英国Dissertation毕业论文写作前论

IntroductionGenerally speaking, the purpose of an introduction is to introduce the topic of the writing and to create interest on the part of the readers. It can be as short as a sentence or a paragraph and as long as an entire chapter, depending on the length andcomplexity of the writing. The introduction chapter of your dissertation or thesis is theone in which you provide all of the basic information that the reader will need to understand the dissertation which is to follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction chapter.I General functions of introduction1. introducing the subject:The author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.2. limiting the research scope (Establish and Narrow the topic)Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope (the limits within which you treat the subject) can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly. Your introduction should direct the readers to a specific focus.There are a number of expressions used to limit the scope of work:The problem is within the scope of …The problem under discussion is within the scope of …Studies of these effects covered various aspects of …Our studies with this technique are confined to only one particular aspect …The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differsfrom …The subject is concerned chiefly with the study of …The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of …The approach under study is only applied to …The problem I have referred tofalls within thefield of …The theory cannot apply to other cases of …The emphasis of this paper is to survey …3. stating the general purposeThe task is to inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of his research. To start writing your introduction chapter, come up with a simple one sentence summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of your thesis expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the reader what the topic of the research paper is and what you hope to achieve.4. showing the writing arrangementThe logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary. The best place for this information can be found at the end of the introduction.It is supposed to give the reader a sense of how the dissertation will be organized. Provide some kind of chapter by chapter breakdown to tell the reader what can be expected so that the reader will be able to scan the paper at first and have a good sense of what ended up happening. Use solid principles of organization throughout your paper, in addition to hitting all the above topics in your introductory paragraph, to make your dissertation as readable as possible.Expressions used to indicate the organization of the information include:This paper is divided intofive major sections asfollows …Sections one of this paper opens with …Section three develops the second hypotheses on …In this paper, data and results are presented under the major heading of …Sectionfour shows (introduces, reveals, treats, deals with, develops, etc) …The result of… is given in the last sectio n.Thefifth section provides an exposition that places the primary emphasis on …In thefollowing, a wide range of test data are reported …II. Structural features of introduction and some idiomatic expressions 1. starting with the research background (Literature review)To orient the reader, the pertinent(related) literature(文献) should be reviewed in writing a professional paper. The research background is usually given in the section of introduction accompanied by the recent development in this field. That is to answer the question“what have been done? ”You can talk about the background of the project. How did you choose the project? What kind of greater historical context does the research that you are engaged in exist within? You may want to talk about any related experiments or research that specific people have done in the past, including landmark research cases which are related to the topic at hand. This gives the reader a sense of how your research fits into the greater scheme of things, and lets the reader compare what you are about to present to the research which they may or may not already be familiar with from leading figures in the history of the field.Some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction are:Over the past several decades, …Somebody reported …The previous work on … has indicated tha t …Recent experiments by … have suggeste d …In most studies of…, … has been emphasized with attention being given to …Industrial use of… is becoming increasingly common.There have been afew studies highlighting …It is well known that …2. transiting to the existing problem (investigation needed/gap )Authors usually transit to the main problem to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved. That is to answer the question“what have not been done? ”The following are expressions often used to present existing problems:Great progress has been made in thisfield, but (however, nevertheless, etc.) …Also, the consideration of … alone cannot explain the observedfact that …A part of the explanation could lie in … however, …The study of… gives rise to two main difficulties: one is …, the other i s …Despite the recent progress reviewed in …, there is no generally accepted theory concerning …From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither … nor … are known.Sofar there is not enough convincing evidence showing …The data available in literaturefailed to prove that …The theory of… did not explain how much modifications aros e.No direct outcome was then reported in …Until now, not any experiment in this area has suggested that …Until now, nofield experiments of … have been reported.No clear advancement has sofar been seen in …The methods we use differs greatlyfrom the one reported ten years ago.3. focusing on the present research (Purpose /value of your research)On the basis of reviewing the previous research, especially unfolding or displaying the weak points of the previous work to be overcome or existing problems to be solved, the author may gradually and naturally turn the reader’s attention to the present research, by stating his primary research objectives, novel ideas, advanced methods, new materials, fresh factors, etc. that is to answer the question“what am I going to d o? ”Now tell the reader what your hypothesis is, as well as your basic reasons for believing in the hypothesis. How does your knowledge of the reality of the field make you lean towards one hypothesis or another? Explain to the reader how you will be able to prove or disprove the hypothesis that you set out with through the course of your research. Talk about any particular relevant issues that could affect the course of the research, or any basic questions or problems that people might have regarding the topic and how you will go about your research process. Try to anticipate how people will react to your hypothesis and make sure that you are able to start your project on a strong heading. It may be best to have the opening paragraph of your thesis reviewed before you embark on the research process, to make sure that you are on the right track (or at least that the track makes sense to others) before you set off and put a lot of effort into collecting data.Expressions to be used to introduce the present work:In this paper, … is investigated(studied, discussed, presented, etc.)The present work deals mainly with …We repot here … in the presence of…This paper reports on …On the basis of existing literature data, we carried out studies in an effort to …The present study will thereforefocus on …The primary goal of this research is …The purpose of this paper is …In this paper, we aim at …III. ways to begin an introductionnarrative: to begin with an anecdote or a brief story that somehow illuminates the thesis, effective in catching the reader ’s attentio n descriptive: to provide an effective lead to the discussion of the subject by explaining ,illustrating or giving a bit of backgroundpreparatory: to begin with an explanation or definition of the subject to prepare for a discussion in detail in the body of the essay inquisitive: pose provocative questions to simulate the reader ’s interestcorrective: to put a common belief or show how the subject has been misunderstoods tating a problem: begin with the statement of the problem and proceed to discuss the solutiongiving a surprising fact or statistics: to grab the reader ’s attentionusing a striking quote: to use surprising quote from a well-known book or person and lead to the discussion of the topic。

英国论文辅导-英国环球论文
我们很多在国外留学的同学，对于论文写作应该都是比较头疼的，尤其是才开始去到英国留学的同学们就更加比较紧张了，因为没有完全的适应国外的教学制度，又对于全部是用英文来写作，不能完全理解语法的运用，以及文章采用什么样的格式，这样会使得大多数同学十分苦恼，会想要有一个随时随地可以咨询和帮助的朋友，那么，英国环球论文将是成为你在英国留学期间最忠诚的朋友。

英国环球论文从2006年到现在已经为很多在国外的留学生们提供过帮助，在留学生朋友中也有着良好的口碑和信誉，很多的留学生朋友从在国外留学开始我们就提供咨询和辅导，直至他们大学毕业。

环球论文也承诺给到每一位同学写作的都是百分百原创的论文，因为我们知道在英国如果抄袭是多么严重。

同时，我们也可以给予完全透明化的服务，只为了同学们可以将论文交由我们写作辅导英国环球论文的赞美来自于我们同真心诚意的交流服务，我们的信心来自于我们拥有由各个国家，各个高校的优秀的博士、硕士、教授所组成的写作团体。

我们的底气来自于合理、优惠的价格。

各种专业的Essay，Dissertation，Assignment，Report，Bibliography，Test，Course work，Group work是我们的强项，我们坚信，在英国环球论文这里，我们不仅可以提供最好的咨询服务和辅导，还会与你成为更好的朋友。

不论你在任何时候，有任何有关于论文写作的问题想要咨询和辅导，欢迎随时咨询英国环球论文，我们全程24小时在线服务。

英国优越论文网从事论文写作辅导工作十几年了，口碑非常好，是留学生论文写作辅导的领先品牌；留学生课业繁多，优越论文网见证了莘莘学子的辛劳和成绩，已经帮助了十几万留学生解决了课业负担。

优越论文网在辅导方面范围非常广泛，包括留学生的论文作业-coursework、期末论文作业和毕业论文，有各种留学文书，PS个人陈述、CV个人简历、推荐信（学术和工作）、成绩单和各种材料的翻译，以上都有全程辅导和修改。

