肿瘤专业术语简写

7. Oncology 肿瘤科Conditions & Diagnoses状况及诊断Adenocarcinoma 腺癌Adenoma 腺瘤Astrocytoma 星形细胞瘤Atheroma 粉瘤 / 动脉粥瘤Brain tumour 脑肿瘤Cachexia 恶病质Carcinoma 癌Carcinoma, adenosquamous 腺鳞癌Carcinoma, basal cell 基底细胞癌Carcinoma, embryonal 胚胎癌Carcinoma, epidermoid 表皮样癌Carcinoma, squamous cell 鳞状细胞癌Carcinoma, transitional cell 过渡上皮细胞癌Chondroblastoma 软骨母细胞瘤Chondroma 软骨瘤Chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤Choriocarcinoma 绒毛膜癌Embryonal sarcoma 胚胎肉瘤Endothelioma 内皮细胞瘤Erythema 红斑Fibroma 纤维瘤Fibromyoma 纤维肌瘤Fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤Glioblastoma 神经胶母细胞瘤Haemangioendothelioma 血管内皮瘤Haemangioma 血管瘤Haemangiosarcoma 血管肉瘤Hyperplasia 增殖过盛Hysteromyomas 子宫平滑肌瘤Irradiation sickness 辐射病Latent 潜伏性Leiomyosarcoma 平滑肌肉瘤Leukaemia 白血病Lipoma 脂肪瘤Liposarcoma 脂肪肉瘤Lymphangioendothelioma 淋巴管内皮瘤Lymphangioma 淋巴管瘤Lymphangiosarcoma 淋巴管肉瘤Lymphoma 淋巴瘤Lymphosarcoma 淋巴肉瘤Marrow depression 骨髓抑制Melanoma 黑色素瘤Meningioma 脑脊膜瘤Metastasis 转移 / 扩散Myeloma 骨髓瘤Myeloma, multiple 多发性骨髓瘤Myxosarcoma 黏液肉瘤Neoplasm / Tumour 肿(赘)瘤Nephroblastoma / Wilm’s tumour 肾胚细胞瘤 / 威耳姆氏瘤Neuroblastoma 神经母细胞瘤Neurofibroma 神经纤维瘤Neurofibrosarcoma 神经纤维肉瘤Neurogenic sarcoma 神经性肉瘤Neuroglioma 神经胶质瘤Neuroma 神经瘤Oligodendroglioma 少突胶质细胞瘤Osteogenic sarcoma 骨性肉瘤Osteoma 骨瘤Osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤Reticulum cell sarcoma 网状细胞肉瘤Rhabdomyosarcoma 横纹肌肉瘤Sarcoma 肉瘤Spongioblastoma 成胶质细胞瘤Staging of tumour 肿瘤分期Staging, clinical 临床分期Teratoma 畸胎瘤Tumour 肿瘤Tumour, benign 良性肿瘤Tumour, Ewing's 尤汶氏瘤Tumour, malignant 恶性肿瘤Investigations, Treatment & Operations检查, 疗法及手术Adjuvant therapy 辅助治疗Bence Jones test 凝溶蛋白试验Biopsy 活组织检验Biopsy, aspiration (needle) 针吸式活组织检验Biopsy, excisional 割除性活组织检验Biopsy, incisional 切开式活组织检验Biopsy, punch 钳取式活组织检验Body scan 全身扫描Brachytherapy 近距疗法Cancer prevention 肿瘤预防Cancer survey 肿瘤普查Carcino-embryonic antigen 癌胚抗原Cesium 铯Chemotherapy 化学(药物)疗法Cobalt 钴Counter, scintillation 闪光计算器Counter, whole body 全身性计算器Curie 居里Cytology 细胞检验 / 细胞学External irradiation 体外放射Filling defect 充盈缺损Film badge 感光胶片徽章Fluororadiography 萤光摄影Frozen section 冷冻切片检验Gold 金Half life 半衰期Immunotherapy 免疫疗法Interstitial irradiation 组织间放射Intracavitary irradiation 腔内放射Iodine 碘Iridium 铱Linear accelerator 直线加速器Microcurie 微居里Millicurie 毫居里Operation, palliative 舒减(姑息)手术Operation, radical 根治手术Phosphorus 磷Plant alkaloids 植物类碱Rad 雷得Radiation reaction 放射反应Radioactive scans 放射元素扫描Radiodiagnostics 放射诊断术Radioimmunoassay 放射线免疫分析法Radioisotopes 放射性同位素Radiological tests 放射检验Radiosensitivity 放射敏感性Radiotherapy 放射治疗Radiotherapy, after-loading 后装置放射治疗Radiotherapy, pre-loading 前装置放射治疗Radium 镭Radon 氡Scintillation detector 闪光侦检器Simulator 模拟机Teletherapy 远距疗法Tomography 断层摄影Tracer dose 描记剂量Yttrium 钇adenocarcinoma || 腺管上皮：腺癌adrenal cortical carcinoma || 肾上腺皮质：肾上腺皮质癌American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging；AJCC || 美国癌症分期联合委员会angiosarcoma || 血管内皮：血管肉瘤basal cell carcinoma || 基底细胞：基底细胞癌calcitonin || 抑钙素carcinoembryonic antigen；CEA || 癌胚抗原carcinoma || 恶性上皮肿瘤Carcinoma in situ || 原位癌catecholamine || 儿茶酚胺chondrosarcoma || 软骨：软骨肉瘤choriocarcinoma || 胎盘上皮：绒毛膜癌direct extension || 直接蔓延dysgerminoma || 恶性胚胎瘤Dysplasia || 异生fetoprotein；AFP || 胎蛋白fibrosarcoma || 纤维组织：纤维肉瘤FIGO：International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics || 国际妇产科学联盟glioma || 神经胶细胞：神经胶细胞瘤hematogenous metastasis || 血行转移hepatocellular carcinoma；hepatoma || 肝细胞：肝细胞癌histopathological grading || 组织病理分化human chorionic gonadotropin；HCG || 人类绒毛膜促性腺素immature teratoma || 全能细胞：未成熟畸胎瘤International Union against Cancer；UICC || 国际防癌联盟Invasive carcinoma || 侵袭癌leiomyosarcoma || 平滑肌：平滑肌肉瘤leukemia || 造血细胞：白血病liposarcoma || 脂肪组织：脂肪肉瘤lymphangiosarcoma || 淋巴管内皮：淋巴管肉瘤lymphatic metastasis || 淋巴转移lymphoma || 类淋巴组织：淋巴瘤malignant