Hybrid evolutionary partitioning algorithm for heat transfer enhancement

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HybridevolutionarypartitioningalgorithmforheattransferenhancementinVLSIcircuits

SlawomirKoziel,WladyslawSzczesniak*DepartmentofElectronics,Telecommunications,andInformatics,TechnicalUniversityofGdansk,ul.G.Narutowicza11/12,80-952Gdansk,PolandAccepted21May2002

AbstractInthispaper,anewapproachtoimprovingtheheattransferinintegratedcircuits(ICs)ispresented.ItisbasedonimprovingthethermalconductivityofICsbyincreasingthenumberoftheirexternalconnectionsuptotheleveldeterminedbythepackagingstandard.Inordertoattainthisgoal,anewhybridevolutionarypartitioningalgorithm(HEPA)forcircuitspartitioningisintroduced.ThecomputationscarriedoutforthechosenbenchmarksshowthatHEPAisabletoreachoptimalsolutionsinthecaseofbipartitioningproblem,andalmostoptimalinthecaseofk-waypartitioningðk.2Þ:ThepresentedapproachisespeciallydedicatedforaflipchipinterconnecttechnologywhichisusedincontemporaryICs.q2002ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Thermalperformanceofinterconnections;Heatdissipation;Heattransferenhancement;LayoutofVLSIcircuit;VLSIcircuitpartitioning;HybridevolutionaryVLSIpartitioning

1.IntroductionIncreasingperformanceofcontemporaryelectronicsystemsleadstohigher-densitypackagingofelectroniccomponents.Itresultsinahigherpowerdissipatedatalllevelsofthehierarchicalstructureofanelectronicsystem(i.e.chip,module,system).Thehigherpowerdissipatedandthehigher-densityofpackagingdeterioratethermalcharac-teristicsofcontemporaryintegratedcircuits(ICs)[4].Thethermalcriteriaarethemostcrucialones.Theyhaveagreatinfluenceonsystemreliability,sotheheatdissipationcharacteristics(HDCH)ofICshavetobeoptimised[5,12,19].Toachievethisgoal,passiveandactivecoolingofcontemporaryICsisapplied[26].Activecoolingisexpensive,somanyeffortsaremadetodevelopmoreefficientpassivecooling.ToimprovepassivecoolingofICs,variousthermalenhancingtechniquesareapplied.Themajorityofthemareachievedbyhardwareimprovements[6,14],althoughthesoftwaresolutionsarealsoknown[22].Duetotheliterature[14],themostcommonwayofthermalenhancementsisattachingdifferentheatspreaders,metalliclidorheatsinkstothebacksideofthedie.Inthiswork,weproposeanothermethodofimproving

thethermalconductivityofICs.TheproposedtechniqueisespeciallydedicatedforaflipchipinterconnecttechnologywidelyusedincontemporaryICs.Inordertoexplainthemainidea,considerFig.1thatshowsadiagramofatypicalflipchipballgridarraypackage(BGA)[14].Theflipchipbondinghasthefollowingadvantages:

†veryhighinterconnectdensity,†immunityfromelectromagneticinterference,†highfrequencyapplicationduetothelowparasiticimpedance,†mechanicalreliability,†greaternumberofinput–output(I/O)connections,†efficientheatconduction,etc.[14].

AccordingtoRef.[14],forthisbondingtechnology(inthecaseofPBGA—plasticBGApackage)withoutanyenhancements,about90%ofthetotalheatingpowerofthechipisconductedtothesubstrateandthentotheboardthroughthesolderballsinterconnections.Hence,thebestconditionsforimprovingtheHDCHoccurwhentheactiveregions(orheatsource)inthediearelocatedneartheconnections.Ifonewantstheheattospreadtothesubstratemoreefficiently,thenumberofconnections(interconnectsolder)hastobemaximisedsothatthenumberofunusedexternalconnectionfromthechipisminimised.Itwillresultinreducingthespreadingresistance.Wecanachieveitin

0026-2692/02/$-seefrontmatterq2002ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0026-2692(02)00058-7

MicroelectronicsJournal33(2002)739–746www.elsevier.com/locate/mejo

*Correspondingauthor.Fax:þ48-58-347-2378.

E-mailaddresses:wlad@ue.eti.pg.gda.pl(W.Szczesniak),koziel@ue.eti.pg.gda.pl(S.Koziel).thedesignprocessbypropercircuitpartitioning.Ofcourse,themaximalnumberofexternalconnections(Npin)dependsonsomestandardofpackaging(e.g.8,14,24,40,68,84,etc.).Thus,wewanttoincreasethenumberofexternalconnections,however,a´priorigivennumberNpinmustnotbeexceededforallpartitionblocks.Usually,thesizeofpartitionblocks(i.e.thenumberoftheirelements)isalsolimited,nottomentionthefactthatcircuitpartitioningproblemitselfisanNP-completeone[2].Inordertosolvetheabove-constrainedpartitioningproblemwehaveintroducedahybridevolutionarypartitioningalgorithm(HEPA).HEPAdiffersfromotherheuristicpartitioningalgorithmsknownfromtheliterature[2,8,10,11,24,25],sinceitcombinesanadaptiveevolutionaryalgorithmanddeterministicKernighan–Linprocedure,whichresultsinaefficientoptimisationtool.Itshouldbementionedthatimprovingtheheattransferbymaximisingthenumberofexternalconnectionscanleadtodeterioratingthefrequencycharacteristicsofthecircuitsinceexternalwiring(off-chipwires)increasethedelaytimeofsignals[9,16,17].Thismeansthattheproposedtechniquecanbeappliedinsystems,wherethermalrequirementsareofprimaryimportance.