神经细胞与纳米材料的相互作用.

碳纳米管已经在神经组织工程的几个方面被用于探测和增强细胞的行为，以标记和追踪的亚细胞组分，并研究神经网络的发展和组织。最近的报告表明，碳纳米管能够维持和促进培养细胞的神经元网络的电活动，但它们会影响细胞功能的方法仍然知之甚少。这里，我们表明，用单细胞电生理技术，电子显微镜分析和理论模型，认为碳纳米管提高神经元的形成有可能有利于近端和神经元的末端隔室之间的电快捷细胞膜紧密接触的响应。我们提出了“电紧张假说”来解释细胞与纳米管之间的物理相互作用，以及如何碳纳米管可能会影响培养的神经元网络的集体电活动的机制。这些因素提供了一个视角，使我们能够预测的神经元和碳纳米管之间或工程师的相互作用 Carbon nanotubes have been applied in several areas of nerve tissueengineering to probe and augment cell behaviour, to label and tracksubcellular components, and to study the growth and organization of neuralnetworks. Recent reports show that nanotubes can sustain and promoteneuronal electrical activity in networks of cultured cells, but the ways inwhich they affect cellular function are still poorly understood. Here, weshow, using single-cell electrophysiology techniques, electron microscopyanalysis and theoretical modelling, that nanotubes improve theresponsiveness of neurons by forming tight contacts with the cellmembranes that might favour electrical shortcuts between the proximal anddistal compartments of the neuron. We propose the ‘electrotonichypothesis’ to explain the physical interactions between the cell andnanotube, and the mechanisms of how carbon nanotubes might affect thecollective electrical activity of cultured neuronal networks. Theseconsiderations offer a perspective that would allow us to predict or engineerinteractions between neurons and carbon nanotubes. 在这里，我们鉴定了一类新的生物膜离子通道阻断剂称为单壁碳纳米管（单壁碳纳米管）。单壁碳纳米管直径分布最高达到≤0.9和1.3纳米，C60富勒烯，多壁碳纳米管（多壁碳纳米管），和hyperfullerenes（纳米“洋葱”），合成了几种技术和适用于异源表达在哺乳动物细胞中不同的信道类型。外部的，捏造和纯化的单壁碳纳米管受阻K·通道亚单位中的剂量依赖性。堵塞是依赖于所使用的纳米颗粒的形状和尺寸，并不需要任何电化学相互作用。单壁碳纳米管比球形富勒烯更有效，而为两个，直径是决定因素。这些调查结果推断的新用途用于生物应用的单壁碳纳米管和提供意想不到的见解的理事离子通道的相互作用机制当前视图与阻断分子 Here we identify a novel class of biological membrane ion channel blockerscalled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). SWNTs with diameterdistributions peaked at 0.9 and 1.3 nm, C60 fullerenes, multi wall nanotubes(MWNTs), and hyperfullerenes (nano-“onions”) were synthesized by severaltechniques and applied to diverse channel types heterologously expressed inmammalian cells. External as-fabricated and purified SWNTs blocked Kchannel subunits in a dose-dependent manner. Blockage was dependent onthe shape and dimensions of the nanoparticles used and did not require anyelectrochemical interaction. SWNTs were more effective than the sphericalfullerenes and, for both, diameter was the determining factor. Thesefindings postulate new uses for SWNTs in biological applications and provideunexpected insights into the current view of mechanisms governing theinteraction of ion channels with blocking molecules. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to their unique properties have sparkedinterest for their use inbiomedical applications in recent years. In particular,the use of CNTs as substrates/scaffolds for neuralcell growth has been anarea of active research over the past decade. CNTs, either native orfunctionalizedwith various chemical groups, are biocompatible withneuronal cell adhesion and growth. FunctionalizedCNTs can modulate theneuronal growth in graded manner; positively charged CNTs promotedneuriteoutgrowth of hippocampal neurons in culture to a greater extentthan when these cells were grown onneutral or negatively charged CNTs.Conductivity and mechanical properties of CNTs have been shown toaffectneuronal morphology as well. Other neural cells, such as stem and glial cells,can also be successfullygrown on CNT substrates. While currently the acutetoxicity of CNTs is considered comparable to that ofother forms of carbon,the long-term exposures limits need to be established in order to use thesematerialsas neural prosthesis. Nonetheless, accumulating data support theuse of CNTs as a biocompatible andpermissive substrate/scaffold for neuralcells and such application holds great potential in biomedicine. 碳纳米管（CNTs ）由于其独特的性能已引起了关注他们在医学领域的应用在最近几年中使用。特别是，使用CNT作为基材/支架的神经细胞的生长一直活跃的研究在过去十年的区域。碳纳米管，无论是本地或功能化与各种化学基团，具有生物相容性与神经元细胞的粘附和生长。官能化碳纳米管可以调节。梯度方式的神经元生长，带正电荷的碳纳米管促进了在培养的海马神经元的神经突向外生长至更大的程度比当这些细胞生长在中性或带负电荷的碳纳米管。电导率和碳纳米管的机械性能已被证明影响神经元的形态为好。其他的神经细胞，例如干细胞和胶质细胞，也可成功地生长在碳纳米管的基板。尽管目前碳纳米管的急性毒性视为与其他形式的碳，长期暴露限值需要建立在为了使用这些材料作为神经假体。尽管如此，积累的数据支持使用碳纳米管作为一种生物相容性和宽容的基板/支架的神经细胞，而该应用程序保存在生物医学的巨大潜力。 Application of carbon nanotubes in neurology: clinical perspectives andtoxicological risksAntonio Nunes, Khuloud Al-Jamal, Takeshi Nakajima, Marwan Hariz, KostasKostarelosArchives of Toxicology, 2012, 86(7): 1009-1020 了解负责碳纳米管（CNT ）内化到活细胞的机制，既从根本上来看和基于CNT的输送系统，以细胞内目标的进一步的工程很重要。虽然一些研究主要集中在这样的碳纳米管为基础的传输系统的开发，试图系统地阐明碳纳米管的细胞摄取机制仍然相当有限。本研究的目的是评估的化学官能化的多壁碳纳米管（ F-多壁碳纳米管）在不同的众所周知的细胞摄取抑制剂的存在下的细胞内化。我们的数据表明F-多壁碳纳米管是如何能够跨越两个吞噬细胞和非吞噬细胞系的细胞膜易位。我们已经证明了的F-多壁碳纳米管的至少30-50％是通过能量无关的机理被细胞吸收。这种特性使得纳米管装载有治疗或诊断的货物非常有趣，因为活性分子的释放，直接进入细胞质增加其生物活性和治疗效果。Translocation mechanisms of chemically functionalised carbon nanotubesacross plasma membranes 原代培养神经元细胞包括 大脑皮质神经元、多巴胺神经元、海马神经元等。