高考英语高中英语语法之【情态助动词】山东重点中学
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第六章 助动词与情态助动词
第一节 基本知识与基本概念
【助动词】
英语动词按其构成动词词组的作用可以分为主动词和助动词两大类。
助动词有可以分为基本助动词和情态助动词两类。
基本助动词有三个:do, have, be。基本助动词本身没有词义,它们的作用是协助主动词构成否定形式或疑问形式,构成进行体、完成体或被动态以及其他修辞功能。例如:
We don‟t like such things.
构成否定式 We aren‟t children any longer.
He hasn‟t finished his work.
Do you think I can see the movie?
构成疑问式 Is the boy Tom‟s cousin?
Have you met my new girlfriend?
构成进行体 All the students are busy preparing for their college entrance examinations.
构成完成体 It has been raining for a month and everything is wet.
构成被动态 The melon was divided into ten parts so that everyone can enjoy a little.
修辞功能 They did come to my office yesterday. (表示强调语气)
情态助动词与基本助动词的最主要区别之一是,基本助动词没有词汇意义,而情态助动词则有自己的词汇意义,能表示说话人对所说话语的态度和看法,或表示主观设想及其他情态意义。
【情态助动词的词法和句法特征】
一、 后面只接动词原形,即不带to的动词不定式。(ought to、used to可以被看作是固定词组);
在限定动词词组中总是位居第一,例如:I may had made some mistakes.
二、没有非限定形式,即没有不定式、ing分词或ed分词等形式。
三、第三人称单数现在时没有词形变化,即没有-s形式。
四、He can have been writing that book.
五、“时态”并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时形式和过去时形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。
六、彼此之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能有一个情态动词。
*He may can do the job without your help.
He may be able to do the job without your help.
【哪些词是情态助动词?】
一般说来,英语中的情态助动词有9个,它们是:may, can, must, ought to, will, shall, need,
dare, used to。
其中,有些情态助动词有过去式形式,如can(could), may(might), will(would),
shall(should),等。有的就没有,如must。Needed和dared很少被用作情态助动词,更多的被用作实意动词。
【高考怎么考查情态助动词?】
情态助动词考点在全国各地高考试题中都很被重视,复现率100%。基本的考查思路是通过某特定的语境,考查考生对9个情态助动词共性或个性的掌握。近几年,情态助动词的个性,即独有的特殊情态大受青睐。出现了不少考题。例如:
(2006年山东卷)--- May I smoke here ? --- If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B. could C. may D. must
答案:D。 解析:这是一个典型的考查情态助动词的考题。并且,考查的就在于must的个性。有关must能表示的情态,考生多能掌握如:表示“强制”和“非常肯定的推测”等。但对本题考查的这个点就未必知晓。这里的must专门用于某些以you为主语的疑问句或if-分句中,表示某种感情色彩,如说话人对听话人的某些做法的反感等。例如:
Must you make that dreadful noise? (你就不能安静些吗?烦死人了。)
If you must smoke, use an ashtray. (你如果一定要抽烟的话,也得用个烟灰缸。你看,弄得到处是烟灰。)
从上面的典型例题可以看出,解决情态助动词的考题,我们有两个坎要迈过去,一、准
确地翻译。没有准确的或基本准确的翻译,我们就无法了解说话人想表达的情态。就没
有把法作题。二、准确的记忆。英语中只有9个基本情态动词。而他们不得不被用来表示人们复杂的情感或态度,这样就注定了是每一个情态助动词都是一词多义,一词多情。因此,我们需要对9个情态助动词分别能表示的情态类别了如指掌,不能有任何纰漏。只有这样,我们才能立于不败之地。
同学们的翻译能力需要平时的努力练习才能提高,所以,本书有重点地向大家介绍几个情态助动词的具体情态意义和使用环境。
【may的意义和用法】
1. 表示许可,包括:a. 说话人给予的许可; b. (正式文体)普遍的许可; c.
在疑问句或if分句中,表示不是说话人给予的许可,而是征询听话人的许可。例如:
a. You may smoke in this room. ( You are permitted to ….)
You may come if you wish.
You may not go. ( You are not permitted to …)
b. Visitors may ascend(登上) the tower for 6 pence.
Borrowers may not take out of the library more than two books at a time.
c. --- May I use your car for a few days?
--- No, you may not.
May I smoke in the room?
If I may say so, your work needs revision. ( If you allow me to say so,… )
If I may ask, how much money can you make in a year.
“May I …” 征询对方许可在语体上比较正式。在语气上比较客气。在日常会话中,用 “Can I …”征询对方许可在现代英语中更为常见。
2. 表示可能 (这时的may一般不用语疑问句,在疑问句中常用can 表示)。
a. 通常用于陈述句,例如:
It may rain tomorrow.
You may lose your way if you don‟t take a map.
The news may or may not be true.
b. may + 不定式的进行体,例如:
He may be working in his study.
c. may + 不定式的完成体或完成进行体,(当时大概做了…)。例如:
He may have been there.
I may have misunderstood you. They may have been discussing the problem the whole day.
3. 表示祝福或诅咒。 例如:
May God bless you!
May you rest in peace!
May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.
May his evil designs perish! (让他的阴谋诡计见鬼去吧!)
4. 表示让步。 例如:
He may be only a new comer, but he works as efficiently as any one of us.
He may be clever, but you can‟t expect him to know everything.
【can的意义和用法】
1. 表示能力
a. 通常指由体力、知识、技能、等所产生的能力。例如:
Baby Tom can walk now.
Can you lift this box?
Mary Blake can speak five languages.
Can you skate?
b. 表示由于客观原因而形成的能力。例如:
There being no car available, we can go there by bus instead.
I can come to your party, but Alice can‟t, she‟s got to go to a meeting.
c. 表示含有“愿意”的能力。 例如:
Can you pass me the salt?
I can do that for you.
d. 与表示感觉或心理状态的动词连用时,往往失去情态意义。例如:
I can see the top of the tower.
I can‟t understand why he was so irritated. (I don‟t understand …)
2. 表示许可 例如:
You can smoke in this room.
--- Can I go for a swim this afternoon?
--- No, you can‟t.
You cannot play football in the school yard. ( You are forbidden…)
You can forget about your holiday. (含有“劝告”的意义)
3. 表示可能,用来推测某事物的可能性
a. 可用于肯定或否定的陈述句和疑问句,但更频繁地用于否定句和疑问句,例如:
Lightening can be dangerous. 闪电有时候会很危险。
We‟ve got a map, we can‟t lose our way.
Can the news be true? What can have happened to him?
He can sometimes be very nasty.
Practicing Wushu without a coach can be dangerous.
The World Wide Web is jokingly called World Wide Wait because it can be very