melanoma || 神经外胚层：恶性黑色素瘤malignant meningioma || 脑膜：恶性脑膜瘤malignant mesothelioma || 间皮：恶性间皮瘤malignant mixed tumor || 唾液腺：恶性混合瘤malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor，malignant schwannoma || 神经鞘：恶性周边神经鞘肿瘤malignant pheochromocytoma || 肾上腺髓质：恶性嗜铬细胞瘤malignant phyllodes tumor || 乳房：恶性叶状瘤malignant teratoma || 恶性畸胎瘤metastasis || 远处转移Microinvasive carcinoma || 微侵袭癌mild dysplasia || 轻度异生moderate dysplasia || 中度异生moderately differentiated || 中度分化myeloma || 浆细胞：骨髓瘤neuroblastoma || 神经节细胞：神经母细胞瘤neuroblastoma || 神经母细胞瘤neuron-specific enolase；NSE || 神经特异性烯醇node || 淋巴结oma || 良性肿瘤osteosarcoma || 硬骨：骨肉瘤poorly differentiated || 分化不良prostate-specific antigen；PSA || 前列腺特异性抗原prostatic acid phosphatase；PAP || 前列腺酸性磷酸renal cell carcinoma || 肾脏上皮：肾细胞癌rhabdomyosarcoma || 横纹肌：横纹肌肉瘤sarcoma || 恶性间叶肿瘤seminoma || 生殖细胞：精细胞瘤severe dysplasia || 重度异生squamous cell carcinoma || 鳞状上皮：鳞状细胞癌stage || 期别synovial sarcoma || 滑膜：滑膜肉瘤thymic carcinoma || 胸腺上皮：胸腺癌transitional cell carcinoma || 泌尿道上皮：过渡细胞癌tumor marker || 临床检验：含肿瘤标记undifferentiated || 未分化well differentiated || 分化良好melanoma || 癌症黑素瘤renaleelI || 肾细胞癌ova-rian || 卵巢癌neuroblastoma || 神经母细胞瘤cerebroma || 脑瘤lung cancer || 肺癌hepatoma ；liver cancer || 肝癌breast carcinoma || 乳腺癌colon cancer || 结肠癌prostatic csarcinoma || 前列腺癌mesothelioma || 间皮瘤leukemia || 自细胞瘤lymphoma || 淋巴肉瘤multiple myeIoma || 多发性骨髓瘤SCID || 严重复合免疫缺失症Cysticfibrosis || 囊性纤维变性家族性脾性贫血|| Gauchers病Familialhypercholesterolemia || 家族性胆固醇过多症HemophiIia || 血友病Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency || 嫖吟核苦酸磷酸酸缺乏症Alpha- Iantitrypsin deficiency || a-抗甲状腺素缺乏症Fanconi sanemia || Fanconis贫血症Hunterssyndrome || 亨特氏综合症医学放射生物学(Medical Radiobiology)词汇medical radiobiology <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 医学放射生物学absorbed dose <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 吸收剂量absorbed dose rate <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 吸收剂量率absorption <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 吸收,吸收作用acentric fragment <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 无着丝点片段acentric ring <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 无着丝点环acute radiation injury <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 急性放射损伤aneuploid <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 非整倍体apoptosis <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 程序性细胞死亡,凋落,凋亡Auger electron <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 俄歇电子banding technique <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 分带技术biological dosimeter <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 生物剂量仪bremsstrahlung <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 轫致辐射bone marrow form acute radiation sickness <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 骨髓型急性放射病centric ring <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 着丝点环deterministic effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 肯定性效应direct effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 直接作用effective dose <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 有效剂量electron capture <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 电子俘获electron pair production <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 电子对生成 endoreduplication <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 核内复制excitation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 激发，兴奋exchange hypothesis <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 互换假说exposure <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 暴露（接触）exposure rate <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 照射量率external exposure <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 