Chapter OneStyle and Stylistics1.1 Introductione.g.(1)“Take an egg, and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. And then, apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”“It fair beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked.”e.g.(2)(1) My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.(2) My dear father has passed away.(3) My father has died.(4) My old man has kicked the bucket.分析：(1) My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.(This sentence is very pompous and sententious, elevating the event of John Smith‟s death to a divine status, probably said with respect in a poem or a formal ceremony, addressing an audience of high social status or nobility.)(2) My dear father has passed away.（This sentence is still a bit formal, with sincere loving sentiment, expressing a kind of deep emotion fro his father’s death, addressing people of or above middle class status in a relatively formal occasion.）(3) My father has died.(This sentence is a everyday kind of expression with no emotions revealed, said in an informal occasion, addressing his peers or friends. )(4) My old man has kicked the bucket.(This sentence is slangy, said in a very informal occasion showing disrespect for his father.)e.g.(3)(1) Expectoration is forbidden.(2) Please do not spit.(3) No spitting.（The three sentences state the same fact that : spitting is not allowed, but, they are of different styles.）e.g.(4) (参见教材P.4)(1) When his dad died, Peter had to get another job.(2) After his father‟s death, Peter had to change his job.(3) On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was obliged to seek alternative employment.I.2 Definitions of StyleSome general senses of the word “style”:(1) A person‟s distinctive language habits, or the set of individual characteristics of language use.e.g. Shakespeare‟s styleHemingway‟s styleHe nry James‟s styleMark Twain‟s style(2) Style may refer to a set of collective characteristics of language use, i.e. language habits shared by a group of people at a given time. Here the concentration is not on the individual of the speaker or writer, but on their similarities in a given situation.e.g. Elizabethan stylethe style of public speakingthe style of news reporting(3) Style mar refer to a characteristic of “good” or “beautiful” literary writings.e.g. ornate style , grand styleterse style , lucid styleplain style(4) Style may refer to the effectiveness of a mode of expression, which is implied in the definition of style as …saying the right thing in the most effective way‟ or …good manners‟, as a …clear‟ or …refined‟ style advocated in most books of composition.Many different views of style from different scholars:Le style, c‟est I‟ homme meme. (Style is the man. )（Buffon）Style as form. （Aristotle）（form and content ）Style as eloquence.（Cicero）（skill to use language persuasively）（the relation with rhetoric）Style as personal idiosyncrasy.（Murry）Saying the right thing in the most effective way.（Enkvist）Style is a set of individual characteristics. It is the man himself. (Enkvist)Style as equivalence. （Roman Jacobson）（between form and function）Style as the choice between alternative expressions. （Enkvist）Style as deviation.（Mukarovsky & Spitzer）Style as foregrounding. （Leech Mukarovsky）Style as prominence.（Halliday）Style is meaning potential. (Michael Halliday)Style as the selections features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, themes, etc. （Traugott & Pratt）Style as linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought.（Enkvist）(参见教材:P5-7)Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics defines style as:“the manner of expression in writing or speaking which changes at all times according to the actual situational elements, e.g., the participants, time, topic, etc. of the communicative event, from very formal to very informal.”(见教材P.5)The Definition of style used in the textbook:Manner indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (见教材P.7)分析：e.g. (After a quarrel between the two lovers)With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then she checked herself and said calmly, “Listen, John, I imagine you‟re tired of my company. There‟s no sense in having tea together. I think I‟d better leave you right here.”“That‟s fine,” he said. “Good afternoon.”“Good-bye.”总结：So broadly speaking, we can say that, from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described, style is saying different things in different ways; from the perspective of the ways of expression used, style is saying the same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language, style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the function of the text, style is the functions of texts for different purposes.1.3 Definitions of Stylistics(1) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style.(2) Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language incontext. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc., or the language of a period in time, all belong in a particular situation. In other words, they all have …place‟.Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.(3) Stylistics is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline thatstudies the styles of language in use.(4) Stylistics is a linguistic approach to literature, explaining the relation between language andartistic function, with motivating questions such as “why” and “how” more than “what”.---- G. N. Leech: Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (5) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the principles of choice and the effect of choice of different language elements in rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication. (I. R. Galperin)(6) Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic wayconcerning the manners / linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.（见教材P8）(7) Linguistics is the academic discipline that studies language scientifically, and stylistics, as a part of this discipline, studies certain aspects of language variation.---- D. Crystal: Investigating English Style(8) Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal, 1980)分析：e.g. Housewife to milkman:Which sentence is appropriate?a. Can you leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow please?b. Leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow and don‟t forget.c. It would be greatly appreciated if you kindly leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow.d. Would you leave one bottle and four yoghurts tomorrow, just for me.1.4 The Development of StylisticsLead-in Questions:What do you know about the stylistic studies in China?How does linguistic theories affect the studies on stylistics?What do you know about the different schools of thoughts in stylistics?In the West:Modern stylistics got its development in the 19th and 20th centuries from rhetoric and from interpretation of literature.Rhetoric (Aristotle)Beginning (Charles Bally)Development (L. Spitzer)Flourish (Investigating English Style)总的来看，现代文体学是现代语言学理论与现代文学批评理论的基础之上发展起来的一种研究形态，并且处于进一步的发展之中。