其中在辅导论文作业的领域上更是十分专业和广泛，文科、理科、工科、商科、艺术等皆可。

在辅导质量上优越论文只有进步，从未出过任何差错，辅导老师都是国外知名大学毕业的研究生和博士生。

以下是一篇2000字的关于金融专业投资组合的经典文章范例：Report on Portfolio Investment Creation-based on 30 component stocks of DIJAExecutive SummaryThis report draws attention to offer stock investment suggestions for two investors who have different risk preferences, namely, high risk-aversion and high risk-appetite basing on investment portfolio creation. The asset-pool is the 30 component stocks of Dow Jones Industrial Average. The essence of portfolio construction of this report is based on two parts ……IntroductionThis report aims to provide a stock portfolio suggestion for two investors who have different risk preferences, namely, high risk-aversion and high risk-appetite, basing on the stock components of Dow Jones Industry Average (DJIA). In order to create appropriate investment portfolios for investors, this report combines ……以上就是本篇文章的精彩片段剪辑，在优越论文网辅导过的学生论文无不通过的，尤其是抄袭率，因为优越论文网辅导老师交出的稿子都是用最官方的Turn it in系统检测过的，抄袭率都在5%以下，有的甚至是0.要了解更多的英文论文写作方面的技巧及相关信息，可以随时联系优越论文网的客服老师或者访问官网.。

关于英国硕士论文的字数要求
关于英国硕士论文的字数要求
英国的硕士论文的字数要求一般是多少，才能达标。

是不是觉得在众多种类的论文面前是不是觉得写作英文论文真的好难，其实论文也是分等级的。

不同阶段的论文的字数也是不同的。

英国硕士论文字数一般来说，1000字以下的是一些小作业，硕士生也会做一些课堂小作业，课件等，essay，assignment一般1000-3000字，本科毕业论文3000-5000字，硕士毕业论文一般5000字到两三万字，dissertation一般万字以上，有的属于博士级别的论文。

关于英国硕士论文的字数，每个学校每个专业都有不同的要求与规划。

大多是一个学术要求的范畴。

另外一个问题，写这多字，何时能完成?如何能完成?
譬如有留学生提问：Ed硕士毕业要15000英文，我算了下相当于30000左右的'中文，一年能行吗?
那个我要写的是硕士论文只从一个角度切入字数会不够吧绩效管理庞大到一些就写出3万字左右吗?
笔者觉得这个问题的答案因人而异。

论文的写作字数其实也是因人而异的，因为有的人写作的很好，写了很少的字数老师也给了高分，但是有些人写作了很多的字数却还是低分，其实主要还是看质量，所以在写作英国硕士论文的时候一定要注意写作质量。

研究型英文论文字数英国毕业论文是每位硕士留学生都必须要经历的一项作业，不少同学在得知老师的要求之后，瞬间就没有了头绪，以至于对英国毕业论文格式和字数完全抛之脑后。

英国毕业论文Dissertation（有的人也称之thesis，其实确切的的还是dissertation，thesis一般指博士论文）一般分为实现型和非实验型的两种。

一般而言，学校对毕业论文的字数要求是大于一万五千字但一般不建议超过两万。

就一万五千字的毕业论文而言，其实论文的结构都有一定的要求了。

实验性的研究(empirical research)论文，他的结构和建议字数大致如下：Chapter 1.第一章一般是the Introduction，也就是引言部分。

这个部分建议字数在2000字左右。

该部分主要是对你的研究情况进行说明，包括为什么要进行这项目研究，研究的意义，研究的规划等。

Chapter 2. 第二章一般是Literature Review，也就是常常说的文献综述部分。

这部分内容的字数一般4000字左右比较合适。

这部分其实就是对其他人的研究情况进行引述并进行批判性分析。

这部分既然安排写4000字的内容，说明很重要的一个章节。

Chapter 3.第三章一般是Methodology即方法论。

这部分通常建议字数3000字。

这部分组要是对你研究过程中使用的方法做个概述，包括研究方法（定性研究和定量研究）、统计方法（如spss或Excel）等。

Chapter 4. 文章的第四部分一般就是results，也就是结果部分。

这部分主要是用图表数据显示研究结果，一般3500字左右就可以了。

Chapter 5. Discussion, conclusion and recommendation.这部分作为文章正文的的结尾部分，主要是总结性的陈述文章结论和相关的建议。

按照以往学生写作的情况，这部分一边3200字左右。

这样，一篇一万五千字的硕士毕业论文在各章节的分配就完成了。

第5章学位论文的前导部分与后置部分学位论文整体框架由三部分组成：前导部分（The Front Matter)、主体（正文）部分（Body)和后置部分（The Back Matter)。

前导部分和后置部分是学位论文的两翼，而正文部分是学位论文的核心。

本章主要介绍前导部分和后置部分的各个组成部分的格式和写作规范。

5.1前导部分前导部分又称前置部分（Prefatory Matter），因位于论文正文的前面而得名。

学士学位论文的前导部分主要由封面（Cover Page）、标题页（Title Page）、原创性声明（Declaration of thesis originality）、摘要与关键词（Abstract & Key words）、目次页（Table of Contents）等几个部分组成。

