2-6(2nd edition)

孤立性肺结节的临床分析欧阳征;冉鹏;肖家荣;刘文;张舰;彭勇;林锋【摘要】目的研究孤立性肺结节(SPN)的临床特征,探讨SPN诊断与治疗.方法胸腔镜手术治疗肺结节64 例,分析年龄、性别、症状、吸烟史、肺内结节的影像学表现、手术情况、术后病理等因素.结果 SPN的恶性病变与吸烟史,肿瘤直径,肿瘤的边界,肿瘤钙化有关.64例患者中诊断为恶性病变36(56.25%) 例.28(43.75%)例术中快速病理诊断为良性病变,其中错构瘤4例,结核球14例,炎性假瘤10例.结论SPN的良恶性与吸烟史,结节大小,肿瘤边界,是否钙化有关;胸腔镜手术有助于SPN 病理诊断与治疗.%Objective To analyze the clinical manifestation of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules ( SPJN ) and to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of SPN. Methods 64 patients with SPN were selected in this study, and their age, gender, symptoms, smoking history, imaging features of pulmonary tumor, operation information and postoperative pathological characteristics were retrospectively analyzed. Results The analysis showed that the malignant affection of SPN was correlated with smoking history, tumor diameter, tumor border, and calcification. There were 36 cases of malignant affection ( 56. 25% ) and 28 cases of benign affection ( 43. 75% ). The benign patients included 4 cases of hamartoma, 14 cases of tuberculoma, and 10 cases of inflammatory pseudotumor. Conclusion The risk factors of patients with SPN are smoking history, nodule diameter, tumor border, and calcification. VATS is helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with SPN【期刊名称】《临床肺科杂志》【年(卷),期】2013(018)006【总页数】3页(P1016-1018)【关键词】孤立性肺结节;胸腔镜手术;病理【作者】欧阳征;冉鹏;肖家荣;刘文;张舰;彭勇;林锋【作者单位】550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科;550004,贵州,贵阳,贵阳医学院附属医院胸外科【正文语种】中文随着胸部影像学的进步，特别是胸部CT的广泛应用，孤立性肺结节(solitary pulmonary nodule，SPN)的发现越来越多。

MACH2系统概述1．MACH2简介2．HVDC控制概述3．MACH2主计算机单元4．MACH2 I/O单元5．SCM系统概述6．Hidraw基础及Hibug7．测量系统8．CAN/TDM总线9．HVDC 远程控制关于MACH2系统1.MACH2简介MACH2是Modular Advanced Control HVDC(High V oltage Direct Current) and SVC(Static Reactive Power Compensation) 2nd edition (模块化高级控制高压直流和静态无功补偿第二版)的缩写，是一种基于软件和硬件的开发平台和可用于直流输电的系统级的解决方案。

MACH2系统主要有以下几个部分组成：硬件：标准工业计算机、PCI板卡，多种专用电路板。

软件：操作系统(XEX,WinNT)及相关系统软件、应用软件、编程、调试环境Hidraw 和辅助系统等。

MACH2系统是从DS8,DS100, MACH1逐渐发展而来的，功能更强，模块集成度更高、更加标准化，所用屏柜更少。

MACH2的主要特点：（1）由标准的工业计算机组成（2）运行嵌入式的WindowsNT/XP操作系统（3）连接到标准的以太局域网（使用TCP/IP协议族）（4）带有6个DSP和FPGA(field programmable gate array现场可编程门阵列)的PCI板（5）具有同样软硬件的中央或分布式I/O，免维护，全数字，可调的数字化存储的设定（6）集成的功能块编程工具，覆盖所有的应用（7）尽可能多地使用商业的“组件软件”，以WindowNT/XP为基础的HMI(Human Machine Interface—InTouch软件编程)、暂态分析、数据库服务器、查看器和通讯软件。

2.HVDC控制概述高压直流系统主要用于大容量、长距离输电或电网跨区互联，一般由整流站、直流线路、逆变站组成，基于高压直流输电的直流电流/直流电压的特性曲线，一般使用整流站控制电流，逆变站控制电压的方式进行控制。