外照射extrapolation number <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 外推值fractionation of radiation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 分次照射gene mutation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 基因突变genetic effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology>hemopoietic and blood system <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 造血和血液系统hemopoietic stem cell <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology>human radiation cytogenetics <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 人体辐射细胞遗传学 indirect effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 间接作用internal contamination <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 内污染internal exposure <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 内照射interphase death <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 间期死亡interstitial deletion <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 中间缺失ionization <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 电离ionization density <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 电离密度ionizing radiation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 电离辐射isotope <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 同位素local radiation injury <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 局部性放射损伤mean lethal dose <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 平均致死剂量medical radiobiology <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 医学放射生物学minute <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 分，微小体mutagen <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 诱变剂mutation rate <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 突变率neutron <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 中子nucleon <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 核子nuclide <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 核素nuclear decay <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 核衰变oxygen effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 氧效应paracentric inversion <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 臂内倒位pericentric inversion <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 臂间倒位period of preimplantation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 胚胎植入前期period of organogenesis <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 器官形成期photoelectric effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 光电效应polyploid <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 多倍体primary effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 原发作用proliferative death <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 增殖死亡protection effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 防护效应proton <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 质子radiation carcinogenesis <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 辐射致癌作用radiation cataract <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 放射性白内障radioactive nuclide <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 放射性核素radioactivity <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 放射性活度radiolysis <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 辐射分解radiosensitivity <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 放射敏感性reciprocal translocation <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 相互易位rejoin <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 重接restitution <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 愈合somatic effect <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 躯体效应S phase delay <医学放射生物学Medical Radiobiology> 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肿瘤治疗常用术语肿瘤治疗是指应用各种方法来治疗恶性肿瘤的过程。