5.1.1封面页学位论文的封面页必须采用学位授予学校统一规定的格式，主要信息包括毕业论文题目（中外文）、系别、专业、年级、学生姓名、指导教师姓名及论文结稿日期。

封面包括下列具体内容：a. 分类号：在左上角注明分类号，便于信息交换和处理。

一般应采用《中国图书馆图书分类法》的类号。

如：语言学：H0；语音：H311；写作修辞：H315；英语词典：H316；文艺美学：I01；英国文学：I561；美国文学：I712；文学翻译类：I046。

具体分类可在网上查阅《中国图书馆图书分类法》来确定。

b. 学校（单位）代码：由教育部统一制定，学校向学生公布。

c. 标题和副标题：标题是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要内容的逻辑组合，一般不宜超过20字。

标题语意末尽，可以采用副标题补充说明论文中的特定内容。

学位论文标题一般采用中英文对照新式，中文在上，英文在下。

封面英文标题常采用全大写形式。

d. 所在院（系）；e. 学生姓名；f. 导师姓名；g. 研究起止日期；h. 论文提交日期（指学位论文完成日期）。

本章附有封面页的范例，供参考。

英国留学生毕业论文写作技巧英国留学生毕业论文写作技巧写作的目的，一方面是要求考生对本专业的根底知识和专业知识学习的总结，另一方面也是考核自考生对所学理论进行科研能力的训练，下面是搜集的英国留学生毕业技巧，欢送阅读查看。

平时的小作业有essay 和 report 两种格式essay --- 结构分为introduction, main body, 和 conclusion. 不用太复杂的结构Report ----- 要有 executive summary, 结构要求很高，文章分为几个局部，每个局部都要有大标题，下面还要有副标题，等等。

(可以参考一起附上的report例文的结构)文章一定要有references (), 就是引用别人文章中的观点，但是这个引用不能整断整段的直接用书上，网上的文章，或者杂志上的文章的内容。

如果一段话中有超过三个词是引用的，就要说明references. (如果完全是用自己的语言将别人的观点说出来了，引用的词是两个或更少，就可以不用标出references)。

*如果整段要直接引用原话，要用引号标出，而且这样的引用的比率不能超过全文字数的5%。

*全文注明references的文字,就是引用的文字不能超过全文字数的30%.*References ()可以是书，也可以是学术杂志上发表的文章，或者网上的文章，但是引用的文章最好大多数是近十年的文章，而且References一定要按照正确方法标注。

References 在文中是在文中用自己的话说出别人书中或文章中的内容后，用括号标出作者和年代，而在文后的references列表中一定要用Harvard references system的格式来标出。

的数量也是有要求的，一般是每1000 字要有5个references.字数也是要按照要求写的，否那么会扣分文后的references列表和附录 (appendix)是不算字的。

比方，文章要求如果是4000字，那正文的字数就是4000 +/- 10% 字。

Essay、article和dissertation的区别Essay、article和dissertation的区别Essay是我们最常见的⼀种论⽂格式了，essay在词典上的解释意义是散⽂,随笔,⼩品⽂.(篇幅较短的论⽂)，然⽽essay通常会⽐较常运⽤于美式英语中，在英式英语中，⼈们则会习惯于把essay当做本科时期的论⽂，这就体现了美式英语和英式英语的不同之处。

然⽽，essay相对其他两个article和dissertation来说，它的⽤法是⼴泛的，它不仅仅涵盖了论⽂这⼀层⾯的意思，同时，它还可以指散⽂或者是杂⽂。

在论⽂这⼀层⾯上，essay 则通常指字数⽐较少，篇幅较短的⼩型论⽂或课程论⽂，这种论⽂可以没有完整的数据或⽂献，也可以只针对⼀些著作或观点谈谈⾃⼰的想法和见解，可以是批判性的，也可以是赞同的。

例如：It's a huge book which is all about this short story by Balzac, "Sarrasine," that he begins this essay by quoting.Article多指在报刊、杂志上发表的⾮⽂艺性的⽂章，包括新闻报导、学术论⽂等。

例如：This is an article on the new club manager.Dissertation它在词典⾥的解释是什么呢，指演讲，⼀般指博⼠论⽂；论⽂。

相对于前⾯两个，dissertation则⽐较的书⾯化，它可以指经过⾃⾏专研和翻阅了⽆限的⽂献资料和数据之后，⾃⼰概括总结出的很详细的专题论⽂，或者学位论⽂，它有⾃⼰独⽴的研究系统和数据库。

其实在英式英语中，dissertation特指硕⼠的毕业论⽂，它的字数基本是在1万到2万之间，篇幅相对较长，但相对于博⼠论⽂来说，字数就相对⼩意思。

顺便⼀提，在美国英语⾥，博⼠论⽂也都可以叫thesis。

学校代码：10072学位类型：专业型学号：*********TIANJIN CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC硕士学位论文MASTER'S DISSERTATION论文题目：对巴赫《g小调大提琴奏鸣曲》指法的探究——以三个不同编订版本的第一、二乐章为例Title：The study of the fingering for the first movementof cello sonata in g minor:with three differentpublished editions as examples论文作者：任洪蛟指导教师：吴秀云学科专业：音乐研究方向：大提琴演奏答辩时间：2018年5月14日定稿时间：2018年5月17日中文摘要不同编订版本指法的对比是在同一首作品的不同编订版本中对比指法编订异同及意义的方法。

通过对比不同编订版本的指法，由此可以了解编订者的编订意图，并揭示了编订者编订指法的意义。

关键词:不同版本巴赫《g小调大提琴奏鸣曲》指法对比Comparison of different versions of compiling fingering is the comparative method and its significance in compiling fingering similarities and differences between different versions of the same work in.By comparing the different versions of the compilation of fingering,understand the intention of the editors and reveals the significance of compiling the compilation method.Key word：Different versions Bach Cello Sonata in g minor Comparison offingering中文摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)目录 (Ⅲ)引言 (1)1.低音维奥尔琴的起源与发展及巴赫《g小调大提琴奏鸣曲》不同编订版本的演奏家简介 (2)2.三个不同编订版本的指法分析 (4)2.1换把指法与拇指把位（横向把位）指法的选择 (4)2.2空弦音与泛音的选择 (8)2.3按乐句换把与按把位换把 (10)3.通过不同编订版本的对比，找到在作品中选择不同指法的作用及意义 (13)3.1个人指法习惯的形成及演奏作品时对指法选择的合理性 (13)3.1.1个人指法习惯的形成 (13)3.1.2指法选择的合理性 (14)3.2采用、学习合理指法的最终目的 (14)结语 (16)参考文献 (17)致谢 (19)众所周知，约翰斯蒂安·巴赫一生创作了许多极富价值的弦乐音乐作品，在大提琴音乐方面除了6首《无伴奏组曲》之外，还有三首低音维奥尔琴与大键琴奏鸣曲（BWV1027-1029)。

写作指导1 总论英国大学的论文有着十分严格的要求，包括格式，语言，内容，reference等等。

本文旨在对论文写作标准化处理，帮助我们的员工迅速掌握论文写作的诀窍。

写作要求一定是原创，不得抄袭。

如果有引用，一定要注明reference。

一般引用不得超过两句，而且不得大段引用。

本文分为5部分，除了总论，分为格式，reference,写作程序和案例分析。

2 格式2.1 正文格式我们的格式要求是统一的。

如果学生没有特殊要求，格式可以按照下面这段话的格式来。

字体是Times New Roman,字号是12号或者小四，段落是1.5倍行距。

标点符号紧跟前半句，标点符号后面要有一个空格。

In the following, chapter 2 will review current literatures related to the research objectives. Chapter 3 will define scope of the research and describe methodology in details.段落之间要有一个空行，每一段开头不要有空格，如下。

I would like to express my appreciation here to all of the people who ever helped and supported me during the dissertation.Firstly, my heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor, who is always available when I haveany problems or difficulties and give me the precious advice and suggestions which really helped me a lot, and also the University, that provided such convenient facilities and studying environment for the proceeding of my dissertation.整篇文章格式要左右对齐。

在英国的大学中把作业统称为Assignment，Assignment作为普通作业，也就是老师布置的写作或者是课外作业的统称。

Assignment的类型有很多种，并且每一种的类型与格式的要求都不一样，所以给同学们造成了不小的麻烦。

小编觉得对于那些花费了很大代价才申请到了英国留学的留学生们来说，他们所要面对的困难才刚刚开始，因为留学生们只有到了英国才会发现，英国大学的学习任务会比自己想象中要沉重的多，并且在英国，你的最终成绩会由Assignment和Dissertation来决定，如果你写作不好英国论文，是无法适应英国大学的学习生活的。

小编整理了一下Assignment方面的写作知识，具体写作分为三个步骤，接下来就详细地为大家讲解一下。

一、Abstract(序)1-2段字数为文章的10-15%，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么Abstract一般写200-300字，除非特殊要求。

Abstract的目的是让读者知道我们的文章写了些什么，所以Abstract的开头要用1-2句自己的语言总结并解释文章的题目，简单来说就是用自己的话把文章的题目概括一遍。

Abstract的细节需要概括我们的文章里都写了什么，需要注意的事，每个论点只需用2-3句话来总结；Abstract的结尾需要写总结，并延伸我们的所有论点和整个大标题。

二、Introduction字数为文章总数的10%，例如，一篇文章要求2000字，那么Introduction一般写200-250字，且只用一段，不可以分成2段来写。

Introduction的第1-2句用以解释文章题目，即用自己的话把文章的题目概括一遍，接下来用2句话左右介绍一下文章题目的背景。

Introduction主要是写我们将要在文章里写的内容，可以用2-3句话来概括所有的论点，每个论点用几个词即可。

Introduction最后不需要写总结句，即每一个论点都必须用一段话来写，换句话说，每个段落只能出现一个论点，出现2个会被扣分。

毕业答辩的英文开场白（精选19篇）毕业答辩的英文篇1Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：I am . First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.Thank you!毕业答辩的英文开场白篇2Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is , and I ama student of the class night major civil engineering class. My thesis topic is the structure design drawing of a school building. Thesis is completed under the teacher of meticulous guidance, here I am deepest thanks to my teacher, also to all the teacher painstakingly to express my heartfelt gratitude for my dissertation, and on this for more than two years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers expressed sincere respect. Next, I will report the purpose and main content of the design of this thesis, and I would like to ask your teachers for criticism and guidance. First I want to talk about the structure and main content of this paper.This paper is divided into two parts:The second part is the design of the structure drawing. This part analyzes the specific data and algorithm of reinforcement.Finally, I want to talk about this paper and its shortcomings. Because of oneself learn professional background, and work at work, so in theory and practice in civil engineering appears grossly inadequate, although I collect materials as much as possible, doing everything they can to use their learned knowledge for thesis writing, there are still many shortcomings, but the paper needs to be improved. Please give me more criticism, let me learn more in the future.That's all for my presentation, thank you! Please ask your teachers questions.毕业答辩的英文开场白篇3Dear teachers, good morning!I am of civil engineering class. My graduation project topic is liucheng prestressed concrete box girder bridge design. This graduation design is in zhang wenkai completed under the guidance of the teacher, first of all, I am here to seriously strictteacher zhang said sincere respect and appreciation, also to sit xin-zhong wang, wang teacher, Zhou Shuming teacher, etc. All the teacher tireless teachings in four years, and today to take part in my thesis to express our heartfelt thanks to you for. Next, I will report the main contents of this thesis to your teachers, and I would like to ask your teachers for their criticism and guidance.According to the research of box beam section of prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge, especially suitable for continuous box girder bridge in its structure, construction and use less seams, beam is high, stiffness big, strong integrity, good appearance, easy to maintenance etc, and prestressed continuous composite box girder bridge is widely used in recent years, so I feel my thesis topic is meaningful. In this design, more bridge design specifications are used. In addition to the general specifications for the design of some Bridges borrowed from the library, I have also checked the data through Internet resources such as civil engineering network and baidu wenku.This design for me is a brand-new design, first contact with the design of the prestressed prestressed continuous box girder bridge, and is a computer model, bridge upper structure are all made of Dr Bridge calculation, using cad drawings, not only make us more skilled use of some bridge design software and the use of drawing software, also learned how to analysis and calculation results and data output.毕业答辩的英文开场白篇4各位老师，下午好!我叫，是**级**班的学生，我的论文题目是--，论文是在导师的悉心指点下完成的，在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意，向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢，并对三年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。

