帅建林版国际贸易实务课后练习答案双语

Chapter 1 International Trade1.What are the reasons for international trade?There are three main reasons: resource reasons, economic reasons, and political reasons. The resource reasons refer to the uneven distribution of resources such as natural resources, capital, and labor. The economic reasons are explained by the principal of absolute advantage and the principal of comparative advantage. Besides, nations are motivated to trade or not to trade with each other by international and domestic political needs.2.What is the principal of comparative advantage?Created by David Ricardo, the principal of comparative advantage is a basic theory for specialization and trade which says trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In other words, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher (lower) in every commodity.3.What are the benefits of international trade?The benefits of international trade include cheaper goods, more choices of goods, wider market for domestic producers, and the growth of domestic and world economy.4. Why does trade protectionism still exist despite the benefits of international trade?Trade protectionism exists for economic and political reasons. Nations want to protect their infant industries and jobs from foreign competition, to maintain balance of payment, and not to support their foes.5.Want are some of the forms of trade restrictions?Trade restrictions take the forms of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.6.What is a tariff barrier and what is a non-tariff barrier?A tariff barrier is a direct monetary burden to discourage trade in which a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) a country. A non-tariff barrier, on the other hand, is not directly a monetary burden though it often costs more time and money. Non-tariff barriers include quota, license, foreign exchange control, technical standards, and regulations, etc.Terms1. A tariff: is a duty or fee that is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) acountry.2.Surtax: is an additional tax. It may also be temporary and discriminatory. In internationaltrade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty: is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes thatthe exporting country is selling a significant amount goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty: is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without referenceto its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty: is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of thearticle taxed.6. A quota: is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license: is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import ofgoods.8.Foreign exchange control: means various forms of restriction imposed by a government onthe purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery1.What are the key issues that a contract must spell out clearly?Seller’s and buyer’s responsibilities and associated costsTime and place of deliveryDocuments and expensesTitle to the goods2.Why are Incoterms created?Incoterms are created to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.3.How are the terms structured in Incoterms?The terms are grouped in four basically different categories: E-term, F-terms, C-terms, and D-terms. E-term requires the seller to make the goods available to the buyer usually at the seller’s own premises. F-terms require the seller to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed and paid by the buyer. C-terms require the seller to contract and pay for carriage without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. D-terms require the seller to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.4.Do you have to use Incoterms in every transaction? Why or why not?No, sellers and buyers don’t need to use Incoterms in their transaction because Incoterms are created only to provide an option, not an obligation.5.What should be considered in the choice of terms of delivery?Transport capacityCustomer’s locationFreight rateLoading/unloading facilities and local port customRisks in transitChapter 3 Cargo Packaging, Stowage & Marking1.Generally speaking, what are the main reasons for cargo packaging?Generally speaking, there are four main reasons for cargo packaging:a.protective function that essentially involves protecting the contents from the environment andvice versa;b.loading and transport function that requires proper packaging design for easy handling andspace-saving transportationc.stowage function that facilitates stowage and distribution; andd.promotion function that helps generate product awareness and sales2.The protective function of packaging essentially involves protecting the contents fromthe environment. Is this statement true or false and why?This statement is only partially true because the protective function of packaging involves protecting people and the environment, not only the contents, particularly for hazardous materials.3.What is the most efficient method of handling general cargo?The most efficient method of handling general cargo is to make up cargo unit.4.What are the main factors influencing types of cargo packaging?The main factors influencing types of cargo packaging are:a.nature of cargo;b.transport;c.Customs and statutory requirements;d.Insurance acceptance conditions;e.Cost; andf.Ease of handling and stowage5.What should be considered in the stowage of cargo?The following should be considered in the stowage of cargo:a.observation of weight limitations and distributions;b.prevention of damage to transport vehicle;c.best