英语诗歌的格律

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英语诗歌的格律

1.一首诗(a poem)往往包含有若干诗节(stanza 或strophe),每节又分为若干行(line 或verse),每个诗行由若干音步(foot)组成,音步是由一定

数目的重读音节(arsis或ictus)和非重读音节(thesis)按照一定规律排列而成。

音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律(meter 或measure)。

2.依照每一音步中重读音节(扬)和非重读音节(抑)的排列方式,可以把音步分成不同种类,即格律。

常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。

a)抑扬格(Iambus; the Iambic Foot):一个音步由

一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

b)扬抑格(Trochee; the Trochaic Foot):一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。

c)扬抑抑格(Dactyl):一个音步由一个重读音节

加上两个非重读音节构成。

d)抑抑扬格(Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot):一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

不常见的几种格律。

e)抑扬抑格(Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot):一个音步由三个音节组成,其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节,第二个音节为重读音节。

f)扬扬格(Spondee):一个音步由两个重读音节构成。

g)抑抑格(Pyrrhic):一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。

3.音步也有完整和不完整之分。诗行中每个音步的格律都相同,则为完整音步(actalectic foot);如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节,则为不完整音步(cactalectic)。

4.诗的各行音步数目不定,诗行按音步数量分为以下几种:

一音步(monometer)

二音步(dimeter)

三音步(trimeter)

四音步(tetrameter)

五音步(pentameter)

六音步(hexameter)

七音步(heptameter)

八音步(octameter)

超过八音步的诗行在英语诗歌中较为少见。

5.音步的数目与格律结合起来,又可进一步细分为许多小类,如抑扬格一音步(iambic monometer),扬抑格一音步(trochaic monometer),抑抑扬格三音步(anapaestic trimeter),扬抑格四音步(trochaic tetrameter),抑扬格五音步(iambic pentameter),扬抑格六音步(trochaic hexameter)等。

从音步数目上看,三音步、四音步和五音步最为常见,尤其是抑扬格五抑,如十四行诗体(sonnet)、

英雄双行体(heroic couplet)、素体诗或无韵诗(blank verse)等均以抑扬格五音步的诗行写成。Basic Elements for Poetic Appreciation

I. Prosodic system of poetry诗歌的音律系统

1. Meter / Rhythm

1). Meter / Rhythm is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse.

2). Foot (音步): the smallest unit of rhythm in a line of poem containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables.

3). The following are several frequent metrical feet:

*Iambus(抑扬格): a metrical foot of two syllables, one short (or unstressed) and one long (or stressed).

*Trochee (扬抑格): a metrical foot of two syllables, one long (or stressed) and one short (or unstressed).

*Dactyl (扬抑抑格): a metrical foot of three syllables, one long (or stressed) followed by two short (or unstressed).

*Anapest (抑抑扬格): a metrical foot of three syllables, two short (or unstressed) followed by one long (or stressed)

4). Types of meters *Monometer(单音步诗) a line of poetry that has one metrical feet.

*Diameter (双音步诗) a line of poetry that has two metrical feet.

*Trimeter(三音步诗) a line of poetry that has three metrical feet.

*Tetrameter(四音步诗): a line of poetry that has four metrical feet.

*Pentameter(五音步诗): a line of poetry that has five metrical feet.

*Hexameter(六音步诗): a line of poetry that has six metrical feet.

*Heptameter(七音步诗): a line of poetry that has seven metrical feet.

*Octameter(八音步诗) a line of poetry that has eight metrical feet.

2. Rhyme

1). Rhyme is the repetition of sounds in two or more words that appear close to each other in a poem.

2). There are two types of rhyme:

a. Internal rhyme (行间韵): is rhyme that occurs within a line.