Part I The Literature of Colonial AmericaI．Fill in the blanks．(23points)1.The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and Americanliterature was ______.2.Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was _____, anEnglish soldier of fortune, whose reports fo exploratin, publiseed in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literaature written in English.3.Almost a hundred years earlier the Caribbean Islands, Mexicl, and otherparts of Central and South America were occupied by the _____.4.The term "Puritan" was applied to those settlers who originally were devoutmembers of the Church of _____.5._____ College was established in 1636, with a printing press set up nearly in1639.6.Among all the settlers in the New Continent, _____ settlers were the mostinfluential.7.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at_____, Virginia.8._____ was a famous explorer and colonist. He established Jamestown.9.In the book _____ John Smith wrote that "here nature and liberty afford usthat freely which in England we want, or it costs us dearly."10.Genearl History of Virginia contains Smith's most famous tale of how theIndian princess named _____ saved him from the wrath of her father.11.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____ values thatdominated much of the early American writing.12.The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted thestyle of established European poets to the subject matter comfronled in aslrang, new environment. __________ Bradstreet was one such poet.13.William Bradford himself used a word " ________ " to describe thecommunity of believers who sailed from Southampton, England, on theMayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.14.In 1620,____________ was elected Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts.15.F rom 1621 until his death, ___________ probably possessed more powerthan any other colonial governor.16.William Bradford's work ___________ consists of two books. The firstbook deals with the persecutions of the SeptuaEiate m Scrooby, England,and the second book dcscribes the signing of the "Compact".17.The History- of New England is a priceless gift left us by_______.18.The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial periodwas_______19.The Puritan philosophy known as ________ was important in NewEngland during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the earlyAmerican mind for several generations.20.Many Puritans wrote verse, but the work of two writers, Anne BradsLiteland_________ , rose lo Jhe level of real poetry.21.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poemscomposed by__________ .22._________ 's best verse is to be found in a juries called "PreparatoryMeditations" .23.With his elaborate metaphors, __________ was reminiscent of RichaidCrashaw and George Herbert in England.II. Decide whether the statements are true or false. (30points)1.Early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia andMassachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.2.The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals ofthe early settlements. T3.The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part Eng-lish. F4.Among the earliest settlers were Frenchmen who settled in the Northern Col-onies and along the St. Lawrence River. T5.In 1620 a number of Puritans came to settle in Virginia. F6.American literature is the oldest of all national literature.F7.Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New England, all werenamed after French monarchs and lands. F8.John Winthrop' s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, havebeen regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English. F9.Captain John Smith's descriptions of America were filled with themes, myths,images, scenes, characters, and events that were a foundation for the nation' s literature. T10.John Smith portrayed North America as a land of endless bounty.11.The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smithalso made their great contribution to early American literature, especially inthe 18th century.12.In 1612, William Bradford published in England a book called A Map ofVirginia; With a description of the country.13.Captain John Smith usually was regarded as the first American writer.14.Captain John Smith' s book A Map of Virginia; With a Description of theCountry was a guide to the country and invitation to the bold spirits.15.John Smith published eight books in all; A Description of New England isone of them.16.The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the disci-pline of a harsh church.17.The seventeenth century American poets adapted the style of establishedEuropean poets to the subject matter confronted in a strangely new environ-ment.18.Mayflower in American history is the name of a flower.19.The early history of Plymouth Colony was the history of Bradford' s leader-ship.20."Mayflower Compact" was a civil covenant designed to allow the temporalstate to serve the godly citizen.21.Cotton Mather was an inexhaustible writer, producing more than five hun-dred books on an incredible variety of subjects.22.Most of the religious writings in the colonies were done by persons wholived in New England.23.The Puritans were originally a group of people who separated from thechurch of England in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I .24.Many of the Puritans migrated to the colonies in order to find freedom fromreligious persecution.25.Today colonial religious writing is of no great value.26.Somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean Winthrop delivered his ser-mon A Model of Christian Charity. It became his important work.27.John Cotton was regarded as the most eminent and admired minister in thefirst generation of New England Puritans.28.Cotton Mather was the grandson of John Cotton.29.The best of Puritan poets was Edward Taylor, whose complete edition ofpoems appeared in 1960, more than two hundred years after his death.30.Before 1750 the American newspapers were cultural and literary in nature,but after 1750, they became more political. 53III. Make multiple choices. (11points)1. English literature in the America is only about more than ________ years old.A. 500B. 400C. 200D. 1002. The establisher of Jamestown was the famous explorer and colonist____________ .A. John WinthropB. John SmithC. William BradfordD. John Goodwin3. The Puritan dominating values were___________ .A. hard workB. thriftC. pietyD. sobriety4. The early history of___________ Colony was the history of Bradford' s leader ship.A. PlymouthB. JamestownC. New EnglandD. Mayflower5. Choose those names that were named after English monarch or land.A. GeorgiaB. New YorkC. CarolinaD. New Hampshire6. __________ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC. Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith7. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillful preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.8. Which writer is not a poet?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Anne BradstreetC. Edward TaylorD. Thomas Hooker9. . The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the__________ .A. RevolutionismB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. Rationalism10. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the " ________ " who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse11. The ship "__________ " carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Pequod 64Part II Literature of Reason and RevolutionI. Fill in the blanks. (14points)1.The War of Independence lasted eight years till_____.2.The United States of America was founded in _____.3.Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called_____.4.Benjamin Franklin' s best writing is found in his masterpiece ________ .5.Thomas Paine, with his natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion, wasappropriately born into an age of____________ .6.On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine's famous pamphlet ________ appeared.7. A series of sixteen pamphlets by Thomas Paine was entitled_____________ .8.Thomas Paine's second most important work_____________ was animpassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.9.The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was_____________ .10.Philip Freneau' s famous poem____________ was written about hisimprisoned experience.11.___________ was considered as the " poet of the American Revolution. "12._________ has been called the "Father of American Poetry. "13.In 1791, probably with Thomas Jefferson's support, ___________established in Philadelphia the National Gazette.14.In American literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of _________ andRevolution. 78II. Decide whether the statements are true or false. (20points)1.The War of Independence lasted for eight years and ended in the formationof a Federative bourgeois democratic republic, that is, the United States ofAmerica.2.The War of Independence was a revolution, but it was the bourgeoisie thatreaped its fruits. The rulers of the new state were hostile to the laboring peo-ple.3.At the initial period the spread of ideas of the American Enlightenment waslargely due to journalism.4.Benjamin Franklin seemed to represent the age of reason and revolution inhis paradoxical faith in both social order and in natural rights, in love of sta-bility and devotion to revolutionary change.5.Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassicideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity and balance.6.Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the Enlightenment, the versatile,practical embodiment of rational man in the 18th century.7.In Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin edited Pennsylvania Magazine, andcontributed to Pennsylvania Journal.mon Sense boldly advocated a Declaration of Independence.9.For the pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine was charged with treasonand fled to France, where he was made a citizen.10.Thomas Paine also edited the first colonial magazine The General Magazine.11.Philip Freneau was the most important writer in American poetry of theeighteenth century.12.American poetry of the eighteenth century has an imitative character, imita-ting the reigning English models of the eighteenth century.13.Philip Freneau was a close friend and political associate of President Thomas Jefferson.14.Philip Freneau was once captured by the British and spent some time on aprison ship.15.Philip Freneau wrote impassioned verse in support of the American Revolu-tion.16.Like Thomas Paine, Philip Freneau was a strong supporter of the FrenchRevolution.17.Philip Freneau was noteworthy first because of the nature of his poems.They were truly American and very patriotic. In this aspect, he reflected the spirit of his age.18.Philip Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essen-tial spirit.19.Most American literature in the eighteenth century was political.20.During the 1770s no one in America could claim to be a professionalnovelist, poet, or playwright. 98III. Make multiple choices. (20points)1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. _________ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution2. In American literature, the Enlighteners were opposed to ________ .A. the colonial orderB. religious obscurantismC. the Puritan traditionD. the secular literature3. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted____________ in 1776.A. the Declaration of IndependenceB. the Sugar ActC. the Stamp ActD. the Mayflower Compact4. Which statement about Benjamin Franklin is not true?A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.B. He was a scientist.C. He was a master of diplomacy.D. He was a Puritan.5. The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of___________ .A. Thomas HoodB. Benjamin FranklinC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington6. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?A. The American CrisisB. The FederalistC. Declaration of IndependenceD. The Waste Land7. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the____________ .A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist8. From 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous__________ , an annal collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard's AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine9. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. Pennsylvania MagazineD. The Autobiography10. Choose the works written by Thomas Paine.A. Rights of ManB. The Age of ReasonC. Agrarian JusticeD. Common SenseE. The American Crisis1l. The first pamphlet published in America to urge immediate independence from Britain is__________ .A. The Rights of ManB. Common SenseC. The American CrisisD. Declaration of Independence12. "These are the times that try men' s souls", these words were once read to George Washington' s troops and did much to shore up the spirits of the revolu-tionary soldiers. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Thomas PaineD. George Washington13. Which statement about Philip Freneau is true?A. He was a satirist.B. He was a pamphleteer.C. He was a poet.D. He was a bitter polemicist.14. Which poem is not written by Philip Freneau?A. The British Prison ShipB. The Wild Honey SuckleC. The Indian Burying GroundD. The Day of Doom15. Who was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Edward TaylorC. Anne BradstreetD. Philip Freneau16. It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded com-plete separation from England. The voice was that of________ , whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing demand for separation.A. Thomas PaineB. Thomas JeffersonC. George WashingtonD. Patrick Henry17. During the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the____________ .A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement18. Thomas Jefferson' s attitude, that is, a firm belief in progress, and the pursuit of happiness, is typical of the period we now call _________ .A. Age of EvolutionB. Age of ReasonC. Age of RomanticismD. Age of Regionalism19. __________ carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution.A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. Declaration of IndependenceD. Defence of the English People20. Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after the______________ of the English essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.A. Spectator PapersB. WaldenC. NatureD. The Sacred Wood 118Part III. The Literature of RomanticismI. Fill in the blanks. (9points)1.In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote ________ which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on bothsides of the Atlantic.2.In 1828, __________ published his An American Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage.3.In 1755, __________ published his remarkable dictionary named Dictionaryof the English Language.4.The Civil War of 1861—1865 ended in the defeat of the Southerners and theabolition of___________ .5.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .6.The short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is taken from WashingtonIrving' s work named _______.7._________ was the first American to achieve an international literary reputa-tion after the Revolutionary War.8.Washington Irving' s first book appeared in 1809. It was entitled_____________ .9.In Washington Irving' s work___________ appeared the first modern shortstories and the first great American juvenile literature. 127II. Decide whether The statements are true or false. (6points)1.By the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, alofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and WilliamCullen Bryant.2.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shapedby their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the ro-mantic tradition of Europe.3.Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art and philosophyuntil the Civil War.4.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systemati-cal.5.Transcendentalism exalted feeling over reason, individual expression overthe restraints of law and custom.6.Transcendentalism spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against thematerialism of American society. 1337.Part IV The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (17points)1. What item of Ichabod's is found by the brook after he disappears?A. His hat.B. His coat.C. His school book.D. His pants.2. Why do the town historians believe the Headless Horseman is often near the church?A. They believe he died while attacking the church.B. They believe his body is buried in the churchyard.C. They believe he is trying to atone for his sins and get to heaven.D. They believe he died looking for sanctuary.3. What building was designed so that a thief could get in easily but not get out?A. The school house.B. The church.C. Ichabod Crane’s houseD. Baltus Van Tassel's farmhouse.4. What is Ichabod vain about?A. His height.B. His singing voiceC. His clothesD. His house5. Which of these characters did not grow up near Sleepy Hollow?A. Brom Bones.B. Hans Van Ripper.C. Katrina Van Tassel.D. Ichabod Crane.6. At which of the following is Ichabod least skilled?A. Horseback riding.B. Dancing.C. Singing.D. Teaching.7. Which of the following is true of Ichabod Crane as a teacher?A. He only cares about his brightest studentsB. He frequently disciplines his students with a rod.C. He treats every student exactly the same.D. He spoils his students.8. What does Brom start to do to win Katrina from Ichabod when he realizes that Ichabod will not fight him?A. He plays practical jokes on Ichabod.B. He spreads rumors about Ichabod.C. He educates himself so he can rival Ichabod.D. He tries to win over Katrina’s father.9. Why does Ichabod let his students leave early one day? BA. He has read a ghost story and become afraid to walk home after dark.B. So that he can get ready for a party at the Van Tassels’.C. A bad snow storm is coming.D. He is planning to fight Brom Bones.10. How do most people think the Headless Horseman lost his head? AA. A cannon ball knocked it off.B. An American soldier decapitated him with his sword.C. He hit it on a bridge while his horse was galloping.D. He was guillotined.11. What is one of Ichabod’s favorite subjects? CA. Dinosaurs.B. Revolutionary War stories.C. Witches.D. Religion.12. What does the Headless Horseman do when Ichabod turns around? CA. He disappears suddenlyB. He turns into a skeletonC. He throws his head at Ichabod.D. He explodes.13. What is probably most important in making Ichabod fall for Katrina? DA. Her beauty.B. Her intelligence.C. Her charm.D. Her father’s farm.14. Ichabod is especially:A. Shy.B. Violent.C. BurlyD. Tall and thin.15. What excuse does Ichabod use to see Katrina frequently?A. His role as her singing teacher.B. He gets riding lessons from her father.C. His role as her school master.D. Her mother’s great ghost stories.16. What is the ancestry of most of Sleepy Hollow’s inhabitants?A. French.B. German.C. BritishD. Dutch.17. What is Brom Bones' real name? 150A. Brom Bones.B. Abraham Van Brunt.C. Brom Van Tassel.D. Abraham Bones.。
UK I1.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?•the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandits short term :UK: the United Kingdom2.What are the other names?•Great Britain ,its short term: G.B. GBBritain, England,3.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland4.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?Britain: England, Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland5.What’s its respective capital（首府）?•England: LondonScotland: EdinburghWales：CardiffNorthern Ireland: Belfast.6.What’s the national anthem?God Save the Queen/King7.What’s its national flower?Rose8.What’s its national flag?The Union Jack9.What’s its nickname?J o h n B u l l.UK 21.What kind of country is Britain in terms of its geographical feature?2.Which river is most important in Britain?3.Can you tell me something about the location of Britain?4.What’s the climate like in Britain? Why do British people talk about weather veryoften?5.What are the symbols of England?6.Can you list some landmarks of London?7.What are the symbols of Scotland?Keys:• 1. An island country• 2. The Thames River• 3. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea inthe east.• 4. Britain has a maritime climate------winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. That’s why British people talk about weather a lot.• 5. The royal policeman, Royal Coat of Arms(皇家徽章), Black Taxi, Foot Guard, Life Guard, Double Decker Bus ,Union Flag , Big Ben• 6. Tower of London, London Eye, the Buckingham Palace, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge•7. Edinburgh, Edinburgh International Arts Festival, Tartan, Whiskey, Bagpipe, golf UK 31.Tell some symbols of Wales?2.Tell some symbols of Northern Ireland?3.Talk about some famous people in different parts of UK.4.The British are mainly made up of _____, ____, _____, and ____.5.Describe the character of the British people briefly.6.Who are the ancestors of the English and who are the ancestors of Scots, Welshand Irish?7.How many stages are British history divided into during the formation of the nation?How long is it?8.What are the stages specifically?9.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.10.Christianity was first brought to England by ________.Keys:● 1. Saint David, Cardiff, Prince of Wales, Eisteddfoudau, Castles● 2. The Lough Neagh, The Giant’s Causeway● 3. William Shakespeare William WordsworthRobert Burns Catherine Zeta-Jones William Butler Yeats Seamus Heaney● 4. England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland● 5. They are generally reserved /conservative in manners, dress and speech. Theyare famous for their politeness, self-discipline and especially for their sense ofhumour.6.The ancestors of the English are Anglo-saxonswhile the ancestors of the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish are Celts7. 