Agents of S

医用超声耦合剂英文

Introduction

Ultrasound coupling agents are used extensively in medical

imaging. Coupling agents are substances that enhance the

transmission of ultrasound waves through the skin to increase

the images' quality. This article provides information on

medical ultrasound coupling agents.

What is a Medical Ultrasound Coupling Agent?

A medical ultrasound coupling agent is a substance that

improves the transmission of ultrasound waves through the

skin. It serves as a medium between the skin and the

ultrasound transducer. It helps to eliminate air pockets and

increases the transmission of ultrasound waves.

Types of Medical Ultrasound Coupling Agents

There are two types of ultrasound coupling agents: water-based and oil-based. Both types of coupling agents contain

unique properties that affect skin contact and dispersion of

PostępyDermatologiiiAlergologii5,October/2013311Address for correspondence:Dr.Wioletta A.Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Department of Allergology and Environmental Hazards, Institute of Rural Health, 2 Jaczewskiego St, 20-090 Lublin, Poland, phone: +48 698 143 743, e-mail: wiola.zukiewiczsobczak@Received:7.08.2013,accepted: 10.09.2013.Farmers’ occupational diseases of allergenic and zoonotic originWioletta A. Żukiewicz-Sobczak, Jolanta Chmielewska-Badora, Paula Wróblewska, Jacek ZwolińskiDepartment of Allergology and Environmental Hazards, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, PolandHead of Department: Dr.Wioletta A.Żukiewicz-SobczakPostep Derm Alergol 2013; XXX, 5: 311–315

DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.38361Review paper

AbstractFarmers are exposed to anumber of biological, physical and chemical factors harmful to the health, resulting fromthe specific nature of their work environment. As is clear from epidemiological studies about occupational diseases,pneumoconioses and infectious and parasitic diseases are recorded most commonly. Due to the character of farmer’swork, the greatest risk to his health is biological hazards in the form of numerous microorganisms and their metabo-lites, and particles of plants and animals contained in the organic dust and pathogens transmitted by vectors suchas ticks. The health status of farmers is often worse than of other professional groups as aresult of limited accessto health care and lower health literacy. Therefore, farmers should be subject to asystem of diagnosing occupationaldiseases, and many preventive and educational programs concerning health risks associated with their work. Theaim of this paper is to characterize occupational diseases of farmers including allergic diseases, tick-borne diseasesand zoonoses.Key words: farmers, occupational diseases, prevention.IntroductionThe population employed in agriculture in Poland is about25% of total employment [1]. Occupational diseases of farm-ers are to alarge extent caused by biological factors [2]. Bio-logical hazards are micro-organisms and macro-organ-isms, toxins and allergenic substances produced by themthat have harmful effects on human health [3]. Biologicaloccupational risk factors can be divided into several groups,such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, plant factors and animal factors. In terms of the type of harm to the human body, biological occupational risk factors can be divided intopathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses), allergens (bacteria, fun-gi, particles of plants and animals), biological toxins (endo-toxins, mycotoxins, plant toxins, animal venoms), carcino-gens (aflatoxin, wood dust) and biological vectors carryinginfectious diseases (ticks, mosquitoes) [4].In accordance with Directive 2000/54/EC of the Euro-pean Parliament and of the Council, biological risk factorsare classified into four groups according to the degree ofdanger. Factors from the first group do not carry arealthreat. Pathogens classified in the second group are notspreading, and there are effective methods of their pre-vention and treatment. Factors in the third group can alsobe effectively controlled but can cause serious disease tospread. The last group (fourth) consists of factors that causeserious disease with high mortality, rapidly spreading, forwhich there are no effective methods of prevention andtherapy [5, 6]. The source of biological agents in the work-place usually is animal and vegetable products, dust, ani-mal and human excreta, sewage and wastes. These fac-tors are transmitted through airborne dust, airbornedroplets, skin and mucous membranes, bite of vectors suchas ticks, rarely by ingestion [7].Bioaerosols, especially from organic dusts are the mostcommon, allergic hazard in the farmer work environment[4]. They can cause asthma, allergic alveolitis, allergic rhini-tis, irritation of mucous membranes, infectious diseasesand cancer. The most harmful biological agents present inthe dust are bacteria and fungi, and substances producedby them with allergenic and immunotoxic properties [7].Farmers’ occupational diseases of allergic originCurrent epidemiological data indicate adisturbing trendcharacterized by an increased incidence of all forms of aller-Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii 5, October / 2013

Safety Arrangement

This Non-Disclosure Agreement (“Agreement”) is made and entered into February 24, 2014, by

and between TECHSTAR(hereinafter referred to as “TECHSTARl”), a privately held company,

with offices located at, 4, rue Paris France 44000 and N”), an Institute incorporated in People’s

Republic of China, with offices located at xxx, Nanjing xxx, P.R. China, which are collectively

referred to as the "Parties," and individually, as "Party".

WHEREAS, each Party possesses, or may possess, certain confidential and proprietary

information, the "Confidential Information" as hereafter defined, related to the Technological and

Commercial collaboration ("Project"), which the other party may wish to review for the purposes

described in Section 3; and

WHEREAS, the Parties recognize that said information is a valuable asset of the Disclosing Party,

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

Jolanta Skowroń, Department of Chemical and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour

Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.

1. Introduction

Biological agents are organisms or toxins that have illness-producing effects on people, livestock, and crops. They are found in many sectors of employment. They are rarely visible

and so workers are not always able to appreciate the risk they pose. Biological agents include

bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeasts and moulds), parasites, other micro-organisms and their

associated toxins. They have ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways,

ranging from relatively mild, allergic reactions to serious conditions, even death. These organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment; they are found in water, soil, plants, and