The spin statistics theorem -- did Pauli get it right

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rXiv:quant-ph/0109137v2 14 Nov 2001Thespin-statisticstheorem—didPauligetitright?

PaulO’Hara

Dept.ofMathematics,NortheasternIllinoisUniversity,5500NorthSt.LouisAvenue,Chicago,IL60625-4699,USA.email:pohara@neiu.edu

Abstract

Inthisarticle,webeginwithareviewofPauli’sversionofthespin-statisticstheoremandthenshow,byre-definingtheparameterassociatedwiththeLie-Algebrastructureofangularmomentum,thatanotherinterpre-tationofthetheoremmaybegiven.Itwillbefoundthatthevanishingcommutatorandanticommutatorrelationshipscanbeassociatedwithinde-pendentanddependentprobabilityeventsrespectively,andnotspinvalue.Consequently,itgivesamoreintuitiveunderstandingofquantumfieldtheoryanditalsosuggeststhatthedistinctionbetweentimelikeandspacelikeeventsmightbebetterdescribedintermsoflocalandnon-localevents.Pacs:3.65,5.30,3.70.+k

1Introduction

InPauli’spaperof1940[5]thedistinctionbetweenbose-einsteinandfermi-dirac

statisticsismadeaccordingastowhetherthecommutatororanti-commutator

relationshipsvanishinexpression(20)ofhispaper.Inmodernterminology,we

wouldclaimthatbosonscannotbesecondquantizedasfermionsandvice-versa.

Thiscanalsobeseeninmodernformulationsofthespin-statisticstheoremwhere

[ψi(x),ψj(x′)]=0and{ψi(x),ψj(x′)}=0distinguishthetwotypesofstatistics,ac-

cordingastowhethertheyarevectororspinorfields[3].Moreover,asdirectcalcula-

tionshows,once{ψi(x),ψj(x′)}=0then[ψi(x),ψj(x′)]=0unlessψ(x)iψj(x′)=0.

Thistheoremisthenapplieddirectlytoparticlesystemsbyassociatingpar-

ticlesofintegralspinwithavanishingcommutatorrelationshipandparticlesof

half-integralspinwiththevanishinganticommutatorrelationship,fromwhichwe

concludethatallparticlesofintegralspinarebosonsandallparticlesofhalf-integral

spinarefermions.Howeveronfurtherinvestigation,werealizethatitistheidenti-

ficationofhalf-integerspinparticleswiththespinorrepresentationoftherotation

groupthateffectivelyforcesthedistinction.Inotherwords,ifwewereabletofind

aspinorrepresetationforparticlesofintegralspinthentheytoowouldhavethe

characteristicsoffermions,inaccordancewiththespin-statisticstheorem.

Iwouldliketosuggestthatbyre-definingtheparameteroftheLieAlgebra

associatedwithangularmomentum,thisinfactcanbedone.Moreover,Iwould

alsoliketosuggestthatthisisjustifiedforphotons,sincetheexpression“spin

1angularmomentum”isamisnomerwhenappliedtophotonsbutservesratherto

distinguishtwodifferentpolarizedstates.Consequently,inthisformalism,itisnot

spin-valuethatdetermineswhethertheparticlesobeyfermi-diracorbose-einstein

statisticsbutrathertheprobabilityrelationshipbetweenthem.

2AngularMomentumTheory

Intheusualdevelopmentofangularmomentumtheory,wedefine

L±=Lx±iLy.(1)

Wethenwrite

L2=L2x+L2y+L2z(2)

=L−L++L2z+Lz,(3)

fromwhichitfollowsthat

L2|l󰀌=l(l+1)|l󰀌,(4)

andthat|l󰀌isaneigenvectorofL2.Similarly,thebasisvectors|l󰀌...|l−n󰀌are

eigenvectorsofL2andLz.Becauseofthis,wedenotethebasisvectorsofL2,Lzby

|l,m󰀌with−l≤m≤l.NowconsidertheoperatorL=L1+L2,whereL1and

L2areangularmomentumoperatorsasdefinedabove.Denotethebasisvectorsof

L2,Lzby|l1l2LM󰀌,where|l1−l2|≤L≤|l1+l2|.Inparticular,whenl1=l2denote

thejointstateby|llLM󰀌,thenwecanwrite[2]

|llLM󰀌=1

2√√Howthencantheabovetheorybeextendedtoincludespin1particleslikethe

photon?Asimpleremedycanbefoundprovidedweagreetore-definetheangular

momentumoperatorbySi=nLiwherenisaninteger,anddefinethesubsequent

LieAlgebraby

[Si,Sj]=inǫijkSk.(7)

Noteimmediatelythatwhenn=1weobtaintheusualrelationshipforspin1

2.Inparticularwhenn=2,weobtainthespinstructure

ofaphoton,withonlytwopermissiblestates,whicharedenotedby(1,0)and(0,1)

respectively.Also,ifweletn=2inthecommutatorrelationsofequation(6),then

therotationalpropertiesofapolarizedphotoncanbemodeledveryeffectivelyby

theSU(2)groupwithparametervector2θ,incontrasttosimilarpropertiesofan

electron(orneutrino)whichareassociatedwiththeSU(2)groupwithparameterθ.

Inotherwords,forphotonsandelectronsthegrouprepresentationsaregivenby

U2θ=ei󰀐θ.σandUθ=e(i/2)󰀐θ.σrespectively,whereσrepresentsthePaulispinmatri-

ces.Moreover,anSU(2)representationforthephotonpredictsafullangleformula,

incontrasttothehalf-angleformulaassociatedwiththespinoftheelectron(or

neutrino).Furthermore,aC-Gcalculationbasedonthecommutatorrelations(6)

appliedtophotons(seenextsection),naturallygivesrisetothetripletandsinglet

statedecompositionassociatedwithphotons(withoutanyneedofahelicityargu-

ment),incontrasttotheusualdecompositionassociatedwithtwospin1particles

withanobservablespin-0state.

33ClebschGordanCoefficientsforpairedphotons

anddeuterons

Beforereinterpretingthespin-statisticsfromtheperspectiveofthegeneralizedcom-

mutatorrelationsofangularmomentum,itisusefultoworkouttherespectivejoint

states|llSM󰀌forpairsofphotonsandpairsofdeuterons.

Considertwophotons.LetS=S1+S2representtheirjointspins,anddenote