use of available deadweight or cubic capacity to minimize the broken stowage;d.avoidance of mixing incompatible cargo;e.plan for ease of unloading6.What purposes does correct and complete marking serve?Correct and complete marking of packages helps prevent incorrect handling, accidents, incorrect delivery, losses of weight and volume and Customs fines7.What are the main types of marks?The main types of marks include shipping marks, information marks, indicative marks and warning marks.8.What are the marking requirements?The marking requirements are internationality, visibility, legibility and indelibilityChapter 4 Transport1.What are the key differences between liners and tramps?A liner operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table but a tramp does not operate this way. Instead, a tramp is a vessel hired to pick up cargo from almost any port and go directly to the port of destination.2.What does the abbreviation FIO stand for? What does it mean?FIO stands for “free in and out”, which means that the charterer of a vessel, not the ship operator, is responsible for the costs of loading and unloading.3.What key purposes does a B/L serve?A B/L serves three key purposes. First, it is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them. Second, it is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods matching the contract description have been received from the shipper in good condition. Third, it is also a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.4.What should a clause of shipment include?A clause of shipment should include time of shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, advice of shipment, partial shipment and transshipment.5.What is Air Waybill and what is the key difference between the document and an OceanB/L?An air waybill is a transport document issued by airlines or air cargo companies or their agents. The key difference between this document and an ocean B/L is that air waybill is not a title document. As a straight waybill, an air waybill is not transferrable or negotiable and a shipper does not lose his ownership of the cargo by handing the air waybill to the airline. However, as the buyer is named the consignee on the waybill and he/she can claim the consignment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity.6.What is international multimodal transport?International multimodal transport is the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.7.What are the general considerations in cargo transport?Reliability, speed and frequency, and cost.Chapter 5 Foreign exchange rate & Contract formation- Offer & Acceptance1.How is the exchange rate between any two currencies expressed?There are two ways to express the exchange rate between any two currencies, i.e., the price of Currency A can be quoted in terms of Currency B or vice versa. Depending on whether home currency is used to express the price of foreign currencies or foreign countries are used to express the price of home currency, we have direct quotation and indirect quotation.2.How many rates does a bank normally quote?Two, a buying (bid) rate and a selling（ask）rate.3.Why is exchange rate an important issue for international traders?While the exchange rates between currencies float, payment is normally made sometime after the contract is concluded. The final earnings in the home currency (if the contract currency is a foreign currency) will only be known with the prevailing exchange rate at the time the payment is made. A favorable exchange rate will give the exporter more home currency. On the other hand, an adverse movement of the exchange rates will bring him a loss in terms of home currency.4.How can we manage the exchange rate risks (foreign exchange risks)?There are a number of choices: choosing the right currency for a transaction, booking a forward contract, and using other products that banks offer.5.If you intend to make your offer indefinite, what can you do to avoid misinterpretation?If an offerer wants to make an offer indefinite, he should make clear reservations to avoid misinterpretation.6.How can you terminate an offer?An offer can be terminated by:The party offering may revoke the offer if no consideration has been given.The offer may lapse (either after a specified time, or it may just become stale).Offer may come to an end after a stipulated event occurs or does not occur.Offer may lapse on death of the party offeringOffer is killed by a counter-offer.7.Who can accept an offer?Only the offeree can accept an offer.8.What does acceptance mean to a contract?Since an acceptance indicates assent to an offer, it validates the contract and means that boththe offerer and the offeree will be bound by the terms and conditions in the offer.9.What is a counter-offer?A counter-offer is either the office’s proposal of a new set of terms for the transaction or his conditional acceptance by making actual, material changes in the offer.1.Foreign exchange: is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrumentof settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country.2.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in anothercurrency. Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.3.Offer rate（of foreign exchange）:is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreignexchange to its customers4. A definite offer:is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding atransaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal. Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.5.An acceptance: is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.。