5 stages.I. Prehistoric Britain 5000 BC (the early settlers of Britain---the Iberian )II. Roman Britain 43 ADIII. Anglo Saxon Britain 450IV. Viking and Danish Britain 793V. Medieval Britain/The Norman Conquest 10668.This period of history covers over 6000 years long. That is, from 5000 BC to 1066AD.9.Iberians10.RomansUK 41. The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ____. Iberians2. Christianity was first brought to England by ________. The Romans3. Who were the invaders during the fifth century?The Angles and the Saxons4.Do you know the Norman conqueror’s name?William the Norman5. The Parliament became a regular agency of the government under ________.Edward I6.Why was the War of Roses so called?Because the war was between he Lancastrians, whose symbol was a red rose, and the Yorkists, whose symbol was a white rose.7. Why was “Glorious Revolution” so called?The revolution (1688) was glorious because it was bloodless.8. Who was the first prime minister in English history?Sir Robert WalpoleUK 5• 1. What is the basis of the British government?• 2. Who is the head of the country?• 3. Who is the present sovereign of the UK?• 4. How many parts make the British Parliament? And what are they?• 5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?• 6. What are the two major parties?•7. Who presides the cabinet?•8. Who has the real power in the country?•9. Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK?•10. Where does the Prime Minister live and work?•Keys:• 1. constitutional monarchy• 2. a queen or a king• 3. Elizabeth II• 4. Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons• 5. Lord Chancellor• 6. the Conservative Party and the Labor Party•7. the Prime Minister•8. the Prime Minister•9. David Cameron•10. No.10, Downing StreetUS 1•. How do you know about the different names of USA?• 2. What’s its national flag?• 3.How do you know the meaning of its national flag?• 4. What’s the nickname of American people?• 5. What’s its national anthem(国歌)?• 6. There are many things that symbolize American culture, could you say some of them? No less than 10 itemsKeys:1.the United States of America;US; U.S. USA; U.S.A2.The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, The Starry Banner3.The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States ofAmerica. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union.4.Uncle Sam5.The Star-Spangled Banner 《星条旗永不落》US 21.Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary ?2.How large is it?3.What’s its rank respectively all over the world concerning to its area and population?4.How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?5.And which two states are geographically separated from the other?6.What is the capital of the US?Can you say some of itstourist attractions? 4 or more7. 2 of the most important mountains of the US are__________ and ________.8.“Father of Waters” refers to __________ River.9.The _______ River has been called the American Ruhr(德国鲁尔河) .10.______ forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.The Rio Grande River(格兰德河) The Mississippi RiverThe Ohio River The Columbia River11.The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.12.How many geographical regions is it divided into?13.What are the major cities in USA?Keys:1. The United States is situated in the central part of North America with its two youngest states. The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the westIt borders_Canada on the north and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico2. The U. S has a land area of 9. 3 million square kilometres.3. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.It is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.4. 485.Alaska and Hawaii6. Washington D.C.U.S. Capitol, Washington Monument, Civil War Memorial; Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial7. Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains8. “Father of Waters” refers to the Mississippi River.9. The Ohio River has been called the American Ruhr .10. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the UnitedStates.11. The 5 Great Lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.. 12. It is divided into 7 geographical regions.1) New England 新英格兰地区2) Atlantic and Gulf Coast Plain大西洋和海湾平原3)Appalachian Mountain Belt阿帕拉契山区4)Interior Lowlands沿岸低地5)Rocky Mountain Belt落基山区6)Southwest西南地区7)Pacific Coast太平洋海岸地区14.New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Houston, Boston, DetroitUS31.What’s the climate like in USA?2.Why is USA called a melting pot?3.Why is USA called a nation on wheels?4.What are American people like in terms of the character? who’s who 名人录in America (presidents, writers, scientists, actors oractress and so on. )Keys1．4 kinds of climate on the continental USA1）The north-eastern part of the country has a humid continental climate（湿润的大陆性气候）.2）The south-eastern United States has a humid subtropical climate. （湿润的亚热带气候）3）The Pacific northwest has a maritime climate海洋性气候)4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate （地中海式气候）with warm, dry summers and moist winters.2. The melting pot means that people with different cultural and ethnical backgroundsimmigrate to the United States, live together, get mixed and build up this culture that is called American culture today.3. Cars are an important part of life in the United States. The car made the United Statesa nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobopportunity, a better climate of other goals.4. American characterrespect of individual rightsreligious tolerancea strong spirit of individual enterpriseUS 3• 1. The first immigrants in American history came from ____ and ____.• 1. England / the Netherlands• 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description of the miserable life of the _____.• 2. black slaves• 3. According to American historians and specialists in demography人口学, there are _____ great population movement in the history of the United States.• 3. four4. In ______, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called ______.4. 1620, Mayflower5. Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, ______5. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.US 41. The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called____________. Native Americans2.____________________________________ is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America. Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator3. The first successful English settlement in America was ____________ in 1607. Jamestown4.On ____________, in the Second Continental congress, ___________________________ was declared, which was primarily written by ______________-___.July4, 1776, The Declaration of Independence,Thomas Jefferson5. The first president of the United States was _________________ under the new US Constitution. George Washington6. In 1803, the United States paid $15 million to buy 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi from France, this is called _____________. Louisiana Purchase7. In the year _______, after ______________ was elected President, the South seceded to establish a rebel government, _______________. 