常见溶剂分类

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 Polarity oF Common laboratory s
olvents

Solvents.may.be.classified.according.to.their.polarity.into.three.groups: apolar aprotic solvents,.
dipolar aprotic solvents,.and.(polar).protic solvents..Examples.of.these.three.classifications.for.
some.common.laboratory.solvents.are.listed.in.Table 16.1,.in.order.of.increasing.polarity.(indicated.
by.dielectric.constant),.together.with.some.other.solvent.properties..For.information.on.the.hazards.
and.toxicity.of.solvents,.see.Chapter.11.

solventabp (°c) (760 mmhg)mp (°c)dielectric constant (ε) at 25ºcbdensity (g/ml) at 20ºccsolubility of solvent in water (wt%) at 25ºc
Apolar Aprotic solvents
Hexane69.–941.90.66.0.002
Benzene80.+62.30.88.0.18
Toluene111.–952.40.87.0.05
Diethyl.ether35.–1164.3.(20°C)0.71.6.0
Chloroform61.–634.8.(20°C)1.49 0.82.(20ºC)
Ethyl.acetate77.–846.00.90 8.1

dipolar Aprotic solvents
1,4-Dioxane101.+122.21.03.Miscible
Tetrahydrofuran.66.–1097.60.89 Miscible
Dichloromethane.40.–958.91.33 1.30
Acetone56.–9420.70.79.Miscible
Acetonitrile.82.–4537.5.(20°C)0.79 Miscible
Dimethylformamide.153.–6137.00.94Miscible
Dimethyl.sulfoxide.189.+1946.71.10.25.3

Protic solvents
Acetic.acid118.+176.2.(20°C)1.05 Miscible
1-Butanol118.–8917.50.81.7.45
2-Propanol82.–8819.90.79.Miscible
1-Propanol97.–12620.30.80 Miscible
Ethanol78.–11724.60.79 Miscible
Methanol65.–9832.70.79.Miscible
Formic.acid101.+858.51.22.Miscible
Water100.078.41.000––

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Polarity Classifications and Some Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents