考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。
Test Paper 1
Ⅰ. Filling the blanks:
1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the
communication in the West is low-contextual while that
in the East is high-contextual
2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West
adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic
view
3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the
West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the
East follows synthetic and concrete thinking
4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns,
the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses
inductive pattern
5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are
Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes
Ⅱ. Choose the best answer:
1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two
comprehensive categories: those that are primarily
produced by the body, such
as_________,________,_______; and those that the
individual combines with the setting, such as _______,
_______, _______.D
A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage;
space, time, man
B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence
C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding,
occasion, man
D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time,
silence
2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives,
proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some
Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating
that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than
information, and the information is usually of beauty,
fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”
aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style
as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with
objective information. To them, much-repeated words
may mean less after a while. We may term the Western
writing as ________-oriented.C
A. adjective, objective
B. Chinese, Western
C. impression, information C. indirect, direct
3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional
Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian
people believe that_______.B
A. basically good; basically bad
B. evil but perfectible, basically good
C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;
D. unknown
4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional
Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian
people believe that_______.D
A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature
B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
C. harmony with nature; subjugation to nature
D. mastery over nature; harmony with nature
5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USA
is______, the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia, Britain, Greece, France are ______.C
A. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time oriented
B. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-oriented
C. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-oriented
D. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented
6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, the
Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is ______.D
A. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-oriented
B. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-oriented
C. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becoming
oriented
D. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becoming
oriented
7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic
view. It goes by the following different names: D
A. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivity
versus imagination
B. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;
imagination versus subjectivity
C. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion;
subjugation versus subjectivity
D. reason versus intuition; science versus religion;
objectivity versus subjectivity
8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation. The
Hindu thinks in order to _______. It is meditation. The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation.
C
A. do; die; live
B. spectacle; meddle; contempt
C. understand; think; self-cultivate
D. think; self-cultivate; understand
9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____B
A. something is wrong with your body and you can only
stand.
B. body language is important.
C. body contact is dangerous.
D. we can’t separate mind from body.
10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends by
sharing ______, while in China, people make friends by sharing _______.B
A. personal relationship; activities
B. activities; personal relationship
C. love; blood
D. blood; love
11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact
countries are __________________________________, while the low contact countries are ________________________________.C
A. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries;
Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia
B. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries, Russia,
Middle East
C. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the
US, Britain, most Northern European countries
D. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US,
Britain, most Northern European countries
12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality of
communication, the high-contextual people are __________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are ________________________________A
A. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans,
German, Swiss
B. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans,
Chinese, Japanese
C. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans,
Japanese, British
D. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans,
Chinese, Koreans
13. Each person has a “bubble”of space (territory).
Studies show that people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, _________.A
A. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian
countries; North America, Britain, Germany
B. North America, Britain, Germany; South America,
Arab countries, and many Asian countries
C. South America, Britain, Germany; North America,
Arab countries, and many Asian countries.
D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian
countries; South America, Britain, Germany
14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is much more
important to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. C
A. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, African
B. Arabian; American, Asian, African, Hispanic
C. American; Asian, African, Arabian, Hispanic
D. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic
15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______,
______, ________for help, while in extended-family culture, people rely mainly on ________for help. C
A. families, friends, professionals; families
B. families, friends, professionals; institutions
C. friends, professionals, institutions; families
D. friends, families, institutions; professionals
16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first,
while in extended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. B
A. family; individual
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案） Paper 1 Communication Analysis ? The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.? ? Question 1 Case 1: Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it! Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? ? Question 2 Case 2: Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong! Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music. Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game. Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment! Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? ? Question 3 Case 3: This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
Part ⅠDecide whether the following 10 statements are True or False. Write the answers in the blanks. (2% for each, 20%) 1. People do not exchange greetings with people almost every day. 2. If you want to know where a person was born, you can ask “Where are you originally from?” 3. For women, in more informal business situations, should dress in a conservative suit or a well tailored dress. 4. Conversations about children and family usually do not have their place in “networking ” situations for business. 5. At conventions, it is absolutely necessary to participate or at least make an appearance at most organized functions. 6. If you are the hostess, don ’t insist that someone else drink and don ’t over serve. 7. There are enough people in the world who have problems mastering vehicles and phones individually. 8. It is advisable not to wear the earpiece when we are not on the phone. 9. Overdrinking alcohol can lower a person ’s inhibitions and alter his judgment. 10. Most meetings are unnecessary; they are just a way of making people feel important. Part Ⅱ Translate the following sentences into English. (3% for each, 15%) 1. 在地球村里，国家就像一个大家庭，各大洲就像是邻居。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际与翻译真题2015.6.5临床专业 一、案例分析(答题说明：每题10分，合计10.0分。) 1. Situation: Two Americans, Bill and Tony, are talking about Tony’s unhappy experience with his Chinese college. Bill: Hi, Tony. How’re you doing? Tony: Fine. Just got back from visiting the home of one of my Chinese colleagues. Bill: Oh, have a good time? Tony: Oh yes, very good. Mind you, I was bit hurt about the way they treated my present. You see, I know they like western music so I brought them back some of the latest tapes from the UK. Had them all wrapped up beautifully and gave them to them as soon as I got inside the door and what do you think happened? Bill: What? Tony: Nothing. Well, more or less, they said thank you but then just put them away in a corner. Didn’t even bother to unwrap them. I must say I felt a bit miffed after all the trouble I’d taken. 参考答案：答题点：Gift giving in the West 三、跨文化单选(答题说明：每题1分，合计15.0分。) C22. Cathy is talking to her friends Bill and Tod outside the cinema. Cathy: Well, what did you think of the film, then? Bill: Oh, I thought it was great. Didn’t you think so?