• 右句型(right sentencial form)
–最右派生得到的句型可叫做右句型。
• 最左归约(leftmost reduction)
–与最左派生对相的归约叫做最右归约。
6.1.1 上下文无关文法的派生树
• 规范派生(normal derivation)
–最右派生。
• 规范句型(normal sentencial form)
• 必要性
–设Anα ，现施归纳于派生步数n，证明存在结果为α 的A-子树。 设n≤k(k≥1)时结论成立，往证当n=k+1时结论也成立：令 Ak+1α，则有： AX1X2…Xm *α1X2…Xm *α1α2…Xm … * α 1 α 2 … α m
6.1.1 上下文无关文法的派生树
6.1.1 上下文无关文法的派生树
• CSL
– CSG、LBA。
教材及主要参考书目
1.蒋宗礼，姜守旭. 形式语言与自动机理论. 北京： 清华大学出版社，2003年 2. John E Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D Ullman. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2001 3. John E Hopcroft, Jeffrey D Ullman. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979
6.1.1 上下文无关文法的派生树

Approval standard and Recognized No.(China Factory)10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 C 10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 C 10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 C,Y5U,Y5V SEC 103M SF 250V~X1Y2400V~CThicknessLead Spacing 6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)6.35(7.5)9.5(10)SEC103M SF250V~X1Y2400V~C4000VAC for 1 minuteY5P10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 C 10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 C 10%,1.0~5.0Vrms,25 CSEC 103M SF250V~X1Y2400V~CThe depth of immersion shallbe a position 1.5~2.0mm from the seating plane, using a thermal insulation screenof 1.5 0.5mm thicknessThermalScreenCapacitor1.5 to2.0mmMolten SolderCapacitor shall be stored at 85 2 C for 1 hour,then placedat room condition for 24 2 hours before initial measurementsCapacitor shall be stored for 1 to 2 hours at room condition.+_+_capacitors are applied to life test.As in Figure 1, discharge is made 50 times at 5 sec.Intervals from the capacitor <Cd> Charged at DC voltage of specified.The specimen capacitors are placed in a circulating air oven for a period of 1500h. The air in the oven is maintainedat a temperature of 85 2 C. Throughout the test, thecapacitors are subjected to a 800Vrms alternating voltage of mains frequency, except that once each hour the voltage is increased to 1600Vrms for 0.1sec.+_Ct:Capacitor under testR1:1K 10%Rs:Surge resistance Vs:10KVDCS:High-voltage switch R2:100M Cd:1000PF+_100%9050300T T1T2T1=1.2 sec=1.67T T2=50 sec.Rs R110kVCdCt(Figure 1)R2ST25Vdc:Variable direct-current voltage sourceS :High-voltage switchL :Choke coil of approximately 3 mH and 0.03F :Plug fuse rated 30A and 250VVac:Supply source rated 240V(or 120V), 60Hz and 30ACt :Capacitor under test Cd :Dump capacitorCapacitance value and D.F. are as follows.Cap.value of Ct Cap.value of CdD.F. of Cd0~0.005 F 0.005 F 0.5% max.0.0051 F~0.05 F0.05 F 0.5% max.The capacitors shall be subjected to applied for 15 sec.And then removed for 15 sec. until 5 cycles.Vdc =5000(Cd+Ct)Cd(V)TFVdcL SCdCtVdc(Figure 2)CapacitorFlame76127Gas Burner2038(Unit:mm)C 1.2 : 1 F 10% C 3 :0.033 F 5%10KV L 1-4 : 1.5mH 20% 16A Rod core choke R :100 2% Ct : 3 F 5% 10KV U AC :U R 5% U R :Rated working voltage Cx :Capacitor. F :Fuse. Rated 16A Ut :Voltage applied to Ct F S1Tr S2L1L2L3L4C3Cx R Ct Oacilloscope Ut +_+_+_+_+_+_Ux 5KV time The capacitor under test shall be held in the flame in the position which best promotes burning. Each specimen shall only be exposed once to the flame.Time of exposure to flame: 30sec.Length of flame:12 1mm.Gas burner:Length 35 mm min.Inside Dia.:0.5 0.1mm Outside Dia:0.9mm max.Gas: Butane gas Purity 95% min.+_+_approximately 8mm Test specimen Tissue (Unit:mm)200 5mm +_45U AC。