工业工程专业英语课文翻译2

工程专业英语课文翻译（5篇）第一篇：工程专业英语课文翻译合同规定，影响现金流量，的承建商必须认识到，实现对某一特定项目的现金流量，将取决于在一定程度上按照合同的约定。

的时间收到的收入，这是尤其如此，因此，它是重要的合同文件进行仔细检查，以充分了解合约条款将影响现金流的项目。

考虑几乎在每一个项目上的一些项目将被讨论。

付款时间表：该类型的合同规定的付款时间表的一般性质。

单价合同，投标本身的各种收费项目中列举。

收费项目的列表给出了一个清晰的信息需要进行一个现金流analysis.Of的特别兴趣项目，具体包括收费项目或明确排除的薪酬项目。

对于exrample，动员可以是一个大的成本项目的承包商，在项目的早期发生。

一个人可以许可动员的薪酬项目，仅仅是为了防止承包商承担一个大的负现金流，在项目的早期，有些业主支付的动员与等量的规定，被分配到复员。

有些业主sirrtply不支付动员，声称不提高项目本身的价值仅仅存在几件装备或一些临时建筑物。

其他项目，并不总是要在合同中的项目包括的模板，scaffoldinig，和支撑。

这些物品可能是必不可少的交付项目，但不这样做，对自己带来任何价值的项目。

例如，如果模板拆除混凝土浇筑前，没有任何价值被添加到项目中。

承包商会，当然，必须支付这些项目。

为了报销，承办商必须简单地分配这些成本在一些时尚的其他收费项目。

的分布可能是“一刀切”的费用可转移到一定的工资项目，可能会产生更有利的承包商的现金流。

这种分配的成本必须小心。

第二篇：制药工程专业英语 Unit 13 课文翻译Unit 13Sterile ProductsSterile ProductsSterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms.Principally，these include parenteral，ophthalmic，irrigating preparations.Of these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugsbecause they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment.Thus，because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense，the skin and mucous membranes，they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally high level of purity.All components and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate，as much as possible，contamination of all types，whether of physical，chemical，or microbiologic origin.Preparations for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities，are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to contamination.Therefore，similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure，substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous membranes.Therefore，the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of large-volume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating solutions.Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，but may even be solid pellets for tissue implantation.The control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative ease.As the quantity of product increases，the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination multiply.Therefore，the preparation of sterile products has become a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical processing.The standards established，the attitude of personnel，and the process control must be of a第13 单元无菌产品无菌产品无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂剂型，其主要包括非肠道用的、眼用的和冲洗用的制剂。

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Understanding the definition of IE
Discipline character: Engineering tech. Research object: systems (macro/micro) Theory & methods: mathematics, natural
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Origin and Definition of Industrial Engineering
Manufacturing Services Origin of IE Definition of IE
2
Manufacturing
Manufacturing is defined as making of articles by physical labor or machinery,
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Modern era of engineering
Beginning in 1750 ,Engineering schools appeared in France in the eighteenth century.
The term civil engineer was first used in 1750 military engineering civil engineering mechanical engineering: steam engine electrical science:electricity and magnetism
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Science
Science is concerned with the quest for basic knowledge.
e.g.:Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Social science (Behavior science, psychology,

In addition to the symbols, descriptions aand distance are shown on the chart, the following information should be included:Job: Machining of the shroud ang cooling holes of turbine blade, AX611.Chart begins: Unmachined blade in forge blade stores.Chart ends: Machined blade in finish part stores.Summary:: Operations 2Inspections 2Transports 4Storages 2Delays 2Flow DiagramA diagram or model, substantially to scale, shows the location of specific activities carries out and the routes followed by workers, materials or equipment in there execution. In the flow diagram, layout of work area and movements are recorded, ang the excessive distances, convoluted routes and non-value-added activities are indicated. Then the rearrangement of work area can be done to reduce the traveling distances and non-value-added activities.Operation AnalysisOperation analysis is used to study all productive and nonproductive activites within one operation at one place. Through studying elements of an operation, its purposes are to increase productivity per suit of time and reduce unit costs while maintaining or inproving quality. The difference between process analysis and operation analysis is that process analysis studies the whole production process and the end point is one activity within the operation. Operation analysis can be classified man-machine operaton analysis, gang process analysis and two-hand operation analysis.Primary Demand of Operation Analysis1. Reducing the quantities of operations to the lowest, arranging the processes with reasonable sequence and making every operation easiest by using the principles of ECRS.2. Exerting the function of two hands, balancing the burthen of two hands and avoiding holding work piece for along time and making use of tools to the utmost extent.3. Letting the machines do the most work.4. Reducing the operational cycles and frequencies, decreasing the transportation and transfer times of materials and cutting down the distance of transportation and moving, making the moving and transportation easily.5. Eliminating the unreasonable space and giving the worker enough workspace.6. Eliminating the unreasonable idleness time and realizing the synchronization work of the machine and operator.In a word, the objective of operation analysis is to arrange the reasonable work configuration, to reduce the labor strength of operators and to decrease the work time.Man-machine Operation AnalysisThe man-machine operation analysis is used to investigate, analyze the relationship of worker and machine in the operation cycle. These facts can lead to a fuller utilization of bothworker ang machine time, and a better balance of the work cycle.Man-machine operation analysis uses the man and machine chart to show the exact time relationship between the working cycle of the operator and the operating cycle of the machine. So through analyzing the chart we can get new methods to reduce the idle time of worker and machine and to enhance the efficiency of the man-machine system.The relationship between workers and machines is usually one of three types: synchronous servicing, completely random servicing and a combination of synchronous and random servicing.Construction of time Man-machine ChartThe chart is composed of two parts. One part can be called the chart title such as man-machine process chart and other information including part number, drawing number, operation descripton, persent or proposed method, date and name of researcher in the top of the chart.And the other part can be divided into two sides. The left side shows the operations and time for the worker and the right shows the working time and the idle time of the machineor machines.除了符号，描述和距离在图所示，要包括以下信息：工作：的裹尸布和冷却的涡轮叶片孔的加工，ax611。

工程2班1202231069袁威武Understanding socio-economic and policy constraints to dairy development in Ethiopia: A coupled functional-structural innovation systems analysisAbstact:This study investigates how the Ethiopian dairy innovation system has functioned to support the development of the Ethiopian dairy sector and what have been the major technical, economic, and institutional constraints in the process. We used a coupled functional–structural analysis of innovation systems to analyse the influence of socio-economic and policy constraints on the development of the Ethiopian dairy sector. Results show that problems with structural elements such as the absence of key actors, limited capacity of existing actors, insecure property rights, cumbersome bureaucratic processes, poor interaction among actors and inadequate infrastructure have all limited dairy innovation. Out of the seven innovation system functions studied, our findings show that entrepreneurship, knowledge diffusion, market development and legitimacy creation have been particularly weak. Our evidence thus suggests that problems with certain structural elements coupled with weaknesses in various innovation system functions have been major hindrances to the uptake of technologies and dairy sector development in Ethiopia. The narrow policy focus on biophysical technology generation and dissemination, without considering the underlying problems related to institutional conditions and socio-economic processes, has also contributed to low technology adoption and limited broader development in the dairy sector. We suggest that combinations of institutional and technological interventions are needed to overcome the various system weaknesses that have hindered dairy sector development in Ethiopia.翻译：本研究探讨如何在多人的乳制品中创新新的系统功能，及在经济和体制约束的过程中支持发展黑人乳制品部门和主要的技术。