课后练习参考答案第1章商品的品名、品质、数量■课后自测□选择（单项）1、C2、B3、D4、A5、A□判断1、√2、×3、×4、√5、×6、√7、×8、√9、×10、√□简答1、从法律角度上看, 商品的具体描述是商品说明的一个主要组成部分，是货物交收的基本依据之一。

从业务角度看,商品品名是交易的物质内容，是交易赖以进行的物质基础和前提。

2、实物样品表示法:包括看货买卖、凭样品买卖等；文字说明表示法：包括凭规格买卖、凭等级买卖、凭标准买卖、凭牌号或商标买卖、凭产地名称买卖、凭说明书买卖和图样买卖等。

3、溢短装条款是在买卖合同的数量条款中，明确规定卖方允许多装或少装的百分比，其幅度不超过规定的百分比为限。

包括三方面的具体内容：①可溢短装的百分比。

②溢短装的选择权在买方或卖方。

③溢短装的计价。

4、①应根据不同商品的特性，正确使用表示品质的方法；②要从国内的生产实际出发，实事求是地规定适当的品质指标；③要注意条款的科学性和灵活性；④在进口交易中，应从我国实际出发，合理确定商品的各项品质指标。

5、①在合同中明确具体地规定数量的机动幅度；②在交易数量前加上“约”字，（按《UCP500》的解释，允许对有关金额或数量有±10%的增减）；③在合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度，也未在交货数量前使用“约”字，（按《UCP500》的解释，在不超过信用证金额的条件下，对散装货物有±5%的机动幅度）。

■案例分析案例1本案例分析：在进出口贸易中，商品品质质量关系到用户的切身利益，正确规定商品品质的表示方法，有助于减少履行合同可能发生的争议。

对于样品买卖，在看样后，应采取有效措施固定样品，并在合同中正确表示，以避免交货时的争议。

案例2本案例分析：①在国际贸易中，凡属既凭样品买卖，又凭规格买卖，卖方所交货物必须既符合规格要求，又要和样品完全一致，否则买方有权拒收并提出索赔。

国际贸易实务课后习题参考答案国际贸易术语复习思考：1。

答：国际贸易术语是随着国际贸易的发展和长期的实践所形成的,用简短的概念或字母表示商品价格构成，说明交货地点和确定风险和责任、费用划分等问题的专用术语.2。

答：FOB、CFR、CIF的共同点：(1）三种价格术语交货性质相同，都是凭单交货，凭单付款象征性交货（2）三种价格术语都适用于海运和内河运输，其承运人一般只限于船公司。

（3）三种价格术语交货点均为装运港船舷。

（4）三种价格术语风险点均以在装运港越过船舷即从卖方转移至买方。

（5）三种价格术语办理出，进口清关手续相同：目的港的进口清关，费用等均由买方负责办理；装运港的装船，陆运，出口报关，办理许可证等均由卖方办理。

(6)三种价格术语成交方式相同：签订的都属于装运合同.FOB、CFR和CIF价格术语的不同点：（1）费用构成不一样，报价不一样。

FOB价格是考虑货物从原料购进、生产直到出口报关货物装到买方指定船舱同的一切费用和利润为止，而CFR是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费，CIF则是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费和保险费。

(2）运输办理不同:FOB租船订舱由买方办理；CFR、CIF租船订舱由卖方办理并支付运费。

保险费支付、办理不同：FOB、CFR保险由买方办理，卖方应于装船前通知买方；CIF保险由卖方办理并支付保险费,卖方按合同条款,保险条款办理保险并将保险单交给买方.（3）价格术语后港口性质不一样,FOB后的港口指卖方所在国的港口，而CFR与CIF后的港口指买方所在国的港口。

3。

答：应考虑以下因素:（1）运输方式与货源情况（2）运费变动因素(3）运输过程中的风险(4）办理进出口货物清关手续有无困难4。

答：DAT术语卖方负责卸；DAP术语卖方不负责卸货。

案例分析：1。

答：（1）不需要，因为采用FCA术语（货交承运人），卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人并办理了出口清关手续,就完成了交货，即只要货交承运人风险就转移给买方，所以不用承担案中的损失。

《国际贸易实务》书后思考题部分参考答案第二章国际贸易合同的标的9.答：这种做法不符合合同规定，有可能被买方索赔。

因为合同规定的包装材料是麻袋，卖方所交付的商品均应该是麻袋装，如果不釆用合同规定的包装材料，无论材料好坏，均违反了介同的规定。

案例中卖方用塑料袋装，违反合同，就面临着被索赔或拒收货物的危险。

10.答：木例中我公司应该承担赔偿责任。

合同中品质的表达方法冇凭说明和凭样品表示两种，卖方均有义务使所交货物与样品或说明完全一致。

如果某些商品既用文字说明乂用样品表示商站质量，则一旦成交，卖方必须保证实际交付的商品晶质既要符合文字说明乂要和样品保持一致。

如果发牛货物的品质与样品或说明不符，买方有权解除合同，拒绝收货并要求赔偿损失。

案例中两公司交易商品的品质既用文字说明乂用样品表示，而货物和合同中的品质说明相符，和样品不符，所以卖方就需要承担赔偿责任了。

第三章国际贸易术语9.答：货物损失的责任由我方承担。

因为，在CFR术语成交的情况下，租船订舱是由卖方承担的，而保险是由买方办理的，因此，卖方在装船完毕后应及时向买方发出装运通知，以便买方办理投保手续，否则，由此而产生的风险应由卖方承担。

木案屮，因为我方未及时发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理投保手续，未能将风险及时转移给保险公司，因而，风险应由我方承担。