1861, Abraham Lincoln, The Confederate States of America8. The _________________ was the beginning of the __________________ in the late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) _______ measures was to ________________________.stock market crash, Great Depression, New Deal, save American democracy and the capital system9.The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on____________-_ on December 7,1941.Pearl Harbor10. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on ________ and Nagasaki in August 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.Hiroshima11. After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant_____________, and the _____________ began.Superpowers, Cold WarUS 51.W h a t i s c a l l e d f e d e r a l i s m?T h e d i v i s i o n o f p o w e r b y a c o n s t i t u t i o n b e t w e e n t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d s t a t eg o v e r n m e n t.2.W h a t i s S e p a r a t i o n o f P o w e r s?I t m e a n s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i v i s i o n o f p o w e r s a m o n g t h e l e g i s l a t i v e,e x e c u t i v e a n d j u d i c i a lb r a nc h e s.3.C a n y o u t e l l t h e t w o h o u s e s t h a t m a k e u p t h e A m e r i c a n C o n g r e s s?H o w m a n ym e m b e r s i n e a c h h o u s e?T h e H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s(435m e m b e r s)a n d t h e S e n a t e(100m e m b e r s)m a k e u p t h e U S C o n g r e s s(l e g i s l a t u r e).4.T e l l t h e t w o m a j o r p a r t i e s i n t h e U.S.a n d t h e i r s y m b o l s.D e m o c r a t s&R e p u b l i c a n sD e m o c r a t s–d o n k e yR e p u b l i c a n s–e l e p h a n t5.W h a t i s a n e l e c t o r a l c o l l e g e?A g r o u p o f p e o p l e(e l e c t o r s)c h o s e n f r o m e a c h s t a t e a n d D.C.t o f o r m a l l y e l e c t t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d V i c e P r e s i d e n t.6.W h i c h p r e s i d e n t a b o l i s h e d s l a v e r y i n h i s t e n u r e?T h e16t hp r e s i d e n t--A b r a h a m L i n c o l n.7.W h o i s t h e o n l y p r e s i d e n t s e r v i n g m o r e t h a n t w o t e r m s i n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y?F r a n k l i n R o o s e v e l t.8.W h o i s t h e f i r s t b l a c k A m e r i c a n p r e s i d e n t?B a r a c k O b a m aU K L I t e r a t u r e1. Who is the greatest dramatist in English history? List at least four of his major works.William ShakespeareThe Merchant of V enice; Hamlet; Othello; KingLear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet…2. Which play is regarded as a milestone inShakespeare’s dramatic development? “To beor not to be: that is the question”is the line inthe play.Hamlet3. What makes Shakespeare so famous?His great understanding of human nature and hisability to find universal human qualities and to putthem in dramatic situations.4. What makes a play a masterpiece?The ideas behind the play are about problems whichare still important to people of different ages inmodern times.US LIterautre1. What do you know about some important writers inAmerican literature? List at least four.Mark Twain; Earnest Hemingway; Irvin Shaw; O’Neil2.List some masterpieces of Mark Twain and Earnest Hemingway.Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ,Earnest Hemingway: The Old and the Sea, The Sun Also rises。
[43:53.08] 第四集分裂[43:54.98][43:55.14]1825年1825.[43:56.83][43:57.14]全世界迎来了现代化的曙光All over the world, the modern era is being born. [44:00.13][44:01.12]工业革命来临It's the Industrial Revolution.[44:02.85][44:03.62]美国努力迎头追赶America is racing to catch up.[44:06.22][44:09.31]在纽约州北部In upstate New York,[44:10.97]一条人工运河正在郊野中开凿a man-made river is cutting through the wilderness. [44:13.81][44:14.65]伊利运河是四千年来The Erie Canal is the biggest construction project[44:18.17]西方世界规模最大的建筑工程in the Western world in the last 4,000 years.[44:21.28][44:24.32]全长超过300英里完全由手工开凿Over 300 miles long, dug entirely by hand, [44:27.65][44:27.97]而当时美国连一名像样的工程师都没有and America lacks a single qualified engineer.[44:31.66][44:33.12]美国人The United States of America[44:35.45]不会让大自然阻挡他们的去路isn't about to let nature stand in its way.[44:37.26][44:37.72]我认为美国精神是I think of the spirit of America[44:40.53]想象力与毅力的完美结合being imagination combined with tenacity.[44:44.04][44:38.43] 迈克尔·道格拉斯[著名演员][44:43.20][44:44.44]人们有兢兢业业的工作精神There's a strong work ethic,[44:47.09]有可以尽情施展的创造力a wonderful freedom of creation,[44:50.23]加上脑力与体力相得益彰combined with the mental muscle and physical labor. [44:55.07]对我来说它是人类精神的最高体现So to me, it represents the best of the human spirit.[44:59.92][45:02.48]然而大自然并不见得愿意合作But the land doesn't always cooperate.[45:04.85][45:05.73]一道60英尺高的石灰岩壁挡住了去路A wall of solid limestone 60 feet high. [45:09.31][45:15.20]仅仅30英里开外就是终点伊利湖Just 30 miles from the finish line, Lake Erie. [45:19.00][45:21.16]运河将会改变一切The canal will change everything,[45:22.81][45:23.08]将整个美国中部与大西洋连接起来linking the Atlantic Ocean to the whole middle of[45:26.47][45:28.02]它改变人们的居住地点和人生追求It changes where people live, and why,[45:30.09][45:31.56]把整个北方变成了全球经济中心and turns the North into a global economic powerhouse.[45:35.22][45:39.40]主持运河开凿的The man behind the canal[45:40.89]是满腔热忱的纽约州州长德威特·克林顿is New York's gung-ho governor, Dewitt Clinton.[45:43.76][45:46.70]出身富庶之家的他坚信一切皆可为Born to wealth, he won't take no for an answer. [45:49.88][45:51.48]他有志当总统He wants to be president.[45:52.90][45:52.95]却最终在纽约州长任上尽心竭力了20年Instead, he runs New York for 20 years. [45:56.03][45:56.71]美国历史上出现过许多独具慧眼的领导人America was blessed with many inspirational leaders,[45:59.49][45:59.50]我认为德威特·克林顿and I think Dewitt Clinton[46:00.81][46:00.82]深知纽约州的发展对美国意义重大had a real sense of how important new York could be for America.[46:04.43][45:59.39] 鲁道夫·W·朱利安尼[前纽约市市长][46:03.05][46:09.43]克林顿的愿景是让纽约州富起来Clinton's vision: to make New York rich.[46:12.34][46:15.82]从政治层面说开凿运河就像一场豪赌Politically, the canal is a huge gamble. [46:18.63][46:18.90]舆论纷纷抨击这项危险而又昂贵的工程It's savaged in the press as dangerous and too expensive.[46:21.95][46:22.24]他们将其戏称为"克林顿的大沟" They call it "Clinton's big ditch."[46:24.45][46:24.46]而这条"大沟"将永远改变纽约州But it will change New York forever.[46:27.14]这一工程比人类迄今为止所完成的It is a work more stupendous,[46:29.07][46:29.37]任何工程都更伟大更壮观more magnificent, and more beneficial[46:32.77][46:33.04]并能产生更多效益than has hither to been achieved by the human race.[46:36.13][46:38.37]所谓创业精神就是Entrepreneurship is about doing things[46:41.10] 迈克尔·R·彭博[纽约市市长][46:43.80][46:41.64]尽管你不知道结果怎样when you don't know what it's gonna look like,[46:43.38][46:43.39]也不知道该如何着手you don't know what it's gonna be made of,[46:44.79]你所凭借的只是一种直觉you just have this instinct[46:46.49]一种充满必胜信心的直觉that you can do it and it'll work.[46:47.85]这群人很有远见并且敢想敢做Those guys had visions and did it.[46:50.37][46:53.89]5万人50,000 men.[46:55.22]1100万立方码的石块11 million cubic yards of rock.[46:57.69]玫瑰碗球场可容纳92,542人[46:59.69][46:57.69]足以填满26000个玫瑰碗球场Enough to fillthe Rose Bowl 26,000 times.[47:01.54][47:07.39]工人中有很多是爱尔兰移民Crews are filled with Irish immigrants.[47:09.39][47:10.57]大卫·吉尔罗伊在这里挣的钱是家乡的5倍David Gilroy makes five times what he can earn back home,[47:14.41]但这是项危险的工作but it's hazardous work.