题目：跨文化交际中手势语的差异 ——以“翘拇指”“竖中指”“V”手势“OK”为例 摘要 非言语行为具有鲜明的文化特征，不同国家、民族对非言语行为的社会规范区别很大，甚至所表示的意义恰好相反。日常生活中人们进行交谈、沟通时，除了语言这个交际工具还有手势。手势语几乎随时随地伴着语言进行交往，起着关键的作用，有时也会代替语言甚至超越语言。人类的有些手势语具有相同性，但更多的手势语被赋予了文化的内涵，不同的文化背景赋予了不同的交际意义，以、翘大拇指、竖中指、“V”字形“OK”等手势为例解释说明。 Abstract Nonverbal behavior has distinct cultural characteristics,Different countries, ethnic groups are very different from the social norms of nonverbal behavior,even the express meaning is On the contrary. When People to talk and communicate in daily life,in addition to the language of communication tools there have gestures。Gesture language almost anywhere with the language of communication,plays a key
role.Sometimes it can transcend the language and even take the place of the language. human gestures have the same nature，but more signs are given the connotation of culture.different cultural backgrounds give different communicative meanings,wave、vertical thumb、“V”Shape as example to explain. 关键词：跨文化交际非言语行为手势语 Key words: intercultural communication nonverbal behavior gesture 手势语（gesture?language）是体态语中最基本也是最重要的一种。 法国心理学家休乐热强调手势语的重要作用：“人们交谈时说话本身的份 量只占7%，语调占38%，面部表情和手势占55%，有时候说千万句好听的 作为铺垫引出一个重点，但是一个不经意的手势就可以推翻之前所说的一切。”但是，不同的国家、民族、地区的手势语既有其同一性，更有其特 殊性。手势语的使用有习俗的差异，所以在交际中必须要小心使用，不然 就会引起冲突。下面举出一些常见的手势语在不同文化中的含义： 1.翘大拇指（?thumb up?） 翘大拇指的意思几乎在世界公认表示好、干的不错，一切顺利、非常 出色等类似的信息。家长对孩子、老师对学生、上级对下级常常会做出这 个手势表示认同鼓励。但竖大拇指的这个手势也有许多例外：在美国和欧 洲部分地区，如果你看到有人在公路上对开过来的车竖大拇指他的意思并 不是夸赞司机车技好，而是竖大拇指用来表示请求搭车；篮球比赛中，裁
跨文化交际案例 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
日本 中日称谓方式 如中国人对成年男士的称呼多为“先生”,这是一种社交场合对对方的尊称 事实上,日本人使用“先生”这一称呼的范围比中国人小得多,一般只用于学校的教师、医生、议员和艺术家。此外,中国人很少称女士为“先生”,而日本人则不分性别,只要属于这一范围的均可称作“先生”。 另外,日本人在称呼对方时习惯于拉近上下辈的距离以表示亲密,而中国人则正好相反,往往要抬高对方的辈份以示尊敬。因此,在日本,小学生对20多岁的人称作“哥哥”、“姐姐”,而在中国则称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”;再比如,小学生对50多岁的人称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”,而在中国就要称作“爷爷”、“奶奶”了。 寒暄 日本人每日初次见面除了互道一声“早上好”之外,必定要围绕天气寒暄一番,例如:“今天天气真好啊!”“今天真冷啊!”“今天真热啊!”“连日阴雨,真叫人烦闷”等等。而中国人除彼此问好外,最常用的寒暄问候语也就是“饭吃了吗?”“你上哪去?” 中国人之间初次见面为表示亲密,喜欢打听一些与对方生活、家庭、工作有关的事。以示看重和关心对方。日本人则不会。 敬意表达 1自谦 2自责经常在社交场合用自责言语以求的人际关系的和睦。踩脚（中国人：踩的人道歉；日本人：被踩的道歉。）迟到（中国人：来晚的道歉；日本人：来早的道歉） 3致谢致谢必须铭记在心，感恩要求极为严格。
4否定表达中国人直接日本人会绕很大的弯子，只为缓和气氛（是非观的差异）思维方式 中国人：论辩为主 日本人：体察为主 德国 德国人重视法律：中国人重视道德 这是我的权力，我有权这样做；你有权这样做但这样做不道德 德国人靠大脑来感觉；中国人靠心 德国人理性，有严格的纪律；中国人感性，会随心所欲，会冲动。 德国贝多芬伟大令人倾倒不浪漫，要求音乐的精准和完美，对音乐严肃认真。 肖邦诗意又浪漫 德国人不灵活，中国人应变能力强 请客请两个人就只准备两个人；中国人则无所谓会准备很多 德国人冷静中国人客套 不喜欢恭维，恭维是一种谦虚的表达 德国人喜欢喝中国人喜欢吃 数小时喝酒；数小时吃饭。 德国人慢中国人快 井井有条；粗枝大叶 德国人喜欢喝啤酒中国人喜欢喝茶 坐在公园里喝酒，坐在公园茶馆里喝茶 德国人靠耳朵享受中国人靠舌头享受
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Intercultural communication paper I.Fill in the blanks to make the statements complete (25%) （共8小题，25个空格，每空1分） 1.There are roughly five types of communication: human communication, （） communication, human-animal communication, human-machine communication and machine-to-machine communication. 2.Past-oriented people tend to believe tradition is important. Present-oriented cultures maintain that the moment is the most significant. If you tend to look to the future and make plans, you are future-oriented. Generally speaking, Chinese are accepted as past-oriented while （）are thought to be future-oriented. … II.Choose one correct answer from the four choices （共20个单选，每个1分，共20分） 6.Socrates together with __________ and Aristotle are thought to be the founder of Western philosophy. Their emphasis is on self instead of on nature. From Socrates’ time, there is division from nature and man. A. Descartes B. Hegal C. Plato D. Archimedes 7.The Chinese Three Character Classics orients human nature as ________. A. good but corruptible B. evil but perfectible C . mixture of good and evil D. evil and corruptible 11. The ______ meditation is the most abstract of all because it is the thinking of thinking. Thinking becomes the subject of its own investigation. A. Hindu B. Chinese C. Greek D. Japanese 12. The ________ tends to use their reason as a spectacle in which to see the world. Hence thinking is the means to understand the world. A. Hindu B. Chinese C. Greek D. Japanese 13. The _________ tend to distinguish mind from body, people from nature, and God from Man, while the Chinese are used to looking at the world as a whole unit. A. Westerners B. Hindus C. Arabs D. Indonesians 17. The ______ discourse style is characterized as laying emphasis on impression rather than on information while the _________ discourse style features laying emphasis on information rather than on impression. A. Western…Chinese B. English…Korean C. American…Japanese D. Chinese…Westerners’ 18. Westerners are direct in expressing ideas while the Chinese are indirect. So the deductive (topic first) pattern is prevalent in _____ and the inductive (topic delayed) pattern is more accepted by the Chinese and other Asians. A. the West B. China C. Korea D. Japan 19. The function of nonverbal signs is sometimes indispensible. For example, placing your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying “Please calm down so that I can speak” is a case of ________. A. complementing B. repeating C. contradicting D. substituting
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of