10.答：(1)卖方对以及时收回货款。

因为，按CIF术语成交属于彖征性交货，买卖双方风险划分的界限以船舷为界，其特点是卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款。

本案中，卖方收到买方开來的信用证后及时办理了装运手续，并制作好一整套结汇单据，这说明卖方已完成了交货义务且风险也已转移给了买方，因此，只要卖方提交的单据符合信用证的规定，卖方就可以及时收回货款。

(2)在实际业务中，买方可以及时与保险公司取得联系，凭保险单及有关的证明向保险公司捉出索赔，以弥补货物损失。

第四章国际贸易商品成本核算与价格确定7.答：(1)不正确。

货币单位不明确。

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

第三章 习题（P64）案例分析1. （1）中、美均是《公约》的成员，故适用《公约》规定；（2）根据《公约》规定，发盘在送达受盘人时生效；另外，一项发盘，即使是不可撤销的发盘，也可以撤回，撤回的通知在发盘送达受盘人之前，或同时送达受盘人；（3）鉴于我国与美国存在12小时时差。

因此：如是在当天下午发现，如是在当天下午发现，此时发盘尚未生效，此时发盘尚未生效，此时发盘尚未生效，可以撤回发盘，可以撤回发盘，可以撤回发盘，但须保证撤回通知早于或与但须保证撤回通知早于或与发盘同时达到受盘人。

如第二天上午9时发现，发盘已经生效，发盘已经生效，但因客户尚未接受，但因客户尚未接受，但因客户尚未接受，我方可撤销发盘，我方可撤销发盘，我方可撤销发盘，但须保但须保证撤销通知于受盘人发出接受通知前送达受盘人。

如第二天上午9时发现，且客户已接受发盘，且客户已接受发盘，此时交易已经成立了，此时交易已经成立了，此时交易已经成立了，双方都要承担履行双方都要承担履行合同的法律责任。

但在正式签署合同前，我方可与外商协商允许我方更正错误。

处理方法有：提供近期与其他客户的成交证明，提供近期与其他客户的成交证明，请对方原谅；请对方原谅；请对方原谅；用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

如如对方拒绝我方的请求，则我方只能吸取教训了。

2、（1）双方所在国均是《公约》的成员，故适用《公约》规定；（2）根据《公约》规定，发盘的终止有下列情况：①受盘人将拒绝的通知送达发盘人手中；②发盘的撤回；③发盘的合法撤销；④发盘中规定的有效期届满；（3）本例中中方在发盘中规定了有效期，故5月份发盘已失效，中方发盘约束力已失，下半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受，半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，否则无法律效力，否则无法律效力，否则无法律效力，只能视只能视作一个新的发盘，而此处中方没有理睬，视为不同意，故逾期接受无效；（4）因此，合同不成立，中方不承担违约责任。

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day‟s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes.There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出⼝6边际利润16收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7市场占有率17超额能⼒8贸易歧视18贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9时机选择19全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame.The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.The meaning derived from a legend.According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. How ever oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind ofbusiness transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import n eeds. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/a74fbca93069a45177232f60ddccda38376be1c2.html mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawnbefore it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there isa market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第⼀封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

《国际贸易实务》练习题(附参考答案)篇一：国际贸易实务试卷(含答案)国际贸易实务一. 单选题1. CIF LONDON 卖方交货地点是（ A ）A．装运港船上B．目的港船上 C．目的港码头 D．装运港码头2．以CIF术语成交，货物在途中灭失应由（ D ）A．卖方承担损失B．买方承担损失C．船方承担损失D．买方向保险公司索赔3．国外来证规定，总金额50万元数量为1000公吨散装货物，如果未表明可否溢短装，则不准分批装运，根据《UCP600》条款规定，卖方发货的（ D ）A．数量和总金额均不能增减B．数量和总金额均可增减10%以内C．数量和总金额均可增减5%以内D．数量可增减5%，总金额不超过50美元4．在国际贸易中，海运提单的签发日期是表示（ B ）A．货物已经开始装船的日期B．货物已经装船完毕的日期C．装载船只到达装运港口的日期D．装载船只离开装运港口的日期5．某货轮在航行途中，A舱失火，船长误以为B舱也同时失火，命令对两舱同时施救。

