,once{ψi(x),ψj(x′)}=0then[ψi(x),ψj(x′)]=0unlessψ(x)iψj(x′)=0.
Thistheoremisthenapplieddirectlytoparticlesystemsbyassociatingpar-
ticlesofintegralspinwithavanishingcommutatorrelationshipandparticlesof
half-integralspinwiththevanishinganticommutatorrelationship,fromwhichwe
concludethatallparticlesofintegralspinarebosonsandallparticlesofhalf-integral
spinarefermions.Howeveronfurtherinvestigation,werealizethatitistheidenti-
ficationofhalf-integerspinparticleswiththespinorrepresentationoftherotation
groupthateffectivelyforcesthedistinction.Inotherwords,ifwewereabletofind
aspinorrepresetationforparticlesofintegralspinthentheytoowouldhavethe
characteristicsoffermions,inaccordancewiththespin-statisticstheorem.
Iwouldliketosuggestthatbyre-definingtheparameteroftheLieAlgebra
associatedwithangularmomentum,thisinfactcanbedone.Moreover,Iwould
alsoliketosuggestthatthisisjustifiedforphotons,sincetheexpression“spin
1angularmomentum”isamisnomerwhenappliedtophotonsbutservesratherto
distinguishtwodifferentpolarizedstates.Consequently,inthisformalism,itisnot
spin-valuethatdetermineswhethertheparticlesobeyfermi-diracorbose-einstein
statisticsbutrathertheprobabilityrelationshipbetweenthem.
2AngularMomentumTheory
Intheusualdevelopmentofangularmomentumtheory,wedefine
L±=Lx±iLy.(1)
Wethenwrite
L2=L2x+L2y+L2z(2)
=L−L++L2z+Lz,(3)
fromwhichitfollowsthat
L2|l=l(l+1)|l,(4)
andthat|lisaneigenvectorofL2.Similarly,thebasisvectors|l...|l−nare
eigenvectorsofL2andLz.Becauseofthis,wedenotethebasisvectorsofL2,Lzby
|l,mwith−l≤m≤l.NowconsidertheoperatorL=L1+L2,whereL1and
L2areangularmomentumoperatorsasdefinedabove.Denotethebasisvectorsof
L2,Lzby|l1l2LM,where|l1−l2|≤L≤|l1+l2|.Inparticular,whenl1=l2denote
thejointstateby|llLM,thenwecanwrite[2]
|llLM=1
2√√Howthencantheabovetheorybeextendedtoincludespin1particleslikethe
photon?Asimpleremedycanbefoundprovidedweagreetore-definetheangular
momentumoperatorbySi=nLiwherenisaninteger,anddefinethesubsequent
LieAlgebraby
[Si,Sj]=inǫijkSk.(7)
Noteimmediatelythatwhenn=1weobtaintheusualrelationshipforspin1
2.Inparticularwhenn=2,weobtainthespinstructure
ofaphoton,withonlytwopermissiblestates,whicharedenotedby(1,0)and(0,1)
respectively.Also,ifweletn=2inthecommutatorrelationsofequation(6),then
therotationalpropertiesofapolarizedphotoncanbemodeledveryeffectivelyby
theSU(2)groupwithparametervector2θ,incontrasttosimilarpropertiesofan
electron(orneutrino)whichareassociatedwiththeSU(2)groupwithparameterθ.
Inotherwords,forphotonsandelectronsthegrouprepresentationsaregivenby
U2θ=eiθ.σandUθ=e(i/2)θ.σrespectively,whereσrepresentsthePaulispinmatri-
ces.Moreover,anSU(2)representationforthephotonpredictsafullangleformula,
incontrasttothehalf-angleformulaassociatedwiththespinoftheelectron(or
neutrino).Furthermore,aC-Gcalculationbasedonthecommutatorrelations(6)
appliedtophotons(seenextsection),naturallygivesrisetothetripletandsinglet
statedecompositionassociatedwithphotons(withoutanyneedofahelicityargu-
ment),incontrasttotheusualdecompositionassociatedwithtwospin1particles
withanobservablespin-0state.
33ClebschGordanCoefficientsforpairedphotons
anddeuterons
Beforereinterpretingthespin-statisticsfromtheperspectiveofthegeneralizedcom-
mutatorrelationsofangularmomentum,itisusefultoworkouttherespectivejoint
states|llSMforpairsofphotonsandpairsofdeuterons.
Considertwophotons.LetS=S1+S2representtheirjointspins,anddenote