Hydraulic System Analysis英文版原版

汽车起重机支腿液压系统设计摘要本设计在分析汽车起重机的功能、组成和工作特点的基础上，并结合国内外汽车起重机的运用现状和发展趋势，设计了一款中小吨位汽车起重机底盘支腿液压系统。

在设计本机液压系统中，通过阅读大量国内外相关资料和调研市场上已存在产品，对中小吨位汽车起重机的功能和工作原理进行了深入的了解和分析，具体分析了汽车起重机液压系统的功能、组成、工作特点以及系统类型，总结出液压传动在汽车起重机应用中的优缺点。

根据汽车起重机的工作特点对支腿液压系统进行典型工况分析，确定了液压系统要求；结合液压系统原理拟定支腿液压系统底盘分布图、支腿液压管路图。

根据汽车起重机的技术参数对液压系统进行了设计计算，确定了液压系统元件；并结合支腿机构的主要参数对支腿机构强度校核与稳定性分析，对支腿回路的组成原理和性能进行分析；通过对系统压力损失的验算和发热校核，检验液压系统设计的合理性。

关键词：汽车起重机；液压系统；支腿液压；设计计算Hydraulic system design of Outrigger of truck craneABSTRACTThe design analysis of truck crane on the basis of the functions, composition and characteristics of work, application situation and development trend of domestic and international truck crane, designed a hydraulic system for small and medium tonnage truck crane chassis legs. In the design of the hydraulic system, by reading a lot of relevant information already exists on the market and research products at home and abroad, for small and medium tonnage truck crane capabilities and in-depth understanding and analysis of the working principle, specific analysis of crane hydraulic system characteristics and system functions, composition, work type, summary of advantages and disadvantages in application of hydraulic truck crane. Legs according to the characteristics of truck crane hydraulic system analysis of typical conditions, determine the hydraulic system requirements; combination of hydraulic system for hydraulic system developed leg base map, the hydraulic support leg pipe. According to the technical parameters of the crane on the design and calculation of hydraulic systems, hydraulic system components were identified and combined with leg mechanism of main parameters on leg strength and stability analysis of mechanism, composition theory and performance analysis of the leg loops through to system pressure loss calculation and heat checking, inspection of hydraulic system design of rationality.KEY WORDS: Truck crane Hydraulic system, Outrigger hydraulic, Design calculations目录前言 (1)第1章液压系统在起重机上的应用 (2)1.1汽车起重机简介 (2)1.2 QY100K汽车起重机主要性能参数 (3)1.2.1 行驶状态下的主要技术参数如下 (3)1.2.2 作业状态参数 (3)1.2.3 起重臂性能参数 (3)1.2.4支腿技术参数 (3)1.3 液压系统的类型 (3)1.4 液压传动应用于汽车起重机上的优缺点 (4)1.4.1 在起重机的结构和技术性能上的优点 (4)1.4.2 在经济上的优点 (4)第2章下车支腿的确定、支腿液压系统的设计 (6)2.2起重机支腿的选择 (6)2.1.1支腿形式的确定 (6)2.1.2 H形支腿的工作原理 (6)2.2支腿液压回路的设计 (8)2.2.1支腿液压回路的作用 (8)2.2.2支腿液压回路的性能要求 (8)2.2.3 QY100K液压系统原理说明 (8)2.2.4 中小吨位汽车起重机支腿液压回路分析 (11)2.2.5 两种液压支腿回路的比较 (12)第3章起重机支腿液压系统原件的确定 (14)3.1 系统压力的确定 (14)3.1.1 液压系统各回路计算及主要元件的选择 (14)3.2 支腿压力计算 (14)3.2.1 计算工况及载荷 (14)3.2.2 按三点支撑的压力计算 (15)3.3 水平支腿液压缸作用力的确定 (17)3.4 各种液压缸尺寸的确定 (17)3.4.1 垂直液压油缸尺寸的确定 (17)3.5 液压缸伸缩速度及流量的计算 (20)3.5.1 垂直液压缸伸缩速度及流量的计算 (20)3.5.2 水平液压缸伸缩速度及流量的计算 (20)3.6 液压泵的工作压力及排量的确定,液压泵的选择 (21)3.6.1 液压泵额定工作压力的确定 (21)3.6.2液压泵额定流量的计算 (23)3.6.3 液压泵的选择 (23)第4章支腿液压系统附件的选用 (23)4.1液压油箱的设计 (24)4.1.1油箱的基本功能和分类 (24)4.1.2 油箱的设计要点 (24)4.1.3油箱容积确定 (25)4.1.4油箱附件的选取 (27)4.2 油管的确定 (30)4.3液压传动的工作介质（液压油） (32)4.4 液压系统能量的分析与计算 (33)4.4.1 各工况下压力损失的计算 (33)结论 (38)谢辞........................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