在肿瘤治疗领域，有许多常用术语，理解这些术语对于患者和家属来说非常重要。

下面将介绍一些常见的肿瘤治疗术语。

1. 手术治疗手术治疗是指通过外科手术切除肿瘤组织的方法。

手术是最常见的肿瘤治疗方法之一，适用于早期肿瘤或者需要紧急处理的情况。

通过手术可以彻底清除肿瘤，并取得明确的病理结果。

2. 化疗化疗是使用抗肿瘤药物治疗恶性肿瘤的方法。

化疗可以通过口服、静脉注射、注射泵等途径进行。

化疗的原理是通过抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和杀死已经存在的肿瘤细胞。

化疗可以用于治疗早期和晚期肿瘤，也可以用于术前或术后辅助治疗。

3. 放疗放疗是利用电离辐射杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞的方法。

放疗可以通过外部照射或内部放射源的方式进行。

放疗可以用于治疗早期和晚期肿瘤，也可以用于术前或术后辅助治疗。

放疗的副作用包括疲劳、皮肤反应、恶心等。

4. 靶向治疗靶向治疗是利用针对肿瘤细胞特定靶点的药物来治疗恶性肿瘤的方法。

靶向治疗可以通过影响肿瘤细胞的生长和分化来达到治疗的效果。

靶向治疗可以减少对正常细胞的伤害，并提高治疗的效果。

常见的靶向治疗药物包括激酶抑制剂、抗血管生成药物等。

5. 免疫治疗免疫治疗是利用激活患者自身免疫系统来攻击肿瘤细胞的方法。

免疫治疗可以通过增强免疫功能或者抑制肿瘤细胞对免疫系统的抑制来达到治疗的效果。

免疫治疗的方法包括细胞免疫疗法、肿瘤疫苗、免疫检查点抑制剂等。

6. 基因治疗基因治疗是利用基因工程技术来改变患者的基因结构或者功能以治疗肿瘤的方法。

基因治疗可以通过插入或删除特定基因来影响肿瘤细胞的生长和分化。

基因治疗是一种新兴的治疗方法，目前仍在研究和探索中。

7. 脑膜癌脑膜癌是指发生在脑膜上的恶性肿瘤。

脑膜癌常见的症状包括头痛、恶心、呕吐等。

治疗方法包括手术切除、化疗、放疗等。

8. 白血病白血病是一类恶性肿瘤，起源于造血干细胞。

白血病可以分为急性白血病和慢性白血病两种类型。

肿瘤病理学名词解释
1. 肿瘤类型
肿瘤是指细胞异常增生形成的新生物，根据肿瘤起源的不同，可以分为以下几种类型:
- 上皮性肿瘤：起源于上皮细胞，如鳞状细胞癌、腺癌等。

- 间叶性肿瘤：起源于间叶细胞，如纤维瘤、脂肪瘤等。

- 恶性淋巴瘤：起源于淋巴细胞，如霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤等。

- 血液肿瘤：起源于造血细胞，如白血病、淋巴瘤等。

- 胚外组织肿瘤：起源于胚外组织，如神经母细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤等。

2. 肿瘤分级
肿瘤分级是根据肿瘤的恶性程度进行分类，通常分为以下三级: - 良性肿瘤：生长缓慢，局限在原位，不侵犯周围组织和器官，通常不会转移。

- 恶性肿瘤：生长迅速，侵犯周围组织和器官，容易转移至远处器官。

- 低度恶性肿瘤：介于良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤之间，生长速度较慢，但容易复发和转移。

3. 肿瘤分期
肿瘤分期是根据肿瘤的大小、侵犯范围、转移情况等因素进行分类，通常分为以下四期:
- I 期：肿瘤仅限于原发部位，无转移。

- II 期：肿瘤侵犯周围组织，但无远处转移。

- III 期：肿瘤侵犯周围组织，并有远处转移。

- IV 期：肿瘤广泛侵犯周围组织，或有多处远处转移。

4. 病理学术语
- 浸润：肿瘤细胞突破基底膜，侵犯周围组织。

- 转移：肿瘤细胞经淋巴道、血道等途径传播到远处器官。

- 侵袭：肿瘤细胞突破基底膜，侵犯周围组织，但尚未转移。

- 分化：肿瘤细胞与正常细胞相似的程度，分化越高，恶性度越低。

- 异型性：肿瘤细胞与正常细胞差异的程度，异型性越大，恶性度越高。

O n c o l o g y肿瘤学(z h o n g l i u x u e)Oncologist肿瘤科医师(zhong liu ke yi shi)A physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cancer.Carcinoma癌(ai)，癌瘤(ai liu)Carcinoma is the most common form of cancer. This cancer develops from epithelia上皮细胞(shang pi xi bao)(sheets of cells that cover a surface, such a the skin, or line a body cavity, such as the glandular lining of stomach). Some names for tumors of this type would be:Carcinoma of the prostate前列腺癌科(qian lie xian liu ke)Adenocarcinoma of the lung肺腺癌(fei xian ai) 肺病(fei bing)Hepatocellular carcinoma肝细胞癌(gan xi bao ai)Sarcoma肉瘤(rou liu), 恶性毒瘤(er xing du liu)A rare form of cancer that arises from connective and supportive tissues, such as that seen in thebone marrow 骨髓(gu sui) , muscle, and lymphatics淋巴系统. (lin ba xi tong)Osteosarcoma (malignancy of bone) 骨肉瘤(gu rou liu), multiple myeloma (malignancy of bone marrow) 骨髓瘤(gu rou liu) are two examples. The term sarcoma does not always appear in the name as in the second example.Malignant恶性的(e xing de) vs. Benign良性的(liang xing de)Literally, the Malignant vs. Benign expression means “evil” versus “good”. Malignant is the term used when a cancer or a medical condition has the potentioal to become life threating or terminal. Benign, on the other hand, means that the disease is not fatal. Advanced malignancy 减轻的(jie qin de) is when a cancer is well developed.Radiosensitive 对放射线敏感的(fa she min gan)The cancer degenerates退化(tui hua) in response to radiation therapy.Radioresistant 辐射阻抗的(fa she xian zu kang de)Cancer is slow to respond or may not respond at all to radiation therapy.Metastasis转移(zhuan yi)The placement of cancer in other organs or tissues other then the origin 起源(qi yuan) is called metastasis and the traveling of the cancer to other areas of the body to form new tumors is termed Metastasize转移(zhuan yi). This Invasive入侵的(ru qin de) quality of a tumor to spread into surrounding organs is a manor differentiation between malignant and benign.In remission免除(mian chu)This is the term that indicates a time period of holding the cancer in check 被阻止(.bei zu zh i).Relapse复发(bu fa)When a cancer returns, the patient is said to relapse. Unfortunately, many cancers, such as leukemia (Overabundance of white blood cells) 白血病(Bai xue bing), recur.Carcinogens良性肿瘤(liang xing zhong liu)Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents. Broad categories include radiation exposure, chemicals, drugs and viruses. Only certain types of chemicals, drugs and viruses are carcinogens and excessive radiation exposure. Environmental chemicals found in tobacco smoke and automotive exhaust, toxic emissions from factory smokestacks, and asbestos exposure can be carcinogenic致癌物(质) 的(zhi ai wu zhi de). Human Papilloma virus 乳突淋瘤病毒(ru tu linliu bing du) is the major cause of cervical子宫颈的(zi gong jing de) cancer.Fractionation 低剂量分次给药(di ji liang fen ci gei yao)Repeated low doses of radiation therapy that allow a higher total doseMyelosuppressionA side effect副作用(fu zuo yong) of chemotherapy is the reduction of bone marrow 骨髓(gu ge) blood cell replacement. Patients may complain of extreme fatigue due to anemia 贫血(pin xie) and can be at an increased risk for infectious diseases 传染病(chuan ran bing) due to the reduced number of leucocytes白血病. (bai xie bing). Chemotherapeutic agents 化学疗法(hua xue liao fa)Chemotherapy化学疗法(hua xue liao fa) has the goal of killing or stopping the development of rapidly dividing cells. Examples are Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Bleomycin博来霉素(bo lai mei su), 5-fluorouraci 5氟尿嘧啶(fu niao mi ding), methotrexate甲氨蝶呤(jia an die ling), Vincristine长春新碱(chang chun xin jia), Vinblastine长春碱(chang chun jian), Taxol and Tamoxifen三苯氧胺(san ben yang an). Since the same mechanism that kills a malignant cell or blocks development of a malignant cell can have similar effects on a normal, rapidly dividing cell, any of these agents can have bad side effects. Some forms of cancer treated with chemotherapy may cause the cancer to “disappear” for a while although not cured and the patient may be symptom free sometimes for months or years. Malignant melanoma 恶性黑素瘤(e xing hei su liu)Melanoma 黑素瘤(hei su liu) 皮膚癌(pi tu ai), 澳洲皮膚癌(ao zhou pi tu ai) or "black mole cancer" is the name given to the most dangerous form of skin cancer皮肤癌(pi fu ai) it is malignant melanoma惡性黑素瘤(e xing hei su liu),. The reason melanoma is so dangerous is that once it grows to a certain thickness, it metastasizes throughout the body. After the melanoma has spread to the internal organs there is little that can be done and death follows shortly after. This type of cancer tends to occur in men and women in the prime of their lives最初的(zui chu de), 青春(qing chun),精华(jing hua).Adjuvant therapy 辅助疗法(fu zhu liao fa)After surgical removal of the cancer there are additional treatments, which may include chemotherapy, radiation, or combination of both.Cryosurgery 冷冻术(leng dong shu)Destroying malignant tissue by freezing it with a cold probe. Often used for soft tissues like the liver.Fulguration 电灼疗法(dian zhuo liao fa)This term means “lightning” in Latin. Malignant tissue destroyed with an electrocautery电烙术(dian lao shu) instrument.Excisional Biopsy 切除(qie chu) 活组织检查(hua zu ji jian cha)Removal of tumor and a safe margin of normal tissue is how an excisional biopsy is performed. Can be curative for many cancers if done before metastases活组织检查(huo zu ji jian cha), 活组织切片检查(huo zu ji qie pian jian cha).En bloc resection 清扫术(qing shao shu)Removal of the tumor and a large amount of surrounding tissue including positive lymph nodes淋巴结(lin ba jie) is called an en bloc resection.Palliative treatment缓解治疗(huan jie zhi liao)Gives relief of symptoms, but does not cure and is reserved for advanced malignancy。