英国留学生哈佛论文文献格式写法Guide to Harvard ReferencingThis guide has been produced by the ASU in response to questions from Business School students about the important subject of accurate referencing. It is essential for you to reference your work thoroughly because everything you write for the Business School is 'evidenced' - your discussion and arguments should consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert' practitioner experience. These two main sources (theory and practice) MUST be referenced throughout yourwriting. Readers must be able to see which words are your own words and what sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions. Good referencing is ESSENTIAL because:1) Your tutor must be able to check your source.2) Other readers might want to follow up your work.3) Your tutor needs to see if you are reading and understanding course material and book lists.4) If you do not reference, you can be accused of stealing the work and ideas of others, and this is the serious offenceof Plagiarism.The UH Business School uses the Harvard referencing system. ASU have produced a 'standardised' version from the many different variations of Harvard that are available because it is important to be consistent with all your references. ASU worked with IH consultants to produce this standard referencing format for the Business School. Harvard is a modern'author-date' system and should not be used in the same document with the older footnote system ('historical' system) which contains numbers in the text and footnotes. The complete reference consists of two parts:an in-text citation and a final reference in the list ofReferences, which has the following order:If you do not have any part of the information, you will have to leave it out or indicate you do not have it with 'date unknown' for example. Very rarely is the 'author unknown' although it may be a 'corporate' author. You can reference ANY sources using Harvard - the rule is keep the same order of information as above.WHO WROTE THE WORK?WHEN DID THEY WRITE IT?WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE WORK?WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND?References and BibliographyReferences are NOT the same as a Bibliography. Your lecturer may ask you to put either one of these, or both at the end ofyour assignment. Whichever you use, the Harvard style is the same and it must be arranged alphabetically. Here are the differences:ReferencesReferences contain a list of all the sources you actually used and 'cited' in the text.BibliographyA Bibliography contains all the sources of information that you used as 'background' reading for the assignment but you did not actually cite these sources in the text. A Bibliography should not only include books, but any background sources that you think should be mentioned. Do not make a long Bibliography to impress. Only include items that you think provide useful information for the reader.Remember:References / Bibliography must be arrangedalphabetically, according to author.A Reference list must contain an entry for each in-text citation.Other sources, not cited in the text, should go in a separate Bibliography.Always note the full details of your references and quotes as you read and write, so that you do not forget your sources. It will then be easier to make the final list of References. Include a page number if your citation is a direct quotation from your source, otherwise, page numbers are not normally required, although there will be some exceptions.Make a final check when editing your work that eachin-text citation also appears in the References.Do not mix Harvard with other referencing systems (i.e. do not use 'ibid', 'op.cit', etc.)UHBS Harvard Referencing does not use numbering, footnotes and endnotes.Even though there are slight variationsofthe Harvard format in use worldwide, the key issue is that you must be CONSISTENT and use the same style throughout. The format in this guide has been agreed by the ASU, LIS and interested UHBS staff.Only reference the sources you actually use(see primary and secondary sources below).Take careful note of the different use of italics, inverted commas, etc. between different types of sources (e.g. books and journals). Generally, the titles of books, journals and newspapers are put in italics. The titles of articles in journals are put in inverted commas.If your source is an electronic version, rather than a paper copy of a journal, book, newspaper or report, then you need to state [Online] to show that you read it online instead of hard copy.Use ‘Available at’ for URL (uniform resource locator) to identify a web address.Always include the date (day, month and year) that you'accessed' your web reference source.Primary and secondary sourcesPrimary sources are the 'original' sources. Secondary sources are the sources referred to by other authors. This guide gives examples of both types of sources. Remember that ideally, youshould always consult the primary source. However, whatever type of source you use, the golden rule is to only cite and reference the source that you actually use.Attribution tenseAs a general rule, use the present tense. For example, "Brown (1987) suggests…". even when the reference is not a current one. The concepts and issues referred to are considered to be still current.Final list of ReferencesConsistent punctuation and spacing are necessary in the References. Some general rules apply:Authors' names:Use only the initials of the authors' given names.No full stops are used between initials.Titles of works:Only capitalise content words for the titles of books, book chapters and journal articles.In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers, capital letters should be used as they appear normally.Use italics for the titles of books, journals, and newspapers. Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articles in inverted commas (single quotation marks).Page numbering:Books: page numbers are not usually needed in the References. Journal articles: page numbers appear as the final item of the citation, followed by a full stop.Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a page range, e.g. pp.11-12Whole citation:The different details, or elements, of each citation are separated by full stops.The whole citation finishes with a full stop.ContentsBooks1 One author2 Two authors3 Several authors4 Edited book5 More than one book by the same author in the same yearJournals6 Author unknown7 One author8 Two authors9 Author citing another authorElectronic Information10 Electronic book11 Electronic journal12 Internet page - author known13 Organisation website14 Information databases – citing a journal article15 Information databases – citing a report (author unknown)16 Discussion group/Bulletin board17 Virtual Learning Environments (StudyNet)18 Conference proceedings (published on the Internet)19 Electronic magazine or newsletter20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)21 Multiple references to the same website22 Using an acronym (short forms of organisation/institution names)Other sources23 Two articles by same author in same year24 Reference material (dictionary, encyclopaedia)25 Photographs26 Newspaper or magazine article - unspecified author27 Newspaper or magazine article – author known28 Corporate author29 Lecture notes (PowerPoint slides, handouts)30 Personal communications (interview, conversation, fax, email, letter)31 Research reports32 CD-ROM33 Film (DVD / Videocassette / film)34 Full conference proceedings35 Government/EU publication36 Reports37 In house publications38 Thesis / dissertation39 Translation (by translator)40 Translation (by student)41 Encyclopaedia entries42 Exhibition guides/catalogues43 Graphs (figures and tables)44 Legislation45 Case law46 Television47 Radio48 Quotations49 Quoting other students50 YouTube VideosBooksReferencesMahoney, D. & Cripps, M. (2008)International business: a managerial perspective. 5th edn. Hong Kong: Pearson.JournalsOnly the title of the journal is put in italics. The title of the article is put in inverted commas.Electronic InformationLord (2010) shows how the sweeping reforms to China's economy have tended to produce a new 'cultural revolution' in reverse.ReferencesLord, J. (2010) 'FromHutong to Hu Jintao. Development and change in China: ne w marketing strategies’. American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai Conference. 13 January. Shanghai: AMCHAM. Available at:/marketing/conf.aspx [Accessed:25th January, 2010].Other sourcesse, M. (1976)Taxi Driver [DVD] New York: Columbia-Warner.“The language of business is excessively dependent on 'buzz words' like 'blue sky thinking' and 'thinking outside the box' which actually have the opposite effect by encouraging a reliance on stale, simplistic ideas. Anyone who signals that he is 'thinking outside the box' is almost invariably trapped ins ide it”.ReferencesCourtney, M. (2007) The Language of Business. Hong Kong: Macmillan China Ltd.An example of a final list of References, in alphabetical order:ReferencesBessant, J. (2001) 'The question of public trust and stock markets'. Journal of Investment. 45(2) pp. 207-226. Bessant, J. & Webber, R. (2001) 'Policy and standards: the case for liberalisation'. AccountingStudies. 20(1) pp. 43-47. Marieb, E. (2000) Essential Management Theory: Management in Action. 6th edn. San Francisco: Berkeley [Online] Available at:/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials / [Accessed: 4 February, 2009].Nott, A.J. (2006) 'Integrated pathways'. Organisational Journal. 4(10) pp.102-113 [Online] Available at:/lists/pathways.html [Accessed: 5 February, 2009].Robbins, S.P. (2004) Organizational behaviour. 11th edn. Upper Saddle River. NJ: Pearson.Robbins, S.P. & De Cenzo, D.A. (2006) Fundamentals of management: essential concepts and applications.4th edn. Upper Saddle River. N J: Pearson.Snyder, M. (2001) ‘Research methods for Business Studies’.Journal of Research.6(2) May. pp.45-56 [Online] Available at: http://www.research/Business/15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed: 2 March, 2009].University of Reading (2006) Abrief Guide to Internet Resources. Reading: Reading University. [Online] Available at: /libweb/Lib/Subj/Ir/ireduc.html [Accessed: 6 February, 2009].FinallyASU hope this guide helps with all your assignments. Remember to reference in-text in your exams. However, exam references do not usually require a Bibliography or Reference list (unless it is ‘Open Book’ w hen you should check with the lecturer).If this guide does not solve your referencing issue, please do not hesitate to contact the ASU. To test your referencing skills complete the attached Quiz. Alternatively, for an online quiz to check your Harvard Referencing knowledge,see: /ptl/common/LIS.nsf/li s/busharvard or from StudyNet click Learning Resources, Business.。