A舱中共有两批货物，甲批货物全部烧毁，乙批货物为棉被单，全部遭水浸，B舱货物也全部遭水浸。

那么（ D ）A．A舱乙批货物与B舱货物均属共同海损B．A舱乙批货物与B舱货物均属单独海损C．A舱货物均属共同海损D．A舱乙批货物属于共同海损，B舱货物属于单独海损6．在国际贸易中，买卖商品是按重量计价的，若合同未明确规定计算重量的办法时，按惯例，应按（ A ）。

A．净重计 B．毛重计 C．皮重计 D．重量计7．以下单价表示方式正确的是（ C ）A．USD 100/PC B． 1000/MT CIFC．USD 100/PC London D．USD 100 CIF London8．必须经过背书才能进行转让的提单是（ C ）。

A．记名提单B．不记名提单 C．指示提单 D．备运提单9．国际货物买卖使用托收方式，委托并通过银行收取货款使用的汇票是（ C ）A．商业汇票，属于银行信用B．银行汇票，属于银行信用C．商业汇票，属于商业信用D．银行汇票，属于商业信用10．D/P at 30 Days Sight 与 D/A at 30 Days Sight 的区别是（ A ） A．前者30天后付款交单；后者承兑后交单，30天后付款B．都是30天后付款交单C．都是承兑后交单D．付款和交单的时间都不一样二．多选题1．海洋运输货运险的基本险别有（ ABC ）A.平安险B.水渍险C.一切险D.战争险2． FOB、CFR、CIF这三个贸易术语的相同点是（ AD ）A．买卖双方的报关责任相同 B．买卖双方承担的运费责任相同C．买卖双方承担的保险费责任相同 D．买卖双方承担的货物风险责任相同3.构成共同海损的条件是（ABCE）A．共同海损的危险必须是实际存在的，不是主观臆测的B．消除船、货共同危险而采取的措施必须是合理的C．必须是属于非正常性质的损失D．采取措施后，船方和货方都作出了一定的牺牲E．支出的费用必须是额外的4．租船运输包括（ AD ）A．定期租船 B．集装箱运输 C．班轮运输 D．定程租船5．海运提单的性质与作用主要是（ BCD ）A．它是海运单据的惟一表现形式B．它是承运人或其代理人出具的货物收据C．它是代表货物所有权的凭证D．它是承运人与托运人之间订立的运输契约的证明6．海上货物保险中，除合同另有约定外，哪些原因造成货物损失，保险人不予赔偿（ABCD）A．交货延迟 B．被保险人的过失C．市场行情变化 D．货物自然损耗7．共同海损分摊时，涉及的收益方包括（ ABC ）A．货方 B．船方 C．运费方 D．救助方8．信用证支付方式的特点是（ BCD ）A．信用证是一种商业信用 B．信用证是一种银行信用C．信用证是一种单据的买卖 D．信用证是一种自足的文件9．罚金条款一般适用于（ ABC ）A．卖方延期交货 B．买方延迟开立信用证C．买方延期接运货物 D．一般商品买卖10．备用信用证与一般的跟单信用证的区别主要在于（ ABC ）A．适用的范围不同B．银行付款的条件不同C．受款人要求银行付款时所需要提交的单据不同D．备用信用证属于商业信用，而跟单信用证则属于银行信用三．判断并说明原因1．贸易术语的变形是由于在程租船运输的情况下，CIF要明确目的港的卸货费用由谁承担的问题。

第一章：贸易术语1.这一合同不属于CIF合同.因为CIF合同只要求卖方承担货物越过船弦之前的风险和损失,但根据合同规定,如果货轮迟于12月2日抵达目的港,买方有权取消合同.故卖方要承担运输过程中的风险,合同的规定已经超出了CIF的范围.若对方一定要我方保证到货时间,则应选用DES术语(目的港船上交货)或DEQ术语(目的港码头交货).2.美方此举不合理.一般情况下,使用FOB术语订立的合同,卖方必须办理货物出口清关手续并支付出口关税及其它相关清关费用.(除非合同中另有规定,出口报关由买方负责.)3.本案使用的是CFR价格条件，按照国际惯例的规定，此条件下当事人的风险划分是以装运港船舷为界。

该案中货物在运输途中遭受风险损失，货物损失看似应由买方承担，但实际上卖方在装船时是将3000公吨小麦混装的，在货物抵运目的港后，再将其中1000公吨分拨给买方。

这就涉及到有关“划拨”情况下风险转移的一种特殊原则，即在货物未划拨到合同项下之前，风险也不发生转移。

在货物海运途中，合同项下属于买方的1000公吨货物尚未从卖方的其它货物中划拨出来，因此不具备风险转移的前提条件，即使货物在装运港越过船舷仍不发生风险的转移，有关风险损失仍应由卖方承担。

本案因卖方未对合同项下的货物进行划拨，因此不具备风险转移的前提。

4.拒绝买方此要求.根据FOB术语我们可得知,租船是买方的责任,既然买方是以委托方式要求我方代为办理租船, ,并且费用由买方负担,所以能否租到合适的船,我方都不负任何责任。

买方没有权利因此而撤销合同.5.拒绝买方的要求.根据CIF术语,在货物越过装运港船弦时风险已经从卖方转移到买方.我方只负责货物在装运港之前的灭失或损失的一切风险,并支付货物运至目的港的正常运费以及签订保险合同及支付保险费.并在货物发出后及时将保险合同转让给买方.所以买方自己向中国人民保险公司提出索赔,.也没有退还全部货款的必要.6.为了减少货物存在仓库的风险,我可以应采用FCA或CIP,CPT术语签订合同.这样,当货物在交往湛江码头仓库或者承运人时风险就从我方转移至卖方,则发生此事故,货物的损失就不用我方承担.；7.按CFR术语,合同规定保险由买方自理.但我方有义务在货物装船后及时向买方发去装船通知,使买方及时购买保险,但上述案例中卖方由于未及时向买方发去装船通知,使买方无法及时购买保险,这是由于我方的失误造成的,货物在海上灭失,卖方应承担所有的损失.8.由于日本客商坚持由自己办理运输,所以采用EXW术语可以使双方都满意.第二章合同单选题判断1.由于凭样品交货时,所交货物品质必须与样品完全一致.所以虽然B交货的质量太好,但不符合合同中品质条款的规定,所以B的做法属于违约行为,如果上诉到法院,B必须赔偿A由于交货品质与样品不同而造成的全部损失.2.A公司在与外商洽谈过程中,表现出了以样品表示品质的倾向,而在合同中又用文字方法表示商品的具体规格,这两种表示方法本来就难两全,很容易让外商抓住两者之间的矛盾点,仲裁机构则认为A公司在此项交易中必须做到按样品交货,同时货物也要符合合同的品质条款,而外商的商检证书则证明A公司的货物不符合样品的要求,所以仲裁机构判决卖方没有完成交货义务，须赔付买方的品质公差. 教训:订立合同品质条款中,以上两种品质表示方法只能二者择其一,或者寄送样品时，注明“样品仅供参考，以合同品质条款为准”3.合同中规定的溢短装条款,并不适合那些可以非常明晰表示的货物计量方法,类似以件计算,以打计算,所以卖方提出的依据本身就是不合理的.在议付过程中出现了单证不符的现象,所以遭到银行的议付.教训:为了顺利完成议付,完成合同规定的卖方应负的义务,卖方应尽量做到单单相符,单证相符,单据与合同相符.4.为了时卖方在利用信用证议付时能顺利取得货款,卖方应严格按照合同以及信用证的要求,做到单单相符,单证相符,单据与合同相符.避免不必要的麻烦与损失.5.银行的拒付有理,因为数量上可以有10%的溢短装是直货物在重量上存在溢短,并不是允许能明晰表现的数量存在溢短.卖方的做法使得单证不符,必然遭到议付行的拒付.6.我方应具体分析,看卖方提出索赔时是否已经超出了索赔期,如果超出索赔期,我方则可以拒绝赔偿,但如果在索赔期内,我方应要求买方出具具体的商检证书以及证明期面料确实为我方出口给买方的那几批纺织品.如果确实责任在我方,则我方需赔偿买方的损失.7.我方应尽量不接受,因为这涉及到知识产权的问题.同时,在有些国家,没有进口商的原产地证书,有些货物是不允许销售的.这将对我方造成一定的损失.8.我方装出22公吨货物,总金额超出了信用证的最高金额,不能做到单证相符,所以遭到议付行的拒付.第三章运输单选题多选题六、计算题P16 第2题50美元+（200+200*10%）*0.05=X*（1-3%）解得X=62.9美元七.案例分析1.船公司的做法成立.因为签订的是联运提单,每个承运人只对其航程负责.但船公司仍有识别提单是否是正本(只有提正本提单,才能提取货物)的义务.所以我方应通过船公司想最后议程的承运人索赔.2.银行有拒付的权利.因为倒签提单银行是不接受，受益人也不可援引不可抗力条款，信用证的不可抗力条款只适用于银行。