[47:16.79][47:17.68]他们其实是在移山They're literally moving mountains,[47:19.99][47:20.00]而唯一可行的办法就是用火药and there's only one way through-- gunpowder. [47:23.66][47:24.03]这是一种由硝酸盐木炭及硫磺制成的A highly combustible mix of[47:26.74]极易燃的混合物nitrate, charcoal and sulfur.[47:28.67][47:29.12]一旦配比出错后果就是致命的The wrong proportions can be lethal.[47:31.79][47:43.14]只有一项工作比There's only one job[47:44.17]比点燃导火索更危险that's more dangerous than lighting the fuse...[47:46.52][47:48.59]那就是回去再点一次going back to relight it.[47:50.42][48:09.42]为了克服恐惧工人们喜欢喝酒To cope, workers drink.[48:11.53][48:11.99]威士忌能缓解紧张Whiskey calms the nerves--[48:14.31]同时也会麻痹大脑and clouds the brain.[48:15.63][48:16.12]一名英国游客不敢相信An English tourist can't believe[48:18.07]他们在执行爆破工作的时候还敢喝酒they're mixing alcohol and explosives. [48:20.65][48:21.00]这些爱尔兰工人变得越发莽撞大胆The Irish laborers grew so reckless of life, [48:23.49]以至于当听到爆炸的信号时that at the signal for blasting,[48:25.02][48:25.86]他们只不过拿铲子在头顶挡一下they would just hold their shovels over their heads. [48:28.01][48:36.24]我认为成长在美国I think when you're brought up in America,[48:37.75][48:36.75] 肖恩·康姆斯[著名歌手绰号"吹牛老爹"][48:40.75][48:38.03]就是成长在一段辛勤劳动的历史之中you're brought up on the history of hard work. [48:40.50][48:41.00]有那么多的移民There are so many immigrants[48:42.79]为建设这个国家献出了生命that have died to build this country.[48:45.17][48:45.52]这种精神流淌在我们美国人的血液中That's in our bloodstream,[48:47.00]深藏在我们美国人的基因里that's in our DNA as Americans.[48:48.39][48:48.67]我们不想让先辈们的牺牲付诸东流We don't want their lives to go in vain.[48:50.47][48:50.48]因此我们会比其他人更勤劳Because of that, we usually work harder than anybody else.[48:54.01][48:58.30]八年的开凿Eight years of digging.[48:59.44][48:59.77]近千人的牺牲Nearly a thousand lives lost.[49:01.43][49:01.74]七百万美元的投入相当于如今的一亿美元$7 million, more than 100 million today.[49:05.17][49:05.61]换来了伊利运河于1825年的顺利通航The Erie Canal opens in 1825,[49:08.55][49:08.56]一个工程史上的奇迹诞生了 a miracle of engineering,[49:10.79]东部和中西部从此连为一体connecting East and Midwest.[49:13.48]运河立刻成为了一条推动经济的高速公路It's an instant economic superhighway. [49:16.00][49:16.22]每年有总价值1500万美元的货物来往于河上$15 million of goods a year flow along the canal.[49:20.27][49:21.16]沿岸的小村庄迅速发展成了发达的城市Villages along the canal boom into dynamic cities--[49:24.59][49:24.60]水牛城锡拉丘兹和罗切斯特Buffalo, Syracuse and Rochester.[49:27.32][49:29.50]物价大幅下降最大降幅达到95% Goods crash in price, up to 95%.[49:34.05]昔日不得不自给自足的边陲小镇A frontier that had to be self-sufficient[49:36.27]如今各种商品应有尽有can now buy anything they want.[49:38.72][49:41.40]繁荣之火开始燎原Prosperity is on the move.[49:43.37][49:46.06]纽约市变成了一座繁华都市New York City becomes a boomtown.[49:48.65][49:53.56]华尔街迅速崛起成为了世界金融中心Wall Street takes off as a global financial center.[49:56.80][49:59.83]城市规模扩大了4倍The city quadruples in size...[50:02.04][50:04.44]并一举超越新奥尔良成为全国第一大港口and surpasses New Orleans as the nation's number-one port.[50:08.57][50:14.22]这里财富聚集There's so much money around,[50:16.01][50:16.32]"百万富翁"一词就是1840年在这里诞生的the word "Millionaire" is invented in 1840.[50:20.18][50:22.35]伊利运河仍在影响着今天的纽约州The Erie Canal still shapes New York today. [50:24.99][50:25.56]其北部80%的人口80% of the upstate population[50:27.14]依然生活在运河25英里的流域范围内still lives within 25 miles of it.[50:30.52][50:37.00]向南数百英里Hundreds of miles to the south,[50:38.65][50:39.07]一种小型作物正在创造另一种经济腾飞a small plant is creating another economic boom.[50:42.63][50:43.00]棉花Cotton.[50:44.04][50:44.22]然而这种作物也导致了后来的国家分裂But this one will eventually tear the nation apart.[50:47.71][50:49.79]棉花原产于热带地区Cotton is native to tropical regions,[50:51.85][50:52.13]因此美国南部各州成为了理想的种植区making the Southern states of the US a perfect breeding ground.[50:55.73][50:58.43]棉花有价值的部分是The valued part is the soft fiber[51:00.69]紧密地长在这种灌木黏性种子周围的柔软纤维which grows tightly around the shrub's sticky seeds.[51:05.58]全世界有30个棉花品种There are 30 species worldwide.[51:07.34][51:08.32]引进种植不成问题Growing it is no problem,[51:09.66][51:12.39]但是加工这些纤维并使之能纺织成布料but processing the fiber before it can be spun into cloth[51:15.77][51:15.78]则需要大量劳动力is labor-intensive.[51:17.23][51:17.93]特别是在除去棉籽时Especially, separating the seeds.[51:19.93][51:20.92]多年来只能通过手工来完成For years, it could only be done by hand.[51:23.73][51:24.16]仅分离一磅棉花就需要一整天的劳动One pound took an entire day.[51:26.48][51:28.34]1794年3月4日一项简单的发明A simple patent filed on March 4, 1794, [51:32.01][51:32.02]改变了这一切changes all that.[51:33.04][51:35.61]轧棉机The cotton gin.[51:36.54][51:38.00]它实现了加工过程自动化It automates the process[51:39.47][51:39.48]也加深了国家的分裂and deeply divides the country.[51:41.95][51:42.12]轧棉机不仅改变了美国The cotton gin transformed not only America,[51:44.35]也改变了世界but the world.[51:46.03]利用机器进行大规模生产的理念The concept of mass production using a machine [51:49.96]从此开始在各地流行just exploded everywhere.[51:52.43][51:46.66] 伍迪·诺里斯[发明家][51:50.66][51:53.50]一个工人现在能加工比从前多50倍的棉花One man can now process 50 times more cotton.[51:57.20][51:57.49]整个南方的棉产量因此突飞猛进Output skyrockets all over the South.[52:00.18][52:03.50]1830年美国棉产量占世界总产量的一半In 1830, America is producing half the world's cotton.[52:07.11][52:07.67]到1850 这一比例接近四分之三By 1850, it's nearly 3/4.[52:10.91][52:15.29]被喻为"白色黄金"的棉花Called white gold,[52:16.58]给南方带来了一种新式的奢华生活cotton supports a new lavish lifestyle in the South.[52:20.21][52:22.30]到1850年By 1850,[52:23.51]密西西比州的纳奇兹市的人均百万富翁数量there are more millionaires per capita in Natchez, Mississippi,[52:27.02]比全世界任何一个地方都要多than anywhere else on Earth.[52:28.86][52:31.63]城里最富有的人拥有4万英亩田地The richest man in town owns 40,000 acres, [52:34.76][52:34.77]几乎是曼哈顿岛的3倍大nearly three times the size of Manhattan Island.[52:37.83][52:43.30]南方的迅速繁荣The South is thriving[52:45.90]离不开一种人剥削人的制度on the backs of humans owning other humans.[52:48.51]也就是奴隶制It's called slavery.[52:50.69][52:51.75]北方也受到了南方繁荣的影响The North is implicated in the South's success. [52:55.38][52:58.84]工业发达的北方从南方的棉花中获益The industrial North is profiting from Southern cotton,[53:02.15][53:04.00]而对奴隶制却视而不见but turns a blind eye to slavery.[53:06.28][53:07.93]开国元勋中的许多人自己就是奴隶主Many of them slave owners themselves, [53:09.99][53:10.27]他们以为奴隶制会很快消失the Founding Fathers assumed slavery would soon disappear.[53:14.22][53:14.90]奴隶制在英国已经被废除了20年Slavery has already been abolished for 20 years in Britain[53:18.63]而且在欧洲的大多数地区属于违法and is outlawed across most of Europe.[53:20.80][53:21.09]但由于棉产量的剧增But with the cotton explosion,[53:22.82][53:23.11]奴隶制变得对南方经济极其重要slavery becomes critical to the Southern economy. [53:25.88][53:29.26]现在每个奴隶可以创造比以前多50倍的利润Each slave is now 50 times more profitable.[53:32.61][53:32.98]在轧棉机问世前只卖300美元的奴隶A slave who sold for $300 before the cotton gin[53:36.37]到1860年可以卖到近2000美元goes for nearly 2,000 by 1860.[53:39.25]人们没有真正意识到这一点People don't really realize this,[53:40.37] 詹姆斯·梅格斯[《大众机械》杂志总编[53:43.37][53:40.51]在轧棉机发明之前but slavery was actually on the decline in the South[53:42.50][53:42.51]奴隶制在南方实际是在逐渐衰退的prior to the invention of the cotton gin,[53:44.39]然而轧棉机使得棉花种植如此有利可图but then once the cotton gin made it so practical to grow cotton,[53:48.60]突然间所有南方农场主all of a sudden, every farmer in the South[53:50.59][53:50.60]都想尽可能地多种棉花wanted to plant as much cotton as possible.[53:52.58][53:54.55]然而过度种植导致了土地贫瘠But overproduction is destroying the land.[53:56.69][53:58.17]棉花种植向西部肥沃的土地进发Cotton heads west in search of fertile soil,[54:01.49]并带去了奴隶制bringing slavery with it.[54:03.42][54:06.12]而北方的废奴势力则要维护边远地区的自由But antislavery forces in the North want to keep the frontier free.