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Steering system profileAlong with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system changed, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Elect ric Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Elect ric Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to the steering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology mature still widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmospheric pressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical theinfluence to be serious; ③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment, leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists the pilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another develops EPS.Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested 65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the globalEPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also a hydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference.An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature was the Citroën SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.译文随着汽车电子技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。

编号：毕业设计说明书题目：液压机主机结构设计与计算院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位：姓名：职称：题目类型：☐理论研究☐实验研究☑工程设计☐工程技术研究☐软件开发2014年6月4日根据任务书的要求，在设计前查阅了相关资料，了解了四柱式通用液压机的工作原理、设计过程，设计了一台四柱式通用液压机的主机部分。

通过工作要求计算出液压机的主要技术规格，进行多种四柱式液压机的方案论证比较，选出了最优设计方案。

根据最优方案，依次设计完成了液压系统、主机结构和泵站的设计计算。

液压机主缸是液压机的主要工作部件，液压机主缸的性能直接影响着液压机整体工艺水平。

通过细致的分析及理论研究解决易损部分设计结构中存在的问题，可以使液压缸整体上达到工艺强度要求，提高液压缸应用的工艺水准及使用寿命。

所以对液压机主缸进行细致严谨的设计计算对对液压机的设计生产有着至关重要的作用。

本论文从总体上对液压机本体结构，主要结构部件进行设计及必要的校核，对液压机主缸主要参数进行计算，并对所得结果进行分析、验算,从而力争使液压机主缸能够满足生产工艺要求，并从整体上提高液压机的工艺水准，使液压机设计水平更上一个新的台阶。

关键词：液压机；结构设计；液压缸According to the mission statement of requirements before designing the access to relevant information, to understand the working principle of universal four-column hydraulic machine, the design process, the design of a common host part of a four-post hydraulic press. Through the work required to calculate the main technical specifications of hydraulic machines, for a variety of four-column hydraulic machine demonstration program compares to elect the optimal design. According to the optimal solution, in order to complete the design of the hydraulic system, the host structure and pumping station design calculations.Hydraulic master cylinder is the main working parts of hydraulic press, hydraulic press master cylinder direct impact on the performance of the overall technological level of hydrauli c machines. Through careful analysis and theory to solve the structure vulnerable part of the d esign problems in it , and the hydraulic cylinder can be reached technological strength of the o verall requirements of the application of technology to improve the standard of the hydraulic c ylinder and life. So the cylinder for hydraulic design of meticulouscalculation of the design and production of hydraulic machines has a vital role.This paper generally focus on the body structure of the hydraulic press, and design the m ajor structural components and its necessary check , calculation of the main parameters of the hydraulic master cylinder, and analysis and checking the results. To strive to make the hydraul ic master cylinder to meet the requirements of production press and raise the overall technolo gical level of the hydraulic press, and hydraulic press design level to advance to a new level. Keywords: Hydraulic press；Structural Design；Hydraulic cylinder目录引言 (1)1 液压机的基本知识 (2)1.1 概述................................................. 错误！未定义书签。