Classical entanglement of vector vortex beams
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Classicalentanglementofvectorvortexbeams
MelanieMcLarena,ThomasKonradbandAndrewForbesa
aSchoolofPhysics,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand,PrivateBag3,Johannesburg2050,
SouthAfrica;
bUniversityofKwazulu-Natal,PrivateBagX54001,Durban4000,SouthAfrica
ABSTRACT
Vectorbeamsaredefinedbyspatiallyinhomogeneousstatesofpolarization,thatis,thespatialdistributionand
polarizationstateofthebeamarenon-separable.Thesebeamshavefoundinterestinavarietyofopticalfields
suchasmicroscopy,interferometryandopticaltweezing.Itisthereforeimportanttodeterminethedegreeto
whichthesebeamsarenon-separableortodeterminethevectornessofsuchbeams.Weshowthatthenon-
separabilityofvectorbeamsisanalogoustothatofentangledquantumstatesandassuch,weusetraditionally
quantumtechniquessuchasaBellinequality,todeterminethevectornessofourgeneratedvectorvortexbeams.
Keywords:Vectorbeams,orbitalangularmomentum,polarization
1.INTRODUCTION
Lightbeamswithspatiallyinhomogeneousstatesofpolarization,referredtoasvectorbeams,haverecently
receivedincreasedinterestinavarietyoffields.Inparticular,cylindricallysymmetricvector(CV)beams
havetheabilitytoproducetighterfocalspots,findingapplicationsinmicroscopy,1interferometry2andoptical
tweezing.3ThelatteralsobenefitsfromthestrongerlongitudinalfieldsinCVbeams4wherealargegradientforce
iscreatedfromthestrongaxialcomponent.5CVmodeswerefirstdemonstratedinlasercavityresonators,6where
radiallypolarizedmodesweregenerated.Usinganopticalfiber,radially,azimuthallyandhybridpolarizedmodes
havealsobeendemonstrated.7Recently,generationmethodshaveincludedtheuseofliquidcrystaldisplays,8
interferometrictechniques9andq-plates.10
Thecouplingofpolarizationandspatialdistributioninvectormodesrequiresmethodsinwhicheitherone
orbothpropertiesaredetermined.Therehasbeenagreatdealofworkindeterminingthemodalcontentofa
beam.11–13Variousmodeanalysistechniqueshavebeendemonstratedmakinguseofnumericalroutines,14and
multi-modeinterference,15aswellasmodaldecompositionusingthecorrelationfiltermethodtostudyoptical
fibres16,17andorbitalangularmomentumdistributions.18,19
ThestateofpolarizationofabeamiscommonlymeasuredusingStokespolarimetrywhere,ateachpointof
thebeam,thepolarizationorientationandellipticitycanbecalculated.20Stokespolarimetryhasalsobeenused
onpropagatingbeamstoreconstructthewavefronts,allowingthemovementofopticalvorticestobeobserved.21
Stokespolarimetryhasbeenusedtostudythepolarizationtopologicalstructuresfordifferentvectorvortex
beams10andhasbeenusedtodemonstratetheself-healingpropertyofvectorBesselbeams,notonlyinintensity
butalsothespatialinhomogeneousstatesofpolarization.22
Avectormodecanbeeasilydistinguishedfromitsscalarcounterpartbyobservingtheeffectofapolarizeron
thespatialdistributionofthemode.Ascalarbeamincidentonapolarizerwillleavethespatialdistributionof
thebeamunaffectedandsimplevarytheintensityofthefield.Thespatialdistributionofavectormodeonthe
otherhand,willbealtereddependingontheorientationofthepolarizer.Figure1showstheeffectofapolarizer
orientatedtotransmithorizontallypolarizedlightonthespatialdistributionsoftwodifferentvectorbeams:
radiallyandazimuthallypolarized.TheresultantmodesinFig.1(c)and(f)arebothhorizontallypolarizedbut
havedifferentspatialdistributions.
Furtherauthorinformation:(SendcorrespondencetoA.F.)A.F.:E-mail:andrew.forbes@wits.ac.za,Telephone:+27117176848
Laser Beam Shaping XVI, edited by Andrew Forbes, Todd E. Lizotte, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9581958106 · © 2015 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/15/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2187915Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9581 958106-1
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 09/03/2015 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
Figure1.Schematicshowingthespatialdependencyofavectorbeamonthepolarizationstate.Threedifferentmodes,(a)ascalar,verticallypolarizedvortexmode,(b)Aradiallypolarizedvectorbeamand(c)anazimuthallypolarizedvectorbeam,incidentonapolarizerorientedtotransmithorizontallypolarizedlightproducethreedifferentresults:(d)nomeasuredintensity,(e)twopetalsorientatedalongthehorizontalaxisand(f)twopetalsorientatedalongtheverticalaxis.
Hereweemployedmeasurementtechniquesmorecommonlyassociatedwithquantumentanglementexper-
imentstodeterminethedegreetowhichavectorbeamisnon-separableinspatialmodeandpolarization,in
otherwords,thedegreeofvectornessofthefield.JustasaBellinequalitymeasurementdistinguishesbetween
quantumandclassicalcorrelationsinthefieldofentanglement,23adifferentiationbetweenapurelyscalarand
vectorbeamcanalsobedemonstrated.Thatis,aviolationofaBell-typeinequalityindicatesavectorbeam.
Afullstatetomography,24torecoverthedensitymatrixofthefield,allowsthedegreetowhichthefieldisa
vectorbeamtobecalculated.Inanentanglementsetup,separateprojectionsofthesamepropertyareperformed