[54:10.65][54:11.09]废奴战争的第一枪即将打响The stage is set for the first battles in the war over slavery.[54:15.56][54:24.90]棉花改变了美国人的生活方式Cotton is changing the way Americans live.[54:27.80][54:28.80]不久以后它还会带来国家的分裂In time, it will blow the nation apart.[54:31.82][54:33.26]对南方来说棉花就是金矿For the South, cotton is a gold mine.[54:35.92][54:36.20]而现在北方也想来分一杯羹Now the North wants a piece of the action.[54:38.49][54:38.77]这种互利共赢的合作关系It's a partnership that makes everyone rich,[54:41.54][54:42.60]建立在一种新型机器的基础上based on a new machine,[54:44.76]动力织布机the power loom.[54:45.48][54:48.34]运进来的是粗制棉绒Raw cotton comes in,[54:49.67]送出去的是精美的布料finished cloth goes out.[54:51.13][54:51.42]一切都在一个车间内完成All under one roof.[54:53.40][54:54.72]现代工厂诞生了The modern factory is born.[54:56.82][55:00.56]马萨诸塞州的洛威尔Lowell, Massachusetts,[55:01.88]这个纺织业发达的城市有着"纺锤之城"的美称is called the city of spindles, a textiles boomtown.[55:06.55]人口在短短15年内Population explodes[55:07.88]由1820年的200人骤增至近20000人from 200 in 1820 to nearly 20,000 in just 15 years.[55:13.99][55:14.55]城里超过三分之一的人在工厂里工作More than a third of the town works in the mills.[55:16.84][55:17.60]其中85%是15岁至25岁的单身女性85% are single women between 15 and 25. [55:21.36][55:23.04]哈丽特·罗宾逊只有10岁Harriet Robinson is ten.[55:24.75][55:25.05]父亲死后她就进了工厂When her father dies, she goes to work at the mill. [55:28.32][55:29.76]那情景历历在目我在走廊里来回穿梭I can see myself now, racing down the alley, [55:32.77]奔走于纺机之间between the spinning frames,[55:34.65]搬着个比自己还大的线筒箱carrying in front of me a bobbin box bigger than I was. [55:38.33]妇女第一次可以通过劳动挣钱Women earn money for the first time.[55:41.65][55:42.13]哈丽特的工钱帮助补贴家用Harriet's wages help supporther family.[55:44.64][55:45.04]工业化改变着每个人的生活Industrialization is changing everyone's lives.[55:48.65][55:51.45]所有女童工的收入都得到了合理利用All the mill girls make good use of their money.[55:53.79][55:54.06]家里的抵押被赎回来了The mortgage is lifted from the homestead,[55:56.34]农舍也被粉刷一新the farmhouse is painted.[55:57.73][55:58.00]女童工的收入能贴补守寡的母亲Mill girls help maintain widowed mothers[56:00.24]或者酗酒或者伤残的父亲and drunken or invalid fathers.[56:02.07][56:06.00]我们每周能挣2美元We were paid $2 a week.[56:07.71]当轮到我站在线筒箱上时Oh, how proud I was when[56:09.03]我是多么激动啊it came to my turn to stand up on the bobbin-box.[56:11.61][56:12.81]当妇女到纺织厂制线厂真正参与生产劳动时When women really joined the workforce in the cotton mills and the thread factories,[56:19.04][56:16.30] 玛莎·斯图尔特[著名女企业家有"家政女王"之称][56:19.30][56:19.31]这使她们有机会挣脱传统束缚I think it gave women an opportunity to get out,[56:23.13]并认真考虑自力更生了be serious about being bread winners.[56:25.61][56:25.81]这改变了整个美国的社会格局And it changed the whole fabric of America.[56:28.88][56:30.50]纺织工厂还掀起了美国人的服装革命The mills also revolutionize how Americans dress.[56:33.96][56:36.05]廉价棉布的大量生产Mass production of cheap cotton fabrics[56:38.69]振兴了美国的服装业spawns America's clothing industry.[56:40.88][56:42.29]以前大多数家庭的衣服都是自制的Previously, most families made their own clothes.[56:45.25]现在人们开始购买成衣Now, people buy ready-to-wear.[56:47.17][56:47.80]东方潮流取代了鹿皮大衣Eastern fashions replace buckskin.[56:50.20][56:50.55]到1850年By 1850,[56:52.04]服装业成了纽约市最大的制造业men's clothing is the largest manufacturing industry in New York City.[56:55.72][56:56.00]作为美国人我最自豪的一点就是For me, what makes me proudest to be an American[56:59.38][56:57.38] 吉米·威尔士[维基百科创始人之一][57:00.38][56:59.38]美国精神中的高效和乐观is that American spirit of productivity, optimism,[57:03.29]坚信人定胜天前景光明this idea that the world doesn't have to be doom and gloom,[57:06.52]我们可以利用科技让生活更美好that we can use technology to make our lives better.[57:09.09][57:11.45]时装并不是来自纺织厂的唯一新事物Fashion isn't the only innovation to come out of the mills.[57:14.61][57:15.00]这里发明的技术直接导致了硅谷的诞生Technology developed here will lead straight to Silicon Valley.[57:18.87][57:19.19]织布机上首创了穿孔卡用于生产带花纹的布料Looms pioneer punch cards to produce patterned fabric.[57:23.00][57:25.02]卡上的每个孔Each hole in the card tells[57:26.49]决定织机是否使用不同颜色的纺线the loom to use a different-colored thread, a yes-no decision.[57:30.68][57:31.38]这就是二进制代码所有现代计算机的基础It's binary code, the basis of all modern computers.[57:35.69][57:37.28]计算机和互联网的诞生The birth of the computer and Internet[57:39.45]都始于棉纺工厂里的织机began in cotton mills with these looms.[57:42.60][57:43.29]我认为在美国历史上的每一个You know, in every major development,[57:47.18][57:44.80] 约翰·拉萨特[皮克斯和迪斯尼公司创意总监][57:47.80][57:47.18]重要的发展时期I think, in the history of America,[57:49.33]科技都起到了核心作用technology has been at the center of it.[57:53.69][57:58.00]尽管轮班时间长达12个小时Despite 12-hour shifts,[57:59.47]工厂还是给妇女们带来了无限的机遇the factories offer a new world of opportunity for women.[58:02.53][58:03.83]她们通过更多的阅读和交流来提高自己They are reading more, talking more, educating themselves.[58:07.39][58:08.52]没错在上工时间读书是违规的Yeah, reading books on factory time was against the rules,[58:12.40]但我们把书藏在围裙口袋和废料桶里but we hid books in apron pockets and waste baskets.[58:15.81]有时我们也把诗贴在织机上背诵Sometimes we pasted poems on our looms to memorize.[58:19.29]美国社会第一次听到了她们的声音And for the first time in America, their voices are heard.[58:23.56][58:26.54]1836年10月October 1836.[58:28.59]洛威尔纺织厂的女工下班后有组织地聚集起来Women from the Lowell Mills gather after work and organize.[58:32.87]她们反对降薪的抗议Their protest against wage cuts[58:34.76]是美国历史上最早的罢工之一is one of the first strikes in US history.[58:37.72][58:39.38]最后她们赢了And they will win.[58:40.27][58:40.94]工厂老板作出了让步The mill boss is back down.[58:42.57][58:43.61]新一代的年轻女性后来成为了老师A generation of young women go on to become teachers,[58:46.65]作家甚至大学毕业生writers and even college graduates.[58:49.37][58:49.87]哈丽特·罗宾逊后来成了争取妇女参政权的领军人物Harriet Robinson will become a leading suffragette,[58:53.95]并在国会前作证and testify before Congress.[58:55.67][58:58.21]她们是第一批They're the first wave in a movement[58:59.88][58:59.89]争取妇女选举权运动的发起者that results in women getting the vote.[59:02.12][59:04.07]照亮她们夜间秘密会议的灯光Their secret meetings at night are only possible [59:06.85]来自一种非凡生物点燃的油灯with the light from lamps powered by an extraordinary creature.[59:10.54][59:15.10]鲸油照亮了夜晚Whale oil opened up the night,[59:16.69][59:16.70]正如许多其它革命性的新发明一样and like so many really transformative technological innovations,[59:20.43][59:16.70] 詹姆斯·梅格斯[《大众机械》杂志总编][59:19.70][59:20.43]它使人们更加自由it expanded human freedom.[59:21.86]它为人们开拓了一条多劳多得的劳动之路It created a way for people to get more, do more and achieve more.[59:26.59][59:28.90]原油在20年之后才被发现Crude oil won't be discovered for another 20 years. [59:31.73][59:33.28]在那之前是鲸油照亮着美国Until then, America runs on whale oil.[59:36.72][59:36.86]捕鲸业The whaling industry[59:38.13][59:38.14]推动了工业革命中的研发过程helped invent part of the Industrial Revolution [59:41.06]还给典型的美国工作狂帮了大忙and the classic American workaholic,[59:44.99][59:41.99]史蒂文·约翰逊[著名作家][59:44.29][59:44.99]通宵达旦的工作环境work-round-the-clock kind of environment,[59:46.99][59:47.00]在这种环境下如果你能有更多的亮光where if you have more light[59:48.30]来熬过那段不见天日的寒冬to keep you going in those dark winter days,[59:50.36]就能有更多成就赚到更多钱you could get more done, you could make more money,[59:52.79]因而在某种程度上你也推动了经济的发展and you could kind of drive the economy forward.[59:55.41][00:08.50]鲸是在地球上曾有过的最大的生物之一Whales are among the largest creatures toever live on Earth.[00:11.78][00:15.41]体重可达一百八十吨身长逾百英尺Up to 180 tons and more than 100 feet long. [00:19.18][00:25.10]一条鲸鱼可以制成A single whale can produce[00:26.23]可以高达三千加仑[约11立方米]的鲸油up to 3,000 gallons of oil.[00:28.50][00:31.30]时至今日美国航空航天局仍在使用鲸油Even today, whale oil is used by NASA. [00:33.90][00:34.34]哈勃空间望远镜就是靠鲸油工作的The Hubble space telescope runs on it.[00:37.05][00:42.67]捕鲸业是北方最大的产业之一Whaling is one of the North's biggest industries, [00:46.06][00:46.33]每年带来一千一百万美元的收入bringing in $11 million a year.[00:48.86][00:49.85]但从业者的伤亡代价也很高But the human cost is also high.[00:52.04][00:54.31]一半的捕鲸船最后会在大海里失踪Half of all ships will eventually be lost at sea. [00:57.53][00:58.00]很少有人甘冒此风险Few men are willing to take the risk.[01:00.05][01:00.35]但对于非裔美国人来说这却是一个良机But it's an opportunity for African-Americans.[01:02.67][01:03.25]两万名自由人和逃跑的奴隶选择了出海20,000 freemen and escaped slaves take to the seas.[01:06.81][01:08.10]约翰·汤普森是马里兰州一名逃跑的奴隶John Thompson is a runaway from Maryland.[01:11.03][01:12.49]我的家在费城I have a family in Philadelphia.[01:14.51][01:15.21]但我不敢再在那里多呆But fearing to remain there any longer,[01:17.41][01:17.42]我想到了去航海捕鲸I thought I would go on a whaling voyage[01:19.88]抓捕逃奴的赏金猎人们不太可能where I stood least chance of[01:22.21]跑到海上来追捕我being arrested by slave hunters.[01:23.61][01:27.93]捕鲸业所提供的平等机会超前于其所处的时代The equal opportunity offered in whaling is ahead of its time.[01:31.73][01:32.93]在这里有色人种真正被当人看待Here, a colored man is only known and looked upon as a man[01:36.39]并且他们的晋升只取决于能力和技术水平and is promoted in rank according to hisability and skill[01:40.64]干的活也和白人一样to perform the same duties as a white man.[01:42.95][01:47.63]从某种角度来说捕鲸业The whaling industry offered[01:49.47]为那些像约翰·汤普森一样当过奴隶的人an ex-slave like John Thompson[01:52.42]提供了社会经济层面的流动性the possibility of socialand economic fluidity, mobility [01:55.65][01:52.83]小亨利·路易斯·盖茨[哈佛大学非洲和非裔美国人研究所所长][01:58.00][01:55.65]和被人接受的可能性and acceptance in a way.[01:58.08]即使在北方Even in the North,[01:59.75][01:59.76]对于黑人来说这在其它行业也是不可能的that was not possible for black people otherwise.[02:02.78][02:07.30]负责瞭望的人大声叫道The man on the lookout cried out,[02:09.46]"她在那儿喷水呢" "There she blows!"[02:10.86]海面上出现了四只鲸鱼There were four whales in sight,[02:13.07]距离他们只有不到四分之三英里not more than 3/4 of a mile distant.[02:15.76][02:20.90]猎杀它们需要花费数小时的时间It takes hours to kill them.[02:22.48][02:24.06]他们用的是最先进的鱼叉They use state-of-the-art harpoons[02:26.26]路易斯·坦普[美国著名废奴主义者发明家][02:29.26][02:26.26]这是由一个名叫路易斯·坦普的逃奴发明的invented by runaway slave Lewis Temple.[02:29.22][02:31.08]杀死鲸鱼的唯一方法是在鱼鳍处捅入鱼叉The whale can only be killed by lancing him under the fin,[02:34.65][02:34.66]这需要很多练习和技巧which is a work of much skill and practice.[02:37.36][02:39.50]一头盛怒之中的猛兽A monster, terrible in his fury,[02:42.26][02:42.77]足以在摆尾之间让小船灰飞烟灭able to shiver the boat in atoms by one stroke of his tail.[02:46.57][02:50.00]但海上生活纵使再凶险And yet even the dangers at sea[02:52.49]也比可怕的奴隶生活要强得多are preferable to the horror of life as a slave.[02:56.16][02:58.74]对那些冒险逃跑的奴隶的惩罚手段极其凶残Punishment is savage for those who risk escape,[03:01.57]但仍有人为了自由不惜一切代价but some will do anything to be free.[03:04.92][03:09.56]1841年新奥尔良1841, New Orleans.[03:12.47][03:12.48]奴隶交易的中心Ground zero for the slave trade.[03:14.89][03:16.05]这一天是拍卖日It's auction day.[03:17.17]一个让所有奴隶心惊胆战的日子The day every slave fears the most.[03:19.83][03:22.60]在十九世纪上半叶In the first half of the 19th century,[03:24.76][03:25.03]超过一半的奴隶是在拍卖会上被卖出的over half a million slaves are sold at auction.[03:27.75][03:29.69]这一行业在南方经济中占了20亿美元It's a business worth $2 billion to the Southern economy.[03:33.03][03:34.00]由于棉花种植业的繁荣Since the cotton boom,[03:36.57]奴隶的价格飙升the value of slaves has skyrocketed.[03:37.93][03:38.38]现在男奴隶1000美元Now men cost $1,000.[03:40.50][03:40.94]女奴隶800美元Women, 800.[03:42.14][03:42.42]儿童500美元Children, 500.[03:43.94][03:46.16]所罗门·诺萨普Solomon Northup,[03:48.20][03:46.20]所罗门·诺萨普[曾著自传《为奴十二载》][03:51.81][03:48.21]一位来自北方的受过教育的自由人an educated freeman from the North,[03:49.65]因遭绑架而沦为奴隶was kidnapped into slavery.[03:51.81][03:53.11]你到这边来You, come over here.[03:54.68][03:56.30]他会要求我们把头抬起来He would make us hold up our heads,[03:58.52]让我们快速来回奔跑walk us briskly back and forth,[04:01.19]这样顾客们就能观察我们的手臂和躯干while customers would feel our hands and arms and bodies,[04:05.85]他让我们张开嘴巴露出牙齿make us open up our mouths and show our teeth, [04:09.03][04:09.04]简直就像一个骑师在检验马匹precisely as a jockey examines a horse,[04:12.08]然后再决定是用钱还是用货物来完成交易which he is about to barter for or purchase.[04:15.05][04:16.52]奴隶后背上的伤疤被视为Scars upon a slave's back were considered[04:19.04]该奴隶反叛或难以管束的证据evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit,[04:22.55]因而影响售价and hurt his sale.[04:23.77][04:26.20]把上衣脱了Take your top off.[04:27.16]九成的非裔美国人都是奴隶90% of all African-Americans are slaves,[04:31.36]包括400万男人女人和小孩4 million men, women and children.[04:34.20][04:34.80]我们的建国纲领是We had based this country on[04:36.75]人人都享有不容侵犯的自由和平等权利everyone having inalienable rights to freedom and equality,[04:40.60][04:37.60]雪儿·克罗[上世纪90年代以来最受欢迎的摇滚乐女歌手之一][04:39.60][04:40.60]然而我们也创造了一套惨无人道的迫害机制and yet we created a system of abject persecution.[04:45.60][04:47.81]奴隶们被养肥了送去拍卖就像牲口一样Slaves are fattened for auction, like livestock.[04:51.22][04:51.78]深肤色的男人被买走干农活Dark-skinned men are bought for the fields,[04:54.00]而浅肤色的女人则用来做家务活light-skinned women for the house.[04:56.33][04:57.81]奴隶贩子们谎报他们的年龄Traders lie about their ages,[05:00.36]甚至会给奴隶的白发染色even dye a slave's gray hairs.[05:02.37][05:03.02]对于农场主来说For the plantation owners,[05:04.82]买奴隶就像去当地的超市买糖和面粉一样it was like just going to your local supermarket to get sugar or flour.[05:10.59][05:06.90]艾尔·夏普顿牧师[美国人权领袖][05:10.30][05:10.80]他们已经完全忘了奴隶也是人They had become so desensitized to the humanity of the slave[05:16.44]以至于根本不把奴隶当人看that they did not see them as human beings.[05:19.61][05:23.00]买家需要生育能力强的奴隶来繁衍后代Buyers demand the most fertile slaves for breeding.[05:25.60][05:26.57]身价最高的就是浅肤色未成年处女The most expensive are light-skinned teenage virgins.[05:29.77][05:30.70]强奸已是稀松平常Rape is common.[05:32.53][05:36.61]伊莱扎来自一个州立农场Eliza's from a state plantation.[05:38.99][05:41.95]和她一起被拍卖的还有她的两个孩子She's being sold, with her two children, [05:44.82]埃米莉和兰德尔Emily and Randall.[05:46.89][05:47.33]在路易斯安那州In Louisiana,[05:48.99]将11岁以下的孩子从父母身边带走是违法的it's illegal forchildren under 11 to be taken from their parents.[05:52.67]小伙子过来Boy, come over here.[05:54.14][05:54.39]但这种事屡见不鲜It happens all the time.[05:55.69][05:56.74]给我看看你的牙齿Show me your teeth.[05:58.50][05:58.88]140年的时间对于You know, 140 years is not[06:00.27]整个历史进程来说并不漫长a really long time in the context of history.[06:02.78]所以我真的不敢相信So it's hard for me to believe[06:04.55]140年前黑人在这里没有任何权利可言that blacks didn't have any rights here, [06:06.98]他们遭受的是非人的对待they weren't treated as human beings,[06:09.19][06:07.19]约翰·勒珍德[五次荣获格莱美奖的R&B歌手和歌曲作家][06:11.18][06:09.20]本质上他们的待遇和动物无异they were treated like animals, essentially.[06:11.18][06:12.50]求你了先生Sir, please![06:13.63][06:29.00]拍卖会上过半的交易都会拆散一个家庭Over half the sales at auction will tear a family apart.[06:32.83]想象一下一个八岁的孩子If you've ever been eight, to think of being[06:35.91]被迫与父母分开separated from your mother and your father[06:37.63]被人买走永远不能再见父母一面and sold and you'll never see them again. [06:39.96]想象一下这过程中的惊恐与辛酸The horror of that, the poignancy of all of that, [06:42.38][06:40.38]安妮特·戈登·里德[罗格斯大学历史学系教授][06:43.38][06:42.39]而类似事件却在整个南方屡见不鲜and yet that's the kind of thing that happened across the South[06:46.19]直到奴隶制度瓦解up until the end of slavery.[06:48.09][06:49.00]好了我最后一次出价Okay, my final offer,[06:50.31][06:51.32]这个男人我出一千那个男人我出九百I'll give you 1,000 for that man, 900 for that man